基于高通量测序筛选‘紫娟’花青素合成相关的miRNA

为筛选调控紫娟茶树花青素合成相关miRNA,以茶树品种紫娟(ZJ)、云抗10号(YK)和福鼎大白茶(FD)为材料,构建了miRNA文库。鉴定出46种已知的miRNAs和67种新的miRNAs,预测到具有注释的靶基因765个。通过差异表达分析,筛选出在ZJ与YK、ZJ与FD共有差异表达的miRNA24个。通过对24个差异表达miRNA的靶基因分析,筛选出可能参与调控花青素合成的miRNA 4个,包括miR828a、miR845c、novel_14和novel_87,其预测的靶基因包括转录因子基因MYB4、MYB23、MYB26、MYB82、bHLH74以及4-香豆酰辅酶A链接酶(4CL)、二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR)和UDP-葡萄糖黄酮3-O-葡糖基转移酶(UFGT)等基因。利用RT-PCR分析8个差异表达的miRNA,其结果与转录组分析一致。本研究结果为进一步开展茶树花青素生物合成的调控机制研究奠定基础。     

‘红阳’猕猴桃中花青素转录调控因子AdGL3的克隆及表达分析

为阐明转录因子在猕猴桃果肉花青素形成过程中的调控作用,采用3′RACE和5′RACE技术从‘红阳’猕猴桃果肉中克隆到一个bHLH型转录调控因子AdGL3。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,AdGL3基因的表达水平与猕猴桃花青素的净积累过程基本一致,即在净积累过程中表达水平比较高,而净积累停止后,该基因的表达水平也相应降低。表明该基因是参与猕猴桃花青素合成的重要调控因子之一。结果为下一步猕猴桃花青素形成机制及调控机理的研究奠定基础。     

马铃薯花色苷生物合成与调控研究进展

花色苷是植物中一类由花青素与单糖结合形成糖苷类物质,因其抗氧化功能而具有较高的营养保健价值。马铃薯花色苷在薯皮、薯肉、匍匐茎、花、根、茎、叶中均有分布,主要存在于细胞的液泡中。研究表明,不同品种马铃薯块茎中花青素种类和含量存在差异,主要有6种:天竺葵素、矢车菊素、芍药色素、飞燕草素、锦葵色素和矮牵牛素。目前,花色苷合成途径已经清楚,其中涉及两类基因:一类是结构基因,其编码生物合成途径中所需的酶;另一类是调节基因,其编码的转录因子调控结构基因表达的强度和程度,影响花色苷的时空积累。该综述对马铃薯花色苷生物合成、相关基因克隆、功能及其应用研究进行详细介绍,并对彩色薯的育种研究提出了可行性建议。     

基于高通量测序筛选‘紫娟’花青素合成相关的miRNA

为筛选调控紫娟茶树花青素合成相关miRNA,以茶树品种紫娟（ZJ）、云抗10号（YK）和福鼎大白茶（FD）为材料,构建了miRNA文库。鉴定出46种已知的miRNAs和67种新的miRNAs,预测到具有注释的靶基因765个。通过差异表达分析,筛选出在ZJ与YK、ZJ与FD共有差异表达的miRNA 24个。通过对24个差异表达miRNA的靶基因分析,筛选出可能参与调控花青素合成的miRNA 4个,包括miR828a、miR845c、novel_14和novel_87,其预测的靶基因包括转录因子基因MYB4、MYB23、MYB26、MYB82、bHLH74以及4-香豆酰辅酶A链接酶（4CL）、二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶（DFR）和UDP-葡萄糖黄酮3-O-葡糖基转移酶（UFGT）等基因。利用RT-PCR分析8个差异表达的miRNA,其结果与转录组分析一致。本研究结果为进一步开展茶树花青素生物合成的调控机制研究奠定基础。     

大豆Glyma.18G261700基因生物学分析及功能初探

MYB是参与花青素合成的重要调控基因,数量众多且功能多样。为分析大豆中与花生黑色种皮调控基因AhTc1(MYB家族)同源基因的功能,本研究根据AhTc1基因序列信息,同源克隆大豆MYB家族基因Glyma.18G261700,对其进行生物信息学分析,并检测不同种皮颜色大豆苗期不同部位花青素和基因表达量。结果显示：Glyma.18G261700全长1 572 bp,编码189个氨基酸,属于R2R3型MYB。AhTc1编码的蛋白为疏水性蛋白,而Glyma.18G261700与之不同,编码的蛋白为亲水性蛋白。三级结构中Glyma.18G261700与AhTc1尾部有所区别,在调控种皮颜色中可能具有不同功能。不同种皮颜色大豆幼苗根部花青素含量较低,而Glyma.18G261700基因的表达量较高,表明在大豆幼苗期该基因的大量表达可能抑制根部花青素的合成,但对种皮颜色的调控还需进一步探索。     

中国水仙NtMYB1基因的克隆及表达分析

为研究调控花青素合成机制,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从中国水仙‘金盏银台’（Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis‘Jinzhan Yintai’.）的花瓣和副冠中克隆得到一个MYB基因的cDNA序列,命名为NtMYB1,在GeneBank上登录号为KC763973。序列分析表明,NtMYB1基因全长842 bp,其中开放阅读框长681 bp,编码226个氨基酸,推测的蛋白分子量为25.2 ku,理论等电点为7.94。NtMYB1具有明显的R2R3-MYB结构域,且在R3结构域的下游含有一个相对保守的PDLNLDLSIG氨基酸基序。同源性分析表明,其编码的氨基酸序列与陆地棉、甜樱桃的MYB蛋白相似性分别达到65％和63％。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测NtMYB1基因在中国水仙花不同发育时期和部位的表达水平,分析结果表明,NMYB1基因在中国水仙成花不同时期均有表达,但表达量具有明显差异,其中NtMYB1基因在花蕾期的相对表达量约为花苞期的40倍,且其表达量在花瓣要高于副冠。推测NtMYB1可能参与调控花青素合成基因的转录沉默。     

橡胶树花青素合成调控因子HbAn1的克隆及其功能分析

橡胶树转基因过程筛选效率低阻碍了转基因研究快速发展。花青素累积产生的紫红色肉眼直接可辨,是一种简单、安全的可视化筛选标记。为利用橡胶树花青素作为转基因筛选标记,本文首先以R2R3-MYB保守结构域(R2、R3)为探针调取橡胶树R2R3-MYB,并与拟南芥等其他物种花青素合成相关的R2R3-MYB进行进化分析,结果显示橡胶树scaffold0374_923317和Scaffold0598_393375与其他物种已功能验证的花青素合成调控R2R3-MYB聚到同一亚类。随后从古铜期叶片中克隆到scaffold0374_923317基因,并将其命名为HbAn1。序列分析表明,HbAn1蛋白具有R2R3-MYB蛋白的典型结构:R2R3结构域及b HLH互作结构域。定量表达分析表明HbAn1在古铜期叶片及暗培养茎秆中高水平表达,在其他时期叶片及光照培养茎秆中表达水平很低,与不同组织花青素含量正相关。最后,在烟草中组成型过表达HbAn1,使烟草叶片、花瓣、花托、花丝等组织大量累积花青素,定量分析表明其激活了这些组织后期花青素合成酶基因Nt DFR,Nt LDOX,Nt UFGT。本文首次获得橡胶树花青素累积相关的正调控因子R2R3-MYB(HbAn1),这为花青素作为橡胶树转基因可视化筛选标记提供了基因资源。     

油菜黄籽形成的分子机制研究

利用自然突变的遗传稳定黄籽材料,并且培育遗传背景相同的近等基因系,将种子的种皮和胚分离,从种皮颜色的决定物质研究入手,运用组织化学、遗传学、群体基因组学的方法,对油菜黄籽形成的分子机制和起源驯化进行了深入、系统研究,发现原花色素在油菜种皮中积累决定种皮颜色,油菜黄籽源于调控原花色素合成的转录因子基因TT8突变,致使DFR等基因不能被激活转录,从而不能催化原花色素生物合成底物的形成,原花色素合成需要的乙酰辅酶A被用于油的合成,减少种皮厚度,提高种子含油量。芥菜型油菜黄籽是在芥菜型油菜成种后在中国人工选择驯化的产物。创建了基于苗期黄籽基因型选择+种子发育早期香草醛染色观察的甘蓝型油菜黄籽高油分芥甘种间杂交育种体系,并成功用于育种实践。     

黑芥和埃塞俄比亚芥PAP2基因克隆及B基因组PAP2功能验证

PAP2(Production of anthocyanin pigment 2)编码MYB转录因子,与bHLH、WD40形成MYB-bHLH-WD40复合体来调控花青素合成。本研究从埃塞俄比亚芥和黑芥中分别克隆出2个和1个PAP2基因拷贝,分别命名为BcaB.PAP2、BcaC.PAP2、BniB.PAP2,这三个基因均由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,均编码247个氨基酸。基于本研究克隆的PAP2基因序列和已报道的其他芸薹属PAP2基因序列,设计了3对能分别检测A、B、C基因组PAP2基因的引物,通过等位特异PCR可以区分芸薹属禹氏三角中的6个物种PAP2的基因组来源。选取芥菜型油菜B基因组的BjuB.PAP2基因构建过表达载体,转化拟南芥,其叶片变紫,表明PAP2基因正调控花青素合成。遮光处理10天后紫叶埃塞俄比亚芥的叶片紫色变淡,花青素含量下降了41.22%。荧光定量PCR和转录组研究表明,遮光处理植株叶片中BcaB.PAP2和BcaC.PAP2表达量均下降,花青素合成的结构基因查尔酮合成酶基因（CHS）、查尔酮异构酶基因（CHI）、黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因（F3H）、二氢黄酮醇还原酶...     

兰花花色化学及相关功能基因研究进展

总结近年来蝴蝶兰、石斛兰、文心兰等几类重要兰花的花色表型、花色素化学成分、参与花色素生物合成的功能基因的分离和功能研究等方面的研究进展。探讨转录组测序(RNA-Seq)和病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)技术在兰花花色功能基因研究中的应用前景,并提出一种兰花花色相关功能基因研究策略。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。