Insect natural enemies of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ips typographus</Emphasis> (L.) (Coleoptera,Scolytinae) in managed and unmanaged stands of mixed lowland forest in Poland

We tested the effects of forest management type (managed vs. unmanaged) on the abundances of Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and related parasitoids and predators reared from spruce bolts exposed in Białowieża, Poland. Habitat availability for these species differed between forest types mainly as a result of regular sanitary fellings occurring in managed forests. Populations of the common polyphagous insect predators Paromalus paralellepipedus (Herbst) and Plegaderus vulneratus (Panz.) (Col., Histeridae) or parasitoids Rhopalicus tutela (Walk.), Dinotiscus eupterus (Walk.) and Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratz. (Hym., Pteromalidae) related to I. typographus did not differ between managed and unmanaged forests. Only Thanasimus spp. (Col., Cleridae) was significantly more abundant in managed forest, possibly because it was favored by the more open, sunny stands. However, the experiment was performed in stands where spruce is only a minor component and during the non-epidemic phase of the bark beetle population, so further experiments may be necessary to determine if the effects of sanitary fellings are greater in different forest types and at different stages of the population cycle.     

Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate linkages in the residual lignins isolated from chemical pulps of spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>) and beech wood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis>)

To investigate the linkage types between carbohydrates and lignin, residual lignins were isolated from three different unbleached pulps [kraft, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol (ASAM), and soda with anthraquinone (AQ) and methanol] of spruce and beech wood and then characterized by oxidation with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and followed by Prehm’s methylation. In residual lignins, sugar moieties were bound to lignins via benzyl ether bonds. In particular, galactose and mannose are predominantly linked to lignin fragments in residual lignins of spruce wood, while xylose and galactose are favored in the formation of LC bonds in the residual lignins of beech wood. In the case of hexoses, primary hydroxyl groups (C6 position) preferentially take part in benzyl ether linkages. Hydroxyl groups in the C2 and C3 positions of xylose participate in LC bonds and a small portion of arabinose was notably connected to lignin via the C5 position. Approximately seven or eight sugars were connected in soda/AQ/methanol residual lignin per 100 C9 lignin units, while the frequencies of LC bonds in kraft and ASAM residual lignins were distinctively less at one to three sugars per 100 C9 lignin units. The publication of this article was made possible by an Emachu Research Fund. The authors are grateful for the fund.     

Intraspecific variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium pratense</Emphasis>: impact on feeding and host location by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitona lepidus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera,Curculionidae)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is becoming increasingly important in grassland systems because of its high productivity, protein content and nitrogen-fixing ability, but its use has been constrained by losses due to pests and diseases, and this contributed to the decline of red clover usage allowing white clover (T. repens L.) to become the dominant legume of UK grasslands. One of the major pests of red clover is the clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, Coleoptera, Curculionidae) which attacks both the shoots and roots, particularly the N-fixing root nodules, of clover plants. This current work investigates the feeding preferences of S. lepidus with respect to 11 varieties (Pawera, Kuhn, Astra, Norseman, Norseman low, Norseman high, Marcom, Merviot, Milvus, Britta, Sabtoron) and 5 lines (AA30, AA31, AA4493, AA4494 and AA4495) of red clover in order to identify relationships between the variation in attractiveness of different red clover varieties for both adult and larval stages of the weevil. Of those tested Norseman high showed potential resistance, being less favoured by both adults and larvae of the weevil. This may be attributed to the potentially high phyto-oestrogen levels in this variety.     

Effects of deer browsing on the survival and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies homolepis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea jezoensis</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">hondoensis</Emphasis> seedlings after fencing on Mt. Ohdaigahara

We evaluated the survival and growth of Abies homolepis and Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis seedlings on Mt. Ohdaigahara, where the population of sika deer (Cervus nippon) is high and an experimental fence has been in place for 13 years. No significant differences were detected in the survival of small seedlings between fenced and unfenced plots. The growth of A. homolepis was significantly higher in the fenced plot, but growth of P. jezoensis var. hondoensis did not show significant differences between fenced and unfenced plots. Seedlings of height ≤5 cm in the forest floor vegetation of the unfenced plot were probably too small for deer to find and browse, so they survived.     

First record of the wood boring weevil, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pentarthrum huttoni</Emphasis>, in Austria (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The wood boring weevil, Pentarthrum huttoni Wollaston, is reported for the first time from Austria. It was recorded from coffins in the crypt of St. Michael’s church in the centre of Vienna. Extensive tunnelling of the larvae and surface damage by the adults caused disintegration of the historically significant wooden 18^th century coffins. Beetles were also detected in rotten cardboard on the loamy soil of the crypt. Infestation by this Cossonine weevil is promoted by the very damp conditions in the crypt, a consequence of the closure of ventilation funnels in the 1940s.     

Introduced <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> psyllids in Brazil

In the last 10 years, four species of psyllid were detected in Brazil on eucalypts: Ctenarytaina spatulata in 1994, Blastopsylla occidentalis in 1997, Ctenarytaina eucalypti in 1998 and Glycaspis brimblecombei in 2003. The latter two are serious pests in several countries. In Brazil, G. brimblecombei caused significant damage to the eucalypt plantations in the first years of its introduction. Now this pest is under control due to the programmes of integrated pest management, where the parasitoid is the principal control agent. The four eucalypt psyllid species introduced into Brazil are presented with information on distribution, hosts, biology and control.     

忍冬和华南忍冬叶表皮扫描电镜观察及其生态适应性研究

利用扫描电镜观察了忍冬（Lonicera jàponica Thunb）和华南忍冬（Lonicera confus）叶表皮形态特征,观察指标包括：气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞等.结果表明：气孔仅分布在下表皮,气孔器呈无规则型散生;上表皮细胞的垂周壁呈沟槽状下陷;下表皮密被表皮毛（包括腺状毛和非腺毛）,同时还分布有瘤状的草酸钙簇晶.为进一步证明这种瘤状结构是否为草酸钙簇晶,作者发现利用Fluo-3/AM（钙离子荧光指示剂）处理的活体叶片在激光共聚焦显微镜下能够发出强烈的荧光.此外,通过电子探针对瘤状物进行分析,发现其元素组成为C、O、Ca.上述叶表皮构造特征,有利于减少植物体水分散失,还有助于植物适应富钙的石灰土,从而适应我国西南岩溶区特殊的干旱、富钙的环境.电镜观察结果表明,在忍冬叶上表皮中脉处有呈线状分布的腺状表皮毛,而华南忍冬叶上表皮则无表皮毛分布,这一微形态特征可以作为二者种间特异性差别,从而为二者的合理区分提供一定的依据.     

Introduction of mitochondrial DNA from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ostreatus</Emphasis> into <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus pulmonarius</Emphasis> by interspecific protoplast fusion

Interspecific protoplast fusion between two monokaryotic strains (a methionine auxotrophic and chloramphenicol-resistant Pleurotus ostreatus strain and a wild-type strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius) was carried out to introduce mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from P. ostreatus into P. pulmonarius. Because mycelial colonies regenerated on minimum medium containing chloramphenicol only after the treatment of protoplast electrofusion, the regenerants were regarded as protoplast fusants. The fusants isolated from regenerated colonies were uninucleate, and their resistance of chloramphenicol seemed to be a stable trait. The fusants mated with P. pulmonarius but not with P. ostreatus, and showed almost identical random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns to that of the parental P. pulmonarius monokaryon. The sizes of mitochondrial genomes were estimated to be 81.5 kb for P. ostreatus monokaryon, 54.9 kb for P. pulmonarius monokaryon, and 84.5 or 86.0 kb for the fusants. BamHI and EcoRI digest patterns of the fusant mtDNAs were almost the same as the parental P. ostreatus monokaryon. From the above results, the fusants seemed to carry nuclei derived from the monokaryon of P. pulmonarius and mtDNA including the chloramphenicol-resistance gene from the P. ostreatus monokaryon, suggesting that the P. ostreatus mtDNA had been introduced into P. pulmonarius cells by interspecific protoplast fusion. Contribution No. 383 of the Tottori Mycological Institute     

Extraction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonella foenum-graecum</Emphasis> L. by supercritical fluid CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and its contact toxicity to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhyzopertha dominica</Emphasis> (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) has developed extensive pesticide resistance in the last several decades. We have developed a supercritical fluid extraction method for Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (TFG) and studied the contact toxicities of the extracts to R. dominica. The extraction method was designed with orthogonal experiments to preserve and collect all the possible active components. Contact toxicity and efficiency of extraction were used as standard values to optimize extraction conditions, which were achieved at 55°C under 25 Mpa of pressure. The extraction efficiency for 200 g of dry sample reached 6.21% with 30 ml of 95% alcohol. Extracts loaded on filter paper showed dose and time dependent toxicities to adult R. dominica with a LC₅₀ value of 65.02 μg/cm² after 3 days post treatment. Our extensive in vivo studies indicated the extracts from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds have high efficacy against pesticide resistant R. dominica. The active ingredient(s) from the extract shows promise as a novel pesticide candidate.     

Temperature-dependent development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diglyphus isaea</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Liriomyza sativae</Emphasis> (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on cucumber

The development of Diglyphus isaea (Walker), a parasitoid of leafminers, was studied under laboratory conditions at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C) on Liriomyza sativae Blanchard reared on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The total development period (oviposition to adult emergence) decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 35°C. In 10 and 40°C no development rate was found in D. isaea, so that it may be claimed that these temperatures fall outside the temperature range for development. Linear regression was used to describe the relationship between development rate and temperature. For egg to adult development, males of D. isaea required 153.8 degree-days (DD) above the theoretical threshold of 9.2°C and females required 161.3 DD above 9.4°C. Data were fitted to four nonlinear temperature-dependent models. Evaluation of the models took place based on the following criteria: fit to data, number and biological value of the fitted coefficient, and accuracy on the estimation of the thresholds. It could be concluded that the Briere-1 and Briere-2 models are suitable for estimating the minimum, maximum and optimal temperature thresholds of D. isaea. Thermal requirements and temperature thresholds can be used to predict the occurrence, number of generations and population dynamics of D. isaea.     

Evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Serangium parcesetosum</Emphasis> (Col.: Coccinellidae) for biological control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> under greenhouse conditions

The cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) is increasingly a very important pest on many vegetables, field crops and ornamental plants. Therefore, controlling of this pest is still needed especially under glasshouse conditions. The specialist whiteflies’ predator, Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col., Coccinellidae) appears to have a great potential for the cotton whitefly control. In this study, the dynamic changes in B. tabaci populations in glasshouse cabins in response to S. parcesetosum were monitored. B. tabaci were introduced to cotton plants in three cabins in average of 50 adults per plant. One and two weeks later, adult females and males of S. parcesetosum were introduced at a rate of one female and one male per plant in the first and second cabins, respectively. The third cabin was considered as a control. The results showed that the mean number of whiteflies in the control cabin was found significantly higher than that of either when S. parcesetosum was introduced 1 or 2 weeks after the infestation with the whitefly. Also, the mean number of B. tabaci was significantly higher when the predator was introduced 2 weeks rather than 1 week after B. tabaci infestation. The maximum mean weekly number of whiteflies/plant was 192.3 in the second week, whereas it was 294.6 in the third week and 1136.4 in the fifth week, in first, second and control cabins, respectively. In the last experimental week, the mean weekly numbers were 74.7, 122.9 and 684.7 whiteflies/plant in the three cabins, respectively. S. parcesetosum has been successfully fed, reproduced and established its population on B. tabaci on cotton plants. The mean weekly number of the predatory individuals increased gradually with the progress of the experimental time. The results demonstrated that the maximum reduction percentage in B. tabaci population was 90.7 and 86.5% in the fifth week after B. tabaci infestation, when the predator was introduced 1 and 2 weeks after the infestation with the whiteflies, respectively. Nevertheless, it is speculated that an earlier release of S. parcesetosum would be more effective in the biological control of B. tabaci.     

Nutrient element contents of cutting seedlings of hybrid species （ Liriodendron chinense x tulipifera）

The cutting seedlings ofLiriodendron chinense xtulipifera were treated with the different concentrations of auxin (treatment₁: IBA of 50 g·kg⁻¹+NAA of 300 g·kg⁻¹; treatment₂; IBA of 100 g·kg⁻¹+NAA of 300 g·kg⁻¹). The biomass nutrient element contents for different organs (root, stem, leaf) of cutting seedling ofLiriodendron chinense xtulipifera were measured by the dry method, Kjeldahl method and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy method. The result showed that the biomass of root, stem, and leaf of the cutting seedling treated with auxin was all remarkably increased. The contents of element C in root, stem and leaf had no significant difference between the control and auxin treatments, while the contents of N, P, K and Ca in stem were much lower than that in leaf and root. Variance analysis showed that for the same organ with different concentration treatment of auxin, the four nutrient elements (N, P, K, and Ca) had no significant difference in contents, while there existed significant or very significant difference in contents of the four nutrient elements in different organs with the same concentration auxin treatment. The N, P, K and Ca contents were very low in cutting seedlings; as a result, additional fertilizer should be applied to the seedlings when they were planted in the field. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Jiangsu Province Science Foundation (BE96350). Biography: ZHANG Xiao-ping, (1972-), female, Ph. Doctor in Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing 210037, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

思茅松天然群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化

采用凝胶电泳技术,检测了思茅松(Pinuskesiyavar.Langbinaensis)种子胚乳的9种同工酶。通过对9种酶系统编码的16个酶位点的遗传分析,揭示了思茅松三个天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化情况。思茅松天然群体的遗传多样性较高,群体的多态位点比例为0.667;平均每个位点的等位基因数为2.13;期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.288和0.197。群体间的遗传分化程度较低,分化系数仅为0.052,群体间的遗传距离为0.015。表5参15。     

Seasonal phenology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enarmonia formosana</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and egg parasitism by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma cacoeciae</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Washington State,USA

General biology, seasonal flight numbers and ovipositional data were gathered to understand the phenology of the cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana Scopoli in Seattle, WA. Pheromone trapping during 2001 and 2002 showed a continuous flight period from May to September. During this time the greatest abundance of adults occurred during July and August. The combined seasonal egg data and larval developmental times indicate E. formosana is a univoltine species in the Pacific Northwest. Field releases of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal increased E. formosana egg parasitism on individual trees. During the two years, parasitism levels ranged from 72 to 74%.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus mucronatus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) vectored by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">urussovi</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Hokkaido,Japan

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda has been recovered for the first time from adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus urussovi (Fischer), in Hokkaido, Japan. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zuccarini) Carrière and Abies sachalinensis (Fr Schmidt) Masters infested with M. urussovi larvae. PCR–RFLP analysis indicated that B. mucronatus in Hokkaido is the European type.     

Some biological interactions between the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anagyrus pseudococci</Emphasis> (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its host <Emphasis Type="Italic">Planococcus ficus</Emphasis> (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

The development, longevity, fecundity and life-table parameters of the endoparasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 15 d.o. (3rd-instar nymphs) and 21 d.o. (young adult females) of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10%RH and 16:8h L:D under laboratory conditions. The developmental time of female parasitoids within the host was 17.7 ± 0.39 days in 15 d.o. and 16.65 ± 0.25 days in 21 d.o. hosts; for males, development time was 16.85 ± 0.29 and 15.25 ± 0.09 days, respectively. The average number of offspring per female was 22.35 ± 1.68 in 15 d.o. and 34.8 ± 2.56 in 21 d.o. vine mealybugs. The longevity of female parasitoids was 14.8 ± 0.98 days in 15 d.o. and 15.65 ± 0.92 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs, respectively; for males, longevity was determined as 7.3 ± 0.43 and 6.7 ± 0.54 days, respectively. The mean time of pupation was 7.85 ± 0.003 days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 8.65 ± 0.003 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The aggregate encapsulation rate in the parasitized 15 d.o. mealybugs was 49.73 and 60.36% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Furthermore, effective encapsulation was 24.82% in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 37.50% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Population growth rate (r _m) for A. pseudococci was 0.0999 female/female/days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 0.1269 female/female/days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The mean population generation time was 23.49 days for parasitoids reared in 15-days-old and 22.39 days when reared in 21 d.o. mealybugs.     

Structure identification for compound I separated and purified fromtaxoids-produced endophytic fungi （Alternaria. alternata var. taxi 1011）

Endophytic fungi are widely found in almost all kinds of plants. Many endophytic fungi can produce some physio-logical active compounds, which are same to or analog to those isolated from their hosts. Producing physiological active compounds through microbial fermentation can give a new way to resolve resource limitation and to find out alternative source.Through the methods of organic solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography, compound I was isolated, purified from the liquid fermentation metabolites of the taxoids-produced endophytic fungi (Altemaria. altemata var.taxi 1011 Y. Xiang et LU An-guo) that was screened from the bark of Taxus. cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc.. Compound I was identified as one kind of taxoids type Ⅲ, based on the analyzing results by using the methods of ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This study provides a completed method for separation and purification of the endophytic fungi as well as structure identification of its fermentation metabolite     

Host instar suitability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> (Genn.) (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) for the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eretmocerus mundus</Emphasis> (Hym.: Aphelinidae)

Efficient use of parasitoids in pest control depend on the knowledge of the biological relationships between host and parasitoid. Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is one the most important natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) that is found in fields and greenhouses in Adana, Turkey. Although more studies have been done to determine the relationships between E. mundus and B. tabaci, the differences among strains of E. mundus could have important biological concequences. In this study, biological characteristics of native population of E. mundus parasitization of B. tabaci (Q biotype) were determined using bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) at a constant temperature of 25 ± 1°C, relative humidity 70 ± 10% and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod regimen. All B. tabaci nymphal instars were parasitized by E. mundus, but the mean number of daily-parasitized nymphs was highest in the second instars (15.3). In addition, second instar females had the shortest mean development time (15.2 days). Mean development times of parasitoids obtained from first, second, third and fourth B. tabaci instars varied from 15.2 to 16.2 days and 15.2 to 15.9 days for female and male, respectively. Proportion of female (♀/♂+♀) varied from first (0.53) to second (0.34) host instars. Impact of results on potential biological control of B. tabaci was discussed through conservation native natural enemies.     

Inheritance and cross-resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> insecticidal crystal protein Cry1Ac resistance in cotton bollworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> Hubner population from Tamil Nadu,India

Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner selected for five generations with Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein Cry1Ac in the laboratory developed 12.98-fold resistance. Resistance and susceptible populations were mass crossed to study the dominance of resistance. The Cry1Ac—selected (BCR) population showed 5.8-fold resistance to Cry1Aa and 5.04-fold resistance to Cry1Ab. The degree of dominance (D) was 0.34 and 0.40 for the R × S and S × R hybrids, respectively, which indicates incomplete recessive character of Cry1Ac resistance in the population. The estimated realized heritability (h ²) and response quotient (Q) of resistance for Cry1Ac were 0.52 and 0.15, respectively. This indicated the lower phenotypic variation in the selected population. The resistance risk assessment based on h ² indicated that the resistance would increased tenfold after <9 generations for Cry1Ac in the resistant population. The results show the ability of H. armigera to develop resistance against Cry1Ac and cross-resistance to Cry1Aa and Cry1Ab.     

Host selection of small cedar longicorn beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Callidiellum rufipenne</Emphasis> (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), on Japanese cedar, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>, in terms of bark water content of host trees

We caught the adults of a secondary wood-boring insect, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky), on Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don., trees and logs with manipulated bark water contents to clarify the mechanism of host selection by C. rufipenne. More C. rufipenne were trapped when the bark water content range was ca. 120–200%. Fewer C. rufipenne were trapped at higher and lower bark water contents. These findings indicate that C. rufipenne adults do not simply select weakened or dying trees. Bark water content is one of important factors for C. rufipenne choosing their host for oviposition.