不同曝气位置曝气生物滤池（BAF）处理对虾养殖污水的试验研究

采用不同曝气位置的上向流生物滤池处理对虾养殖污水,连续运行30d,分析出水水质,并观察系统运行情况和装置污染状况。考察了对虾养殖污水中化学需氧量、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、无机氮及活性磷酸盐6项指标的去除效果。结果表明：从养殖污水主要污染物指标的去除效果上看,中下部曝气生物滤池（MUBAF）要优于底部曝气生物滤池（BUBAF）。在系统进水化学需氧量质量浓度为7.62～8.20mg·L-1,氨氮质量浓度为0.62～0.65mg·L-1,硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.54～0.59mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.23～0.27mg·L-1,无机氮质量浓度为1.40～1.47mg·L-1,活性磷酸盐质量浓度为0.24～0.29mg·L-1,水温为25℃～30℃时,中下部曝气生物滤池对养殖污水中6项指标的去除率分别为45.2%、88.9%、58.5%、78.8%、75.3%和25.1%。可见,对氨氮的去除效果最佳,亚硝酸盐氮和无机氮次之,化学需氧量和硝酸盐氮的去除效果较差,活性磷酸盐去除率最低。总体而言,曝气生物滤池在水产养殖污水应用中处理效果明显,具有可行性和实用性。     

基于固着藻类反应器的生态沟渠构建

为使池塘循环水养殖系统中人工湿地出水更加满足养殖水质要求,在长×宽×深为150 m×0.5 m×0.6 m的养殖池塘排水沟内借助固着藻类反应器原理设计构建了生态沟渠,研究了生态沟渠对人工湿地出水溶氧恢复状况及深度净化效果。研究结果显示,人工湿地出水溶氧经过生态沟渠后显著提高至4.41～7.91 mg/L,pH值显著提高（P﹤0.05）。在150?m长度范围内,生态沟渠水中溶氧量随着沟渠长度的增加呈线性增加的趋势（P﹤0.05）。生态沟渠对人工湿地出水中NH4+-N、IMn和PO43--P等具有进一步去除效果,去除率分别达19.46%、13.38%和31.09%,对总大肠菌群的去除率范围在12.5%～78.13%。上述结果表明基于固着藻类反应器的生态沟渠能使人工湿地出水溶氧低的状况得到改善,N、P等物质得到进一步去除,可以作为与人工湿地配套的水回用系统。     

汉江水源区生态沟渠对径流氮、磷的生态拦截效应

[目的]研究汉江水源区生态沟渠对径流氮、磷的生态拦截效应,为农业非点源污染的控制提供重要参考和依据。[方法]设置生态沟渠在不同时间对不同断面水体进行监测。[结果]同段沟渠内,侧面外来水对沟渠径流氮浓度变化影响比磷浓度变化明显;径流TN,NO3-N浓度在上游、中游和下游断面变异系数分别达到19.81%~31.88%,9.57%~16.73%和32.14%~42.81%;NH+4-N和TP在4个断面变异系数在33.33%~88.46%范围内变化;生态沟渠断面之间,水草拦截净化沟渠段氮、磷含量降低幅度在9.52%~31.11%。[结论]沟渠生态拦截对径流氮素净化效果较明显,同时适当布局拦沙工程可以削减磷素流失。     

鱼菜共生系统中不同种类蔬菜对养殖尾水氮素转化的影响

鱼菜共生系统实现了水产和蔬菜间的物质循环转化,是一种零排放可持续的先进农业生产模式,为探究鱼菜共生系统中不同种类蔬菜生长状况及其对养殖尾水氮素转化的影响,设计了5种不同种类蔬菜（圣女果、线椒、蕹菜、芹菜、紫背菜）基于耦合型鱼菜共生系统的栽植试验。结果表明：在26 d的栽植试验中,各试验组蔬菜鲜质量和株高均有正向增长,根质量占比与鲜质量增长量关系的拟合曲线为一元二次方程,当根质量占比在34%～42%间时,植株各器官发育较好,对营养物质转化效率高,圣女果有最大鲜质量增长量28.43 g、最大株高增长量31.84 cm和最大株高相对增长率241.32%;试验中换水周期为3 d,各试验组水体氮化物浓度指标均显著下降,圣女果42 h氨氮相对去除率达69.17%,6 h内亚硝酸盐氮相对去除率为41.09%;在循环周期末期,水培组圣女果有最小氨氮质量浓度0.152 mg/L,pH值稳定在6.98左右,水培紫背菜有最大亚硝酸盐氮相对去除率55.25%和硝酸盐氮相对去除率42.35%。综上,在耦合型鱼菜共生系统中圣女果对养殖尾水的水质和氮素有较好的净化作用和转化效果。     

不同运行期排水沟渠中氮的净化效应实验研究

以模拟排水沟渠静态实验为基础,以典型非点源溶质氨氮和硝氮为例,分析了不同运行期排水沟渠中氨氮和硝氮浓度的变化过程与影响机制。结果表明:不同运行期排水沟渠对水体中氨氮、硝氮均具有较强的净化效应,并表现出"快速净化,波动平衡"的特点,其中氨氮浓度的下降速度快于硝氮,氨氮"波动平衡"的浓度范围(≤2 mg·L-1)低于硝氮(≤3 mg·L-1);实验初始阶段,运行期的不同对沟渠中氨氮和硝氮的净化速率有较大的影响,初始阶段的净化速率表现为:多年沟渠7月龄沟渠1月龄沟渠,除不同运行期非生态沟渠中硝氮的净化速率有显著性差异外,其余阶段均无显著性差异;不同运行期生态沟渠和非生态沟渠中氨氮浓度的变化过程,除7月龄沟渠的"波动平衡"阶段有显著性差异(P=0.030.05)外,其余均无显著性差异;硝氮浓度的变化过程,1月龄和7月龄沟渠在实验初期和"波动平衡"阶段均有显著性差异,多年沟渠的净化趋势相似,无显著性差异。综上所述,本实验初步证明了增长沟渠运行期能够增强沟渠对氮素的净化能力,这对进一步探究排水沟渠的发育过程和生态沟渠的合理化设计与管理具有一定的借鉴意义。     

池塘三维植被网生态坡水质净化调控系统

为研究养殖池塘三维植被网护坡技术及其水质净化调控效果,试验用三维植被网、布水管和水生植物等构建池塘生态坡净化调控系统。研究发现,池塘三维植被网生态坡净化调控系统具有潜流湿地和表流湿地双重特点,空隙率为4%～9%,构建坡度应低于1:2.5,水流速度应高于0.13m/s。在池塘水体日循环量10%情况下,三维植被网生态坡可使池塘水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、总氮和总磷的浓度下降46%、65%、49.2%、64.4%和39%,使养殖水体中叶绿素a浓度下降8.8%;生态坡对水体中总氮、总磷、COD的净化效率分别为0.27、0.015和0.94g/h.m2。与对照池相比,试验期间,三维植被网生态护坡池塘水体中的绿藻种类比对照池塘增加了10.7%,蓝藻种类减少了2.5%,藻类ShannonWiener多样性指数(H’)增加了38%。同时,试验池塘水体中的藻类密度下降了23%,其中蓝藻密度下降48.4%,隐藻、裸藻密度分别增加了24%和34%,藻类优势种群结构组成更有利于养殖需要。研究表明池塘三维植被网生态坡系统具有保护池埂和净化调控水质效果,是一种"经济、生态、减排"的护坡技术。     

基于复合垂直流人工湿地的循环水养殖系统净化养殖效能与参数优化

该文对基于复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)的循环水养殖系统的净化效率、养殖效果和系统优化设计进行了研究.结果表明,在420 mm/d的水力负荷下,湿地可有效地去除循环水中的总悬浮物(去除率85%)、CODCr(去除率50%)、BOD5(去除率44%)、总氨氮(去除率53%)、亚硝酸盐(去除率83%)和硝酸盐(去除率54%),能够满足养殖用水的要求,整个试验期间系统实现了零污水排放.经过5个月的养殖,成功地将斑点叉尾鲴(Ictalurus punctatus)鱼苗(1.8 cm,0.08g)培育成鱼种(15.9 cm,33.9 g),成活率达到92.6%.在养殖容量、病害控制、成活率以及鱼体生长速度等方面均优于常规池塘养殖模式.建立了一个预测湿地与养殖池塘面积配比的数学模型,为实际应用和优化设计提供依据.     

活水公园复合人工湿地春夏净化效果对比研究

依托成都市活水公园复合人工湿地系统,于2011年1-6月,对该人工湿地系统水流沿程主要水质指标（TN,NH₃—N,TP,DP）进行监测及处理效果分析,以深入研究不同季节人工湿地水流沿程污染物的净化规律。结果表明:主要污染物总氮、氨氮、总磷及溶解性磷的去除率春季分别为45.5%,65.7%,77%,72.6%,夏季分别为56.9%,87.1%,76.9%,73.7%,对氮的去除效果存在季节性差异,而对磷的去除效果差异性不明显;并联的人工湿地塘床区左湿地系统各主要污染物净化效果明显高于右湿地系统,对氮、磷的去除率平均高4%和6%。研究认为,活水公园复合人工湿地系统春夏对不同污染物的净化存在季节差异,人工湿地塘床区不同植物组合与配置对人工湿地处理效果会产生一定的影响。     

极大硬毛藻无性系对海水养殖废水中氮盐的去除效果

养殖水体中无机氮的高效去除是开展循环水养殖的重要保障条件之一。该论文研究了极大硬毛藻无性系(简称极大硬毛藻)对循环水养殖水体中无机氮盐的去除效率及特征。结果表明,当藻体密度为(10±1) g/L时,在一定浓度范围(氨氮:0～15 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮:0～3 mg/L,硝酸盐氮:0～15 mg/L),极大硬毛藻对海水中3类无机氮盐的吸收速率随着时间变化即氮盐浓度降低而降低;其中藻类对氨氮的吸收速率变化较大,而对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的吸收速率相对稳定。当3种氮盐质量浓度为3 mg/L,极大硬毛藻首先选择吸收氨氮;当氨氮质量浓度降至1.5 mg/L时,藻开始吸收亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮。极大硬毛藻对人工模拟养殖废水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的15 h去除率可达到94.3%、100%、82.2%。该研究可为极大硬毛藻在循环水养殖水体净化的应用、养殖废水资源化利用和无害化处理技术的建立提供科学依据。     

碱蓬浮床对海水养殖尾水的修复效果

[目的]利用碱蓬浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水进行修复,为治理严重的海洋环境问题提供新的方法。[方法]通过设计一种兼具物理、化学、生物协同作用的新型组合式碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)浮床,研究其对富营养化海水养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的去除效果,并与传统浮床进行对比。[结果]组合式浮床对TN,NH_4~+-N,TP,COD_(Mn)的去除率分别为62.14%,93.94%,73.05%和60.91%,较传统浮床去除率分别提高了27.36%,21.27%,19.51%,12.43%。[结论]组合式浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水具有明显的修复能力。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.