刺槐饲料化技术研究进展

概述了普通刺槐枝叶粗蛋白、氨基酸、VE、矿质元素和抗营养因子等化学方面的营养价值,以及饲喂鸡、兔、鱼的饲用价值,总结了刺槐饲料林栽培技术及叶粉、叶蛋白饲料加工利用方面的研究成果;介绍了饲料型四倍体刺槐的营养价值、生物量、栽培技术及加工利用方面的饲料化技术。对刈割周期及刈割次第对饲料型型四倍体刺槐有效生物量及其粗蛋白含量的调控作用和全价颗粒饲料的开发应用作了简要论述。     

白银地区四倍体刺槐不同刈割期的首茬性状

对不同品种的四倍体刺槐进行适应性试验,研究不同品种不同刈割期株高、分蘖数、茎叶比及生物学产量的变化。结果表明:四倍体刺槐能适应白银地区的环境条件,且生长良好;四倍体刺槐饲料林在6月25日生长量达到最大;四倍体刺槐营养价值高,茎叶比大,鲜嫩多汁,对家畜育肥效果好。     

四倍体刺槐在昆明地区引种栽培试验初报

从2006年4月开始进行四倍体刺槐引种栽培试验,3年多的观测试验结果表明,各类型四倍体刺槐适应性强,对土壤要求不严,耐干旱瘠薄,但以在疏松、肥沃、湿润的土壤中生长较快.不同立地条件,饲料型四倍体刺槐组培苗的高、径生长差异极显著;饲料型和速生型四倍体刺槐根繁苗的高、径生长也具有较大差异.同一立地条件,饲料型四倍体刺槐组培苗的高、径生长均显著大于饲料型和速生型四倍体刺槐根繁苗,也略大于二倍体刺槐;饲料型四倍体刺槐组培苗的叶片逐渐发黄和几乎全部脱落时间也较根繁苗晚10 d左右.饲料型四倍体刺槐组培苗是一个具有推广价值的荒山造林和园林绿化优良树种.     

四倍体刺槐生态饲料林栽培试验

四倍体刺槐是近几年培育成功的刺槐新品种,它不但保持了普通刺槐的原有属性,同时又具有很多新的特性.通过对四倍体刺槐生态饲料林栽培技术的试验研究,结果表明,不同定植密度对苗木成活率无显著影响,但对采割量影响显著.以每667 m2定植3 300株枝条采割量最大;四倍体刺槐2号和5号与普通刺槐相比,粗纤维和粗蛋白含量高,灰分含...     

四倍体刺槐的性状表现及繁殖技术

四倍体刺槐是从韩国引进的饲料树种 ,与普通刺槐相比 ,其叶密集、肥厚 ,有效成分含量高 ,呈小乔木状。该树种作为畜牧饲料树种栽培 ,具有很高的经济效益和社会效益。该树种为四倍体 ,仅引进部分单株 ,现在苗源紧缺 ,制约了饲料林发展速度 ,为防止性状分离 ,须采用无性繁殖。 5年来 ,我们对四倍体刺槐进行了微体快繁等技术研究 ,并对有关的性状进行了观察对比 ,对其有效成分进行了取样化验。现将四倍体刺槐的性状及繁殖技术介绍如下。1　四倍体刺槐的性状及饲料成分1.1　四倍体刺槐性状四倍体刺槐为小乔木 ,一回羽状复叶 ,树皮褐色、粗糙 ,叶…     

沙棘饲料林营造利用技术刍议

营造沙棘饲料林（含放牧林）,生物量大、营养成分全面、耐刈割利用,又能适应恶劣立地条件。介绍了沙棘饲料林、放牧林的造林方法及经营开发技术。     

四倍体刺槐在甘肃天水地区引种栽培试验

四倍体刺槐是优良的水土保持、防风固沙和荒山绿化的先锋树种,具有较高推广价值.2008年,通过对饲料型四倍体刺槐引种栽培试验,结果表明,饲料型四倍体刺槐对当地生态条件具有较好的适应性,抗逆性强,造林成活率大于85%,3年生平均树高4.05 m,胸径4.95 cm,优于当地普通刺槐,适宜作为荒山造林的先锋树种引种栽培和推广...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐能源林造林试验研究

本文采用正交试验设计方法,研究了刺槐能源林培育中的几个关键技术问题。结果表明,不同品种、不同栽植密度和不同覆盖措施对苗木成活率、苗木质量指标影响显著。在四个供试品种中,普通刺槐、四倍体刺槐和速生槐在当地均有较好的生长适宜性,但以普通刺槐,采用1.0 m×1.5 m的栽植密度,并用塑料薄膜覆盖为最佳培育方案,苗木成活率最高,质量最好。     

胡枝子刈割频度对根系及地上生物量的影响

试验设置了胡枝子林分0—7次刈割频度,随着刈割频度的增大,胡枝子根系质量、主根直径、根瘤个数及根瘤大小都逐渐降低;根的可溶性糖含量也随着刈割频度的增大而下降,地上生物量也呈下降趋势。1a之中刈割3次,每6周刈割1次的胡枝子,可得到最大超补偿生长,并获得最大地上生物量。     

四倍体刺槐引种适应性试验

四倍体刺槐是韩国山林厅林木育种研究所应用植物倍性育种技术,通过人工诱变使刺槐体细胞染色体加倍（2n=20;4n=40）选育成功的刺槐优良无性系。由于多倍体的作用,使该品系相对于普通二倍体刺槐表现出生长迅速,叶片肥大,生物量大,茎叶中蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质含量高的特点,非常适宜作为营造优质饲料林（养殖牛、羊、兔、鹿等食草动物）及营造速生非产用材林、薪炭林、防护林。1997年由北京林业大学引人我国,2000年底白银市引进了四倍体刺槐2号和四倍体刺槐5号,定植于不同立地条件的试验点。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.