5个大鳞副泥鳅家系的遗传结构分析

利用20个微卫星标记对5个大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)家系的遗传结构进行分析,探究家系遗传多样性及其亲缘关系的远近,为进一步遗传选育提供技术参数。结果显示,20个微卫星标记在5个家系中共检测到等位基因数53个,平均等位基因数2.65个,各位点的等位基因数2~4个;5个家系平均观测杂合度(Ho)0.3117~0.5542,平均期望杂合度(He)0.3261~0.4371,平均多态信息含量(PIC)0.3459~0.4538,平均固定系数(Fis)-0.0472(<0),遗传分化系数(Fst)0.2703;UPGMA聚类分析显示,AB2013F-7和AB2013F-81亲缘关系最远。研究表明,5个家系间遗传分化较大,具备较大的选育空间。     

大鳞副泥鳅７个群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用泥鳅的微卫星引物跨种扩增大鳞副泥鳅,通过家系扩增、PCR产物测序筛选出6个座位,用于大鳞副泥鳅7个野生群体的遗传结构分析。结果显示,群体的平均等位基因数在3.167与4.833之间,平均观测杂合度（Ho）在0.248与0.417之间,平均期望杂合度（He）在0.379与0.505之间,多个座位存在零等位基因、杂合子缺失现象,显示大鳞副泥鳅种群遗传多样性较低。采用 UPGMA 法对7个群体基于 DA 遗传距离进行聚类,可分为4类,位于长江中下游的沙市、澧县、武汉、鄱阳湖群体先聚为一类,后与石首群体聚类,最后与珠江水系的广州群体聚类,而位于长江上游的泸州群体则单独聚为一类。群体的 F-统计量（Fst）为0.2987,表明群体间存在显著的遗传分化,主要由泸州群体与其它地区群体间的遗传分化引起。     

3种泥鳅微卫星标记和D-Loop部分序列遗传变异分析

为进一步了解中国当前主要养殖鳅类种质资源现状,实验采用7个微卫星标记和线粒体D-Loop部分序列,对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus,MA)、大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus,PD)和台湾大泥鳅(未见种属分类,TW)3种泥鳅进行群体遗传变异分析.结果显示,6个微卫星位点在3种泥鳅中均能获得有效扩增,1个微卫星标记(Mac239)只在MA中获得特异性扩增,而在PD和TW中未能获得有效扩增条带.在3种泥鳅共90尾个体的D-Loop 部分序列中发现32个单倍型,仅在PD和TW间存在1个共享单倍型.实验中共检测到65个变异位点,其中MA与PD和TW间存在29个特异性位点,而PD和TW间未检测到特异性位点.瓶颈效应和中性检验显示,TW近期可能发生有效群体数量的减少.基于微卫星标记和D-Loop部分序列的遗传变异分析显示,TW和PD间的Nei's遗传距离和K2P遗传距离最近(0.297和0.006),明显小于两者与MA间的遗传距离(1.011～1.899和0.095～0.099);分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,3种泥鳅的遗传分化极显著(P＜0.01).群体间遗传结构和单倍型网络分析显示,3种泥鳅的遗传结构相对独立,仅在TW和PD间存在一定程度的遗传结构混杂.研究表明,泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅在遗传结构上存在明显差异,可采用分子标记进行有效鉴别;台湾大泥鳅可能是大鳞副泥鳅的生态种群或遗传改良群体,而非有效物种.     

大鳞副泥鳅群体线粒体DNA D-loop序列遗传变异分析

为探明大鳞副泥鳅野生资源状况,利用线粒体DNA D-loop序列,对天津5个大鳞副泥鳅自然群体的遗传多样性、遗传结构及种群历史动态进行分析。5个群体72个个体的D-loop基因序列全长912~914bp,其中多态性位点30个,共检测到22个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.813和0.0015,呈现高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性的模式。5个群体间的遗传分化指数为-0.0205~0.0795,总的遗传分化指数为0.0712,属中等程度的遗传分化。单倍型网络进化图和单倍型系统发育树均未显示出明显的地理分布格局,中性检验和核苷酸不配对分布分析均表明,大鳞副泥鳅经历过种群扩张,扩张事件发生在第四纪更新世晚期。研究结果表明,应加强5个湿地大鳞副泥鳅群体的保护,适时开展大鳞副泥鳅良种选育工作,减少对大鳞副泥鳅野生资源的破坏。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的大鳞副泥鳅四个群体遗传多样性

为了解大鳞副泥鳅群体遗传多样性现状,实验利用线粒体COI基因部分序列对来自于辽宁、河南、湖北和台湾的大鳞副泥鳅4个群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,在642 bp的COI基因序列中,碱基A、T、C、G的平均含量分别为23.5%、30.6%、26.7%、19.2%,表现出较强的AT偏好性;4个群体共检测到44个多态性位点,定义了23个单倍型;4个群体的单倍型多样性指数(h)为0.424～0.855,核苷酸多样性指数(π)为0.000 84～0.016 59,台湾群体遗传多样性较高,河南群体次之,湖北群体和辽宁群体较低;群体间遗传分化系数FST及遗传距离分析表明,台湾群体与其他群体间均存在极显著的遗传分化,且与其他群体间的遗传距离均较远;AMOVA分析结果表明,群体间的遗传变异高于群体内的变异(52.11%>47.89%);辽宁、河南和湖北群体的中性检验Tajima’s D及Fu’s Fs均为负值,提示辽宁、河南和湖北群体可能经历过群体爆发和扩张事件。研究表明,大鳞副泥鳅不同地理群体形成了一定的遗传分化,研究结果为大鳞副泥鳅的遗传多样性保护及选育等工作提供了依据。     

脊尾白虾3个野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用12对微卫星标记分析了莱州湾(LZ)、海州湾(HZ)、象山(XS)脊尾白虾野生群体的遗传多样性.12个位点在3个群体中均表现出高度的多态性.12个微卫星位点共得到115个等位基因,各个位点的等位基因数介于6～14,平均每个位点上的等位基因数为9.583 3个;各个位点的平均期望杂合度(He)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.8278、0.517 5、0.705 1,表明3个脊尾白虾野生群体均有良好的多态性.经F-统计分析,各个群体间的遗传分化指数均值为0.093 0(0.05＜Fst＜0.15),呈中等水平分化.基于Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类分析显示莱州湾群体与象山群体距离最近,聚为一类,海州群体单独聚为一类.     

津鲢与长江鲢遗传多样性分析

随机选取津鲢和长江鲢各36尾,用16个微卫星标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:16个微卫星位点在2个群体中共检测到等位基因105个,基因型241种,每个位点等位基因数3～15个,平均6.6个,基因型4～37种,平均15.1种。2个鲢群体平均观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.5393和0.5392,平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.5887和0.5762,结果表明该2个鲢群体遗传多样性水平较高。2个鲢群体平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.5602和0.54,固定系数(FIS)表明这2个鲢群体表现为杂合子缺乏(FIS0)。2个鲢群体之间的遗传距离为0.0566,平均遗传分化系数(Fst)值为0.021,说明仅有2.1%的遗传变异来源于群体间。     

乌苏里江2种细鳞鲑种群遗传多样性及亲缘关系的微卫星分析

尖吻细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)28尾和钝吻细鳞鲑(B.tumensis)26尾,均采自乌苏里江中游。利用9对微卫星引物(10个位点)对其种群遗传多样性进行比较研究,以期从分子水平上探讨2个种间的遗传多样性差异水平及其亲缘关系。结果表明,尖吻细鳞鲑和钝吻细鳞鲑种群的平均杂合度(H)分别为0.323 0和0.339 1,多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.322 9和0.435 3;在检测到的10个基因位点中有9个位点上的等位基因及其在2种细鳞鲑间的分布存在显著差异,2种细鳞鲑各自拥有大量的特有等位基因,而共有等位基因很少;2种细鳞鲑在4个微卫星位点上的遗传相似度(I)为0,在其他6个具有相同等位基因的位点上的遗传距离(D)为0.011 5~2.575 9,平均为0.939 3。研究表明,2种细鳞鲑在种群遗传多样性上差异显著,亲缘关系很远,物种间可能存在生殖隔离,遗传分化程度远达到种以上的分类水平。本研究从分子水平上验证了对2种细鳞鲑的形态学分类结论,并对2种细鳞鲑的起源及其演化进行了探讨。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):39-45]     

半滑舌鳎养殖群体和减数分裂雌核发育群体的微卫星标记遗传多样性分析

利用24对微卫星分子标记对半滑舌鳎Cynoglossus semilaevis的养殖群体和减数分裂雌核发育群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,两个半滑舌鳎群体平均等位基因数分别为7.0和4.8,平均有效等位基因数分别为3.935和2.411,平均观测杂合度(HO)分别为0.713 5和0.586 5,养殖群体的遗传多样性明显高于减数分裂雌核发育群体。有1个位点在养殖群体中偏离哈代-温伯格平衡,13个位点在减数分裂雌核发育群体中偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。群体间基因分化系数(GST)为0.093 6,遗传距离为0.420 0,表明两群体间遗传分化显著。     

基于SSR-seq技术评估中间球海胆多代选育群体和普通养殖群体的遗传多样性

为明确不同选育群体中间球海胆的遗传多样性和遗传结构,利用SSR-seq技术和15个微卫星位点,对1个家系选育群体(FP)、1个群体选育群体(IP)和1个未经选育的普通养殖群体(CP)的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点共检测出112个等位基因,FP、IP、CP 3个群体的平均观测等位基因数(N_a)分别为5.077、5.133和6.133个,平均有效等位基因(N_e)分别为2.816、2.873和3.638个,平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.522、0.441和0.501,平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.595、0.599和0.667,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.546、0.543和0.623。家系选育群体(FP) H_e与H_o的差值(0.073)低于IP (0.158)和CP (0.166),平均固定指数(F)(0.115)低于IP (0.248)和CP (0.246)。3个群体间遗传分化系数(F_st)介...     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.