Analysis of resistance to Xylella fastidiosa within a hybrid population of Pera sweet orange × Murcott tangor

Resistance to Xylella fastidiosa was evaluated within a population of 20 interspecific hybrids of Pera sweet orange and Murcott tangor under greenhouse conditions. Efficiency of inoculation, multiplication of bacteria within the plants, xylem vessel morphology, and symptom expression were analysed. The rate of infection ranged from 40 to 100% (average 70%) for all genotypes analysed. Xylella fastidiosa populations ranged from log 0·59 to log 2·13 cells mg⁻¹ tissue for the resistant hybrids. These values were significantly different ( P  = 0·05) from those obtained for the tolerant (no symptoms but bacteria recovered) or susceptible (symptoms and bacteria recovered) hybrids (log 3·02 to log 4·06 cells mg⁻¹). Xylella fastidiosa was recovered from all hybrids (log 2·31 to 5·03 CFU mg⁻¹ tissue) except the resistant ones. The first foliar symptoms appeared at least 90 days post-inoculation, the time varying according to genotype. No correlation between xylem vessel morphology and disease expression was observed, indicating that the resistance was the result of a genetic response of the host. According to this hypothesis, a high broad-based heritability index for resistance was obtained (0·96) at 210 days from X. fastidiosa inoculations, using bacterial quantification by real-time PCR, which indicated that the influence of the number of bacteria was the result of genetic rather than environmental variations.     

Differential colonization patterns of Xylella fastidiosa infecting citrus genotypes

Xylella fastidiosa is a phytopathogenic bacterium that causes disease in many different crops worldwide. In Brazil, X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), which is a disease responsible for economic losses in the citrus agribusiness. Variable host responses to bacterial colonization and disease development have been observed. This work studies the colonization processes of a pathogenic GFP‐labelled X. fastidiosa citrus strain in sweet orange (susceptible) and tangor (resistant) parents and two resulting hybrids that exhibited contrasting responses to CVC. Xylella fastidiosa showed increased populations and movement in the susceptible genotypes, but slower compared to other hosts such as grapevine. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the predominant pitted stem morphology in citrus makes the bacterial movement difficult. In susceptible genotypes X. fastidiosa can move from the primary to the secondary xylem, whilst it is confined to the primary xylem in resistant plants. Associated with this is an induction of lignification that occurs earlier in the resistant genotypes when in the presence of the pathogen, and represents a genetic mechanism that leads to formation of a physical barrier, impairing bacterial colonization.     

A combined agar-absorption and BIO-PCR assay for rapid, sensitive detection of Xylella fastidiosa in grape and citrus

Application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to disease diagnosis is limited in part by the presence of PCR inhibitors. Inhibition can be overcome and sensitivity increased by culturing bacteria on agar media prior to PCR (termed BIO-PCR). However, Xylella fastidiosa grows slowly, requiring 10–14 days for visible colonies to appear. In this study an agar-absorption BIO-PCR method for detecting X. fastidiosa in grape and citrus plants was developed. Optimum lengths of time for absorption of inhibitors by the agar medium or enrichment of bacteria on the medium were determined for Pierce's disease of grape and citrus variegated chlorosis. When petioles of grape and citrus leaves with symptoms were spotted onto agar media, the spots washed after various time intervals and assayed for X. fastidiosa by real-time PCR, 97% (31 out of 32) and 100% (six out of six) of spots were positive after 2 days and 4 h for grape and citrus, respectively. With direct PCR, only 12·5% (four out of 32) and 33% (two out of six) of spots were positive, respectively, and visible X. fastidiosa colonies were evident after 10 and 14 days, respectively. In a separate experiment with samples from a different vineyard, 46% (13 out of 28) of the grape samples (agar spots) were positive after 1 day and 93% (26 out of 28) after 5 days using agar-absorption PCR. In contrast, all samples were negative by direct PCR. Viable X. fastidiosa were recovered from all samples after 14 days. Further tests with eight randomly selected grape petioles from three Texas vineyards known to have Pierce's disease resulted in 50% being positive by a simple 24 h agar-absorption PCR assay, whereas none was positive by direct PCR. Overall, 10 out of 16 (63%) vines from five vineyards (two in California and three in Texas) were positive after the 24 h agar-absorption PCR assay. In contrast, only one vine was positive by direct PCR. This simple agar absorption-based PCR assay protocol should prove useful for the routine detection of X. fastidiosa and other slow-growing bacteria in the presence of PCR inhibitors.     

Genome-based PCR Primers for Specific and Sensitive Detection and Quantification of Xylella fastidiosa

Xylella fastidiosa is an important pathogen of many commercial crops. Detection of X. fastidiosa is difficult due to low concentrations of the bacteria in insects and asymptomatic plant tissue, and non-uniform distribution in infected plants. A dual purpose conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (TaqMan™) system was developed for the generic detection of X. fastidiosa strains. Primers HL5 and HL6, designed to amplify a unique region common to the sequenced genomes of four Xylella strains, amplified a 221 bp fragment from strains associated with Pierce’s disease of grapes, almond leaf scorch, and oleander leaf scorch disease and from DNA from an Xf strain associated with citrus variegated chlorosis. Standard curves were obtained using concentrations of Xylella ranging from 5 to 10⁵ cells per reaction in water and grape extracts and 10–10⁵ cells in insect DNA. Regression curves were similar, with correlation coefficients of r ² > 0.97. In quantitative PCR, C_t values ranged between 20 and 36 cycles for 5–10⁵ bacterial cells per reaction. No amplicons were obtained with several non-Xf bacterial strains tested including related plant pathogenic, grape endophytic bacteria and endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from glassy-winged sharpshooters. The method was evaluated for clinical diagnosis of Xf in grapes, almonds and insect vectors. The procedure described is reliable for detection of the pathogen with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.     

NaCl处理对番茄幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光的影响

以6叶期幼苗为试材,通过水培试验研究了50,100,200,400 mg/L NaCl对番茄(Lycopersicon esculen-tumMill.)叶片光合色素含量、光合速率及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:叶片光合色素含量随盐处理时间的延长而增加,气孔导度随盐浓度的增加而降低。各处理蒸腾速率在盐处理5 d后趋于稳定,但均低于对照,且盐浓度越大,蒸腾速率越低。盐处理初期(1 d),各处理的光合速率均低于对照,且盐浓度越大光合速率越低;盐处理3 d后光合速率开始恢复,并保持相对稳定;但处理11 d或13 d后又呈现下降趋势。NaCl处理期间,各处理的Fv/Fm值与Fv/Fo值和Fo与Fm分别有相似的变化趋势,在盐处理9 d后各处理趋向接近;qN值呈下降趋势,但随盐浓度的增加而增大。     

干旱胁迫下辣椒幼苗光合与荧光参数测定的最佳叶片

为明确干旱胁迫下不同叶位光合、荧光特性的变化规律,进而选择出典型叶片来准确测量干旱条件下植株光合、荧光参数,以实现干旱条件下植株光合能力的快速评价。研究通过盆栽试验对不同干旱处理下（充分供水（CK）：75%~85%田间持水量;中度胁迫（MS）：65%~75%田间持水量;重度胁迫（SS）:55%~65%田间持水量）辣椒幼苗不同叶位叶片的光合、荧光特性进行比较分析。结果表明：充分供水时,随叶位的增加,气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)、叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶绿素荧光参数(光化学淬灭系数、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量)均呈先增大后减小的趋势,在第3叶位达到最大值;在干旱条件时,各叶位的参数随水分胁迫程度的增加在1~3叶位逐渐减小,4~6叶位先增加后减小,并在第4叶位达到最大值(C_i、F₀、F_v/F_m、NPQ除外);水分胁迫对辣椒叶片光合作用影响较大,MS与SS处理,第3叶位的P_n分别较CK下降14.05%和55.91%,第4叶位的P_n MS处理较CK增加25.20%,SS处理较CK降低15.42%;第3、4叶位是对辣椒幼苗生长具有主要贡献的叶片,但在水分胁迫条件下,第3叶位光合参数、叶面积、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的变异系数较第4叶位更大,尤其对于C_i、Chlb、F₀,在光合参数、叶绿素参数及叶绿素荧光参数中变幅最大,其第3叶位的变异系数分别较第4叶位增大了133.33%,180.00%及200.00%。第3叶位对于水分胁迫更加敏感,因此,在干旱胁迫实验中,宜选用第3叶位测量辣椒幼苗光合、荧光参数。     

外源CO对盐胁迫下加工番茄幼苗光合荧光的影响

以加工番茄品系KT-7为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(0.010、0.025 mmol·L^-1)外源CO对盐胁迫(150 mmol·L^-1)下加工番茄的光合参数、快速荧光动力学曲线、渗透调节物质等生理特性的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了加工番茄的光合和生长,导致光合同化效率降低和PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,净光合速率P_n、干物质积累量分别降低了72.11%、35.04%。叶片喷施CO供体可不同程度地改变OJIP曲线形状,增加光合色素含量,提高光合同化效率,调控渗透性调节物质含量,降低盐胁迫对细胞膜结构的伤害;其中以Na₁₅₀H₁效果最佳,叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量与盐胁迫处理相比分别提高了10.58%、19.52%,净光合速率、表观CO₂利用效率与盐胁迫相比分别提高了87.24%和152.58%,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量与盐胁迫相比分别降低了40.16%、25.18%。综上所述,适宜浓度的外源CO提高了叶片的光合能力,激活自我保护机制,降低过量的活化电子对细胞光合膜结构的破...     

Impact of air drought on photosynthesis efficiency of the Siberian crabapple(Malus baccata L. Borkh.) in the forest-steppe zone of Transbaikalia,Russia

The adaption of photosynthesis, being a key metabolic process, plays an important role in plant resistance to air drought. In this study, the Siberian crabapple(Malus baccata L. Borkh.) in the forest-steppe zone of Transbaikalia region, Russia, was subjected to air drought stress and its photosynthesis characteristics were analyzed. The results show that air drought and sufficient soil moisture supply lead to the decrease in the total chlorophyll(Chl) content, while the ratio of Chls to carotenoids is constant in the Siberian crabapple tree. The function of photosystem II(PS-II) in the crabapple trees is characterized by a decrease in the fraction of absorbed light energy spent on the photochemical work and an increase in the proportion of non-photosynthetic thermal quenching. These changes indicate the photosynthetic down-regulation that acts as a universal photoprotective mechanism. During the midday hours, the combination of high air temperature and low air humidity leads to the decrease in the maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II(Fv/Fm) and the efficiency of photosynthesis(PABS). The parameters of leaf gas exchange show the significant differences in these values between the control and experimental variants. During the morning hours, the Siberian crabapple, growing in the Irkutsk City,assimilates carbon dioxide more intensively. Due to the higher air humidity, the stomata are kept open and the necessary amount of carbon dioxide entries the sites of carboxylation. The low air humidity combined with wind in the experimental variants leads to the unreasonably high water loss in the crabapple leaves by more than 27% as compared to the control variant(Irkutsk City). However, water use efficiency in the morning hours increases during plant photosynthetic processes, i.e., 42% higher than that of control. This,apparently, is a reflection of the adaptation processes of the Siberian crabapple to the air drought and parching wind.     

Molecular detection and quantification of Colletotrichum abscissum in sweet orange propagative material

Postbloom fruit drop disease (PFD) has caused serious impacts on citrus production in the Americas, occurring sporadically and suddenly during rain in the flowering period. In São Paulo State, Brazil, Colletotrichum abscissum is the causal agent responsible for over 80% of the disease incidence. Pathogen dispersal over long distances and the origin of primary inoculum are still unclear for PFD epidemics. We tested the hypothesis that citrus propagation material can harbour C. abscissum DNA by quantifying it in leaves of budwood increase block trees (BIB) and young citrus plants (YP) using multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR). C. abscissum DNA was detected in all citrus nurseries, regardless of the type of propagative material, the sweet orange variety, or the nursery location. Overall, 73.4% of all samples from citrus nurseries have DNA from the pathogen, with a detection limit of 10 conidia. The average of 155 conidia found in YP was higher than the conidia observed on leaf samples from BIB (p = 0.03), although leaf samples from cultivars Valencia and Pera did not differ significantly, with means around 127 and 118 conidia, respectively (p = 0.75). This is the first molecular detection of C. abscissum in citrus propagative material. The multiplex qPCR assay may be used as a protocol for an accurate diagnosis of C. abscissum in citrus propagative material, may assist a better understanding of the pathogen dispersal over long distances, and may be used for further studies involving the quantification of C. abscissum in citrus orchards.     

盐、碱胁迫对燕麦幼苗光合作用的影响

以砂培‘定莜6号’燕麦幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度Na Cl和Na HCO3(0,50,100,150,200 mmol·L-1)胁迫对光合色素含量、气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明:(1)在Na Cl胁迫下,随着处理浓度增加,燕麦叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭(q P)和Hill反应活力明显下降,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)、调节性能量耗散Y(NPQ)、非调节性能量耗散Y(NO)、激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)、叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)显著提高,类胡萝卜素含量和气孔限制值(Ls)先升后降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先降后升。(2)在Na HCO3胁迫下,随着处理浓度增加,燕麦叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ls、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、q P和Hill反应活力显著下降,Ci、NPQ、Y(NPQ)、Y(NQ)、(β/α-1)、(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)明显增大,类胡萝卜素先升后降。(3)在相同Na+浓度下,Na HCO3胁迫的燕麦幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、q P和Hill反应活力下降及NPQ、Y(NPQ)、Y(NO)、(β/α-1)、(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)增加的幅度大于Na Cl胁迫。表明盐、碱胁迫均对燕麦幼苗光合系统造成了伤害,但碱胁迫的伤害程度大于盐胁迫。     

短时水分胁迫对水稻叶片光合作用的影响

为揭示水分胁迫下水稻叶片光合特性下降的生理原因,以水培的水稻幼苗为材料,测定30%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫150 min过程水稻叶片光合特性、荧光参数和光合机构关键酶活性的变化。结果表明:短时水分胁迫处理0~60 min气孔导度快速下降,胞间CO_2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和荧光参数均降低;60~120 min气孔导度缓慢下降,Ru BP羧化酶活性开始快速下降,胞间CO_2浓度开始上升,非光化学猝灭仍然是上升趋势,其它光合荧光参数持续降低。120 min后,非光化学猝灭出现下降趋势,Ru BP羧化酶活性和胞间CO_2浓度分别保持下降和上升趋势,其它光合荧光参数持续降低。短时胁迫处理结果暗示,光合作用0~60 min主要受气孔限制,60~120 min受气孔限制和非气孔限制共同作用,120 min后主要受非气孔限制。     

不同土壤含水率对红豆杉幼苗叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以太行红豆杉幼苗为材料,将土壤含水率阈值分别设置为田间持水率的90%～100%(W1)、80%～90%(W2)、70%～80%(W3)、60%～70%(W4)和50%～60%(W5),定时测量红豆杉幼苗的叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,并于试验后期测量红豆杉幼苗的生长状况。结果表明:红豆杉幼苗叶片叶绿素相对含量、气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率在W2处理达到最大值,分别比W5增长了10.17%、35.91%、53.03%和85.60%。且W2土壤含水率处理下红豆杉幼苗叶片qP、ETR和Y(Ⅱ)值最高,分别比W5增长了15.38%、30.74%和21.76%。随着土壤含水率的下降,红豆杉幼苗叶片NPQ升高,叶片热耗散能力增强,W5的NPQ值达1.4347,比W1增长了36.78%。W2显著提升了叶片rETR_max和半饱和光强I_k,与W1、W3、W4和W5相比,rETR_max分别增长了24.40%、4.93%、12.60%和26.15%;I_k分别增长了25.06%、7.70%、18.20%和27.08%...     

干旱胁迫对两种辣椒叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

试验研究了干旱条件下鸡爪×吉林和正椒13号两种辣撤叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明,干旱处理5 d导致叶片相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、净光合作用(Pn)和暗适应下PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降,其中对鸡爪×吉林影响大于正椒13号.干旱处理下两辣椒品种的气孔导度(Gs)下降,而水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和光呼吸速率/净光合速率(Pr/Pn)均明显增加,其中正椒13号上升幅度高于鸡爪×吉林,这可能是正椒13号比鸡爪×吉林更耐旱的原因.     

Response of photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence in leaf scald‐infected rice under influence of rhizobacteria and silicon fertilizer

Leaf scald caused by Monographella albescens reduces the photosynthetic area, causing yield losses in rice. This study investigated the efficacy of the rhizobacteria Burkholderia pyrrocinia (BRM‐32113) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (BRM‐32111), combined with silicon (Si) fertilization, to reduce lesion size and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), as well as to minimize the negative effects on gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll content and the activity of oxidative stress enzymes. The experiment used a completely randomized design with four replications and seven treatments. Compared with plants only fertilized with Si, plants fertilized with Si and treated with BRM‐32113 showed reductions of 22% in scald lesion expansion and 37% in AUDPC, a 27% increase in the rate of CO₂ assimilation (A), a 33% decrease in the internal CO₂ concentration (C_i), and a 40% increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity. It was therefore concluded that the combination of BRM‐32113 with Si fertilization reduces the severity of leaf scald, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus, thus representing a sustainable method of reducing the loss of income caused by leaf scald in rice.     

干旱胁迫对藜麦幼苗生长和叶绿素 荧光特性的影响

以甘肃省农业科学院自育品种陇藜1号（L-1）、2号（L-2）、3号（L-3）和4号（L-4）及外引品种白藜（BL）幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽人工控水法,共设置轻度干旱胁迫（LD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的50%~60%）、中度干旱胁迫（MD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的30%~40%）和重度干旱胁迫（SD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的10%~20%）3个水分梯度,以正常浇水为对照（CK,土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%~80%）,干旱胁迫15 d后,通过测定幼苗株高、根长、生物量及叶片叶绿素含量、初始荧光（Fo）、最大荧光（Fm）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）及非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）,研究干旱胁迫对藜麦幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明：（1）随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,参试藜麦品种幼苗株高、地上部分鲜重和地上部分干重呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种株高分别降低了30.64%、28.36%、32.67%、37.88%和38.09%,地上部分鲜重分别下降了63.60%、6073%、59.74%、55.92%和61.74%,地上部分干重分别下降了62.96%、52.63%、29.41%、35.71%和60.00%;（2）5个藜麦品种幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及叶绿素a/b随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧而呈现先升高后降低的趋势,SD处理下,品种L-2、L-3和L-4叶绿素a分别比CK降低了28.48%、33.66%和17.99%,叶绿素b分别比CK降低了47.80%、45.08%和13.90%,总叶绿素含量分别比CK降低了33.22%、36.20%和15.99%;（3）随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,各供试藜麦品种Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo均呈下降趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种Fo分别较CK下降了30.61%、14.56%、31.28%、24.39%、24.16%,Fm下降了19.11%、16.56%、16.76%、17.67%、22.19%,Fv/Fm分别下降了5.73%、4.29%、7.81%、4.58%和3.85%,Fv/Fo分别下降了19.40%、14.93%、24.02%、11.34%和12.11%;（4）5个供试品种叶片NPQ随干旱胁迫程度的加剧呈升高趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种NPQ较CK升高了74.79%、161.54%、104.55%、200.00%和196.00%。综上所述说明中度和重度干旱胁迫下,植物细胞失水,叶绿体遭到破坏,光合作用降低,叶绿素合成受到抑制,光合产物减少,从而抑制幼苗生长,地上部分生物量下降。在幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光特性等方面,藜麦品种L-2表现优于其他品种,表明其在干旱胁迫下较其他供试品种具有更强的适应能力。     

干旱胁迫下氯化胆碱对小麦幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量和荧光特性伤害的缓解作用

实验以淮麦21(Triticumaestivum L.)为材料,于小麦幼苗长至两叶一心期模拟干旱处理,并用不同浓度(0,100,200,300,400,500 mg/L)的氯化胆碱(CC)水溶液喷施小麦幼苗叶片,测定处理后的小麦叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光动力学参数。结果表明:用一定浓度氯化胆碱(CC)水溶液喷施小麦叶面,能明显提高干旱胁迫下小麦叶片中叶绿素含量,300 mg/L浓度的氯化胆碱处理时叶绿素a和叶绿素总量分别比对照提高83.46%和81.74%。且仍能维持较高的Fo′(光适应后最小荧光)、Fm′(光适应后的最大荧光)、Fv′(可变荧光)、Fv′/Fm′(最大光化学效率)、qP(光化学猝灭系数)、ETR(电子传递速率)和ΦPSⅡ(实际的电子传递的量子效率)等荧光参数。说明氯化胆碱能够缓解干旱胁迫下对叶绿素以及叶绿素荧光特性的伤害。     

补灌量对夏玉米光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以夏玉米品种郑单958、中科11、浚单20和浚单22为材料,采用池栽试验,设置不同程度水分亏缺处理,研究了补灌量对四个品种叶片光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数和产量的影响.结果表明,随补灌量减少,玉米生长受抑制,叶面积指数(LAI)降低,叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、SPAD值和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均降低,而叶片水分利用效率(LWUE)呈升高趋势,正常灌水与中度亏缺无显著差异,与重度亏缺差异显著;初始荧光(Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)变化不明显.亏缺补灌下叶片光合能力和光能转化效率的降低是玉米减产的主要因素.品种间变化幅度不同,降幅小的品种受干旱影响小,抗旱性较强,四个品种抗旱性表现为:中科11＞郑单958、浚单20＞浚单22.由于受区域气候的影响,季节性干旱条件下适量中水补灌可起到节水稳产的作用.     

干旱和复水对两种葡萄砧木叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用盆栽称重控水法,干旱胁迫处理1103P和101-14M两种砧木,处理21 d后复水,分别测定干旱处理0、7、14、21 d及复水第7、14 天,葡萄砧木叶片光合和叶绿素荧光参数。结果显示：干旱胁迫后,1103P和101-14M的净光合速率(Pn)均逐渐降低,101-14M的Pn降幅大于1103P,短时间干旱胁迫引起两种砧木Pn降低的主要因素是气孔限制,而长时间干旱胁迫后Pn降低主要是非气孔限制。随着干旱胁迫的持续,1103P和101-14M的初始荧光产量(Fo)呈增加趋势,但101-14M的增幅大于1103P,说明干旱胁迫后101-14M的光反应中心受损害程度大于1103P;复水后1103P和101-14M两种砧木的Pn值逐渐增加,复水第7天,二者分别为对照的83.20%和66.31%,复水第14天,分别为对照的107.30%和88.43%; 复水后1103P和101-14M两种砧木的Fo值呈现逐渐降低趋势,复水后第7天,1103P和101-14M 的Fo值为对照的102.95%和109.60%,复水后第14天,1103P和101-14M Fo为对照的101.56%和101.81%,说明复水后1103P和101-14M两种砧木受损的光合反应中心得到了修复,光合速率也逐渐恢复,1103P复水后恢复生长的能力高于101-14M。     

盐胁迫对葡萄幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以一年生红地球葡萄幼苗为材料,采用盆栽模拟盐胁迫环境,设置0.1 g/kg、0.2 g/kg和0.3 g/kg等3个盐分梯度,以不加Nacl(0 g/kg)为对照(CK),研究NaCl胁迫对葡萄幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:随着胁迫时间的延长,各梯度盐处理下葡萄幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr...     

苜蓿斑蚜刺吸胁迫对苜蓿幼苗的生理影响

研究了苜蓿斑蚜为害苜蓿幼苗初期0～9 d内,15、30头/株两个虫口密度下苜蓿幼苗植株叶绿素含量、SOD、POD、PPO等酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,在短期内苜蓿斑蚜刺吸为害使叶绿素含量明显降低,与同期对照相比差异达极显著水平(p<0.01);叶绿体内清除超氧阴离子自由基的SOD活性及POD活性、PPO活性均随为害时间的延长而升高,与同虫口密度对照相比差异均达极显著水平(p<0.01);同时,15头/株、30头/株处理植株同期内其3种酶活性明显升高,与对照相比差异分别达显著水平(p<0.05)和极显著水平(p<0.01),虫口密度之间差异显著(p<0.05)。这反映出苜蓿斑蚜刺吸胁迫后使苜蓿幼苗对苜蓿斑蚜的防御能力增强。