New insights into neuron-glia communication

Two-way communication between neurons and nonneural cells called glia is essential for axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, and information processing and thus is required for normal functioning of the nervous system during development and throughout adult life. The signals between neurons and glia include ion fluxes, neurotransmitters, cell adhesion molecules, and specialized signaling molecules released from synaptic and nonsynaptic regions of the neuron. In contrast to the serial flow of information along chains of neurons, glia communicate with other glial cells through intracellular waves of calcium and via intercellular diffusion of chemical messengers. By releasing neurotransmitters and other extracellular signaling molecules, glia can affect neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission and perhaps coordinate activity across networks of neurons.     

Cortical constriction during abscission involves helices of ESCRT-III-dependent filaments

After partitioning of cytoplasmic contents by cleavage furrow ingression, animal cells remain connected by an intercellular bridge, which subsequently splits by abscission. Here, we examined intermediate stages of abscission in human cells by using live imaging, three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy, and electron tomography. We identified helices of 17-nanometer-diameter filaments, which narrowed the cortex of the intercellular bridge to a single stalk. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III co-localized with constriction zones and was required for assembly of 17-nanometer-diameter filaments. Simultaneous spastin-mediated removal of underlying microtubules enabled full constriction at the abscission site. The identification of contractile filament helices at the intercellular bridge has broad implications for the understanding of cell division and of ESCRT-III-mediated fission of large membrane structures.     

高眼压兔眼房水丛管腔内皮细胞的电镜观察

探讨房水丛管腔内壁内皮细胞及其细胞间连接在高眼压房水流出中的作用。巩膜环扎法造成兔眼高眼压动物模型；透射电镜观察持续不同时间高眼压兔眼房水丛内壁内皮细胞及其细胞间连接的超微结构变化。结果：高眼压３ｄ，１周房水丛内皮细胞南变薄，胞突互相包绕形成假空泡，细胞连接和间隙正常；高眼压３，４周内皮细胞更薄，胞质内大空泡减少，细胞间连接存在，细胞间隙无扩张，假空泡消失。     

P1 of strawberry vein banding virus,a multilocalized protein,functions as a movement protein and interacts with the coat protein

Although the complete nucleotide sequence of strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) has been determined and bioinformatic analysis has revealed that the SVBV genome could encode seven proteins, the precise function of each protein is unclear. This study provided evidence that the P1 protein of SVBV (SVBV-P1) possesses the following features. Bioinformatic and subcellular localization analyses showed that SVBV-P1 is localized in the cytoplasm and cell walls of epidermal cells in Nicotiana benthamiana, and it forms inclusion bodies associated with microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum. Dilution experiments demonstrated that SVBV-P1 could move from the original agro-infiltrated cells to adjacent cells in N. benthamiana leaves. Further trans-complementation experiments demonstrated that SVBV-P1 could facilitate the intercellular movement of a movement-deficient potato virus X mutant in N. benthamiana leaves. Finally, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that SVBV-P1 could interact with the SVBV coat protein, which is a major component of Caulimovirus virions. Results of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that SVBV-P1 lacks DNA-binding capability. In summary, the results suggest that SVBV-P1 is probably a movement protein of SVBV, providing new insights into the function of movement proteins of the Caulimovirus genus.     

双标记技术研究韧皮部同化物和水的相对运动

采用同位素双标记技术，通过研究各种处理的棉花果树韧皮部＾１４Ｃ－同化物和＾３Ｈ－Ｈ２Ｏ的运输情况，计算并比较二的加权速率平均值，说明了韧皮部同化物和水存在一定程度的相对运动，这种相对运动可能是由于＾３Ｈ－Ｈ２Ｏ和筛选外细胞及胞间中的大量存在的非标记水发生侧向交换的结果，并种相对运动可能是由于＾３Ｈ－Ｈ２Ｏ和筛选外细胞及胞间隙中的大量存在的非标记水发生侧向交换的结果，并说明这种一定量的相对运动与韧     

Leaf closure in the venus flytrap: an Acid growth response

The rapid closure of leaves in the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) involves irreversible cell enlargement, which can be initiated by acidifying the cell walls to pH 4.50 and below. Leaves infiltrated with neutral buffers that keep the pH above 4.50 to 4.75 will not close in response to stimulation of their trigger hairs even though the action potentials that ordinarily cause closure are produced. During the 1 to 3 seconds required for closure about 29 percent of the cellular adenosine triphosphate is lost. It is likely that this adenosine triphosphate is used in very rapid transport of hydrogen ions from the motor cells and that the movement is due to a mechanism of "acid growth."     

葡聚六糖诱导后黄瓜幼苗细胞内Ca2+水平变化的细胞化学研究

采用改进的焦锑酸钙细胞化学方法 ,探讨了葡聚六糖诱导后Ca2 在黄瓜幼苗细胞中超微结构定位变化动态。结果表明 ,在正常情况下 ,黄瓜幼苗的细胞壁和细胞间隙存在大量Ca2 。葡聚六糖诱导后2h,细胞壁和细胞间隙Ca2 沉淀物明显减少 ;诱导后4h ,细胞壁和细胞间隙只偶尔能看到有少量Ca2 沉淀物 ,细胞质中Ca2 沉淀物增多 ;诱导后7h ,Ca2 又重新流回细胞壁和细胞间隙     

华山新麦草属间杂种细胞间遗传物质的转移及其在物种演化中的意义

本文描述了华山新麦草同纤毛鹅观草、鹅观草、普通小麦和节节麦属间杂种小孢子发生过程中，细胞间通过接合管或接合孔转移遗传物质的现象。遗传物质的转移引起多核细胞的出现和染色体数目的变化。这些变化为生物进化提供了重要的物质基础。初步证明细胞间遗传物质的转称是受基因系统控制的，华山新麦草的Ｎｂ染色体组上可能存在控制细胞间遗传物质转移的基因系统。并讨论了细胞间遗传物质转移后，在物种演化过程中的意义和作用。     

汕优63再生稻结实率与叶片结构的关系

杂交中稻汕优６３主茎和再生芽顶部三叶片的比较解剖表明：同位叶中，再生稻气孔器面积指数稍高，叶肉细胞层和胞壁皱折成瓣较多而增加了内面积和胞间隙．侧脉密度大，与形成籽粒数有关的导管数和横面积及筛管数和韧皮部横面积均比头季稻的多，这是再生稻提高光合输导效率、籽粒饱满、结实率高的内部结构基础．再生稻叶片较小，这与其发育过程叶原基细胞分裂数量减少有关．     

Disruption of the Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain gene by homologous recombination

The phenomenon of homologous recombination, which allows specific gene conversion and gene insertion, can be a powerful system for the study of eukaryotic cell biology. Data are presented demonstrating that integration of a transfected plasmid by homologous recombination occurs in the motile eukaryotic cell Dictyostelium discoideum. A plasmid carrying a G418 resistance gene and the amino terminal half of the myosin heavy chain gene was used to transfect Dictyostelium. A large fraction of the resultant G418-resistant cells had the plasmid integrated into the single genomic copy of the heavy chain gene. These cells, which fail to express the native myosin but express the myosin fragment, are defective in cytokinesis and become large and multinucleate. In spite of the absence of native myosin, these cells, termed hmm cells, exhibit many forms of cell movement, including membrane ruffling, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis. The hmm cells can aggregate but are blocked at a later stage in the Dictyostelium developmental cycle. The hmm cells revert to the wild-type phenotype. Reversion of the hmm phenotype is due to excision and loss of the transforming plasmid. The revertant cells express native myosin, are G418 sensitive, and have a normal developmental cycle. These results constitute genetic proof that the intact myosin molecule is required for cytokinesis and not for karyokinesis.     

Infection Behaviour of Melampsora larici-populina on the Leaf Surface of Populus purdomii

Behaviours of urediospore germtube in Melampsora larici-populina on the leaf surface of Populus purdomii were studied by light microscope,scanning electron microscope (SEM),transmission electron microscope (TEM),and fluorescence microscope.Crab-like fusion cells on leaf surface,intercellular hyphal cells in leaf tissues,as well as nucleus states,were observed and counted up in this study.Under unsaturated humidity,32％ of germinated tubes fused into a distinguishable swollen crab-shaped cell at the merging site,and 10.5％ of observed crab-like cells had more than three nuclei.Wedge-shaped mycelia developed and then penetrated the leaf surface directly,or indirectly through stomata.Tips of germtube passed through the intercellular cells of poplar leaves directly were found in TEM.Aniline blue dyeing also showed that the infecting hyphae could invade into the cuticle and epidemic cell wall directly.For the case of infection through stomata,there were two different situations.Short branches and wedge hyphae usually penetrated the leaf surface via opened stomata,whereas,some germtube branches and wedge hyphae penetrated leaves through the guard cell walls or stoma lips.In the latter case,the stomata were always closed.The samples from wild forestlands had the same fused cells and wedge hyphae,but the occurrence rate was much higher than that in the chamber.Even under the saturated air humidity,germtubes could roll back and formed fusion structure,or merged together with their tips.The fusion cells might centralize the plasma of merged germtubes and have a strong survival capacity to protect germtubes from dying under arid circumstances,and provide a chance of genetic variation as well.     

Electrotonic junctions between teleost spinal neurons: electrophysiology and ultrastructure

Electrotonic transmission between spinal neurons is correlated with distinctive apposition of cell processes involving membrane fusion. In the same neurons, postsynaptic potentials appear to arise at typical synaptic knobs where there is an intercellular space.     

Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton

Cell contact is required for efficient transmission of human T cell leukemia virus- type 1 (HTLV-I) between cells and between individuals, because naturally infected lymphocytes produce virtually no cell-free infectious HTLV-I particles. However, the mechanism of cell-to-cell spread of HTLV-I is not understood. We show here that cell contact rapidly induces polarization of the cytoskeleton of the infected cell to the cell-cell junction. HTLV-I core (Gag protein) complexes and the HTLV-I genome accumulate at the cell-cell junction and are then transferred to the uninfected cell. Other lymphotropic viruses, such as HIV-1, may similarly subvert normal T cell physiology to allow efficient propagation between cells.     

ESCRT-III governs the Aurora B-mediated abscission checkpoint through CHMP4C

The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery plays an evolutionarily conserved role in cytokinetic abscission, the final step of cell division where daughter cells are physically separated. Here, we show that charged multivesicular body (MVB) protein 4C (CHMP4C), a human ESCRT-III subunit, is involved in abscission timing. This function correlated with its differential spatiotemporal distribution during late stages of cytokinesis. Accordingly, CHMP4C functioned in the Aurora B-dependent abscission checkpoint to prevent both premature resolution of intercellular chromosome bridges and accumulation of DNA damage. CHMP4C engaged the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) via interaction with Borealin, which suggested a model whereby CHMP4C inhibits abscission upon phosphorylation by Aurora B. Thus, the ESCRT machinery may protect against genetic damage by coordinating midbody resolution with the abscission checkpoint.     

Effect of Potassium on Ultrastructure of Maize Stalk Pith and Young Root and Their Relation to Stalk Rot Resistance

To study the mechanism of potassium （K） application on improvement of maize resistance to stalk rot at cellular level, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the effect of K on the ultrastructure of maize stalk pith tissue and young root tip cell influenced by K and pathogen. In K deficient treatment, parenchyma cells of stalk pith had abnormal structure, and the cell wall between upper and lower adjacent cell was damaged, resulting in the loss of connections between vascular cells and insufficient supporting capacity. However, an improved K nutrition helped to keep a quite tight arrangement of root cell with thick cell wall, and prevent the invasion of pathogen effectively. Moreover, K treated root cell had abundant golgi apparatus, which could excrete large amount of secretions to degrade mycelium. Papillary and highly electronic intensity dot were accumulated at the invading point to prevent the deveJopment of the mycelium. Improved K nutrition could increase the resistant ability of maize plant to stalk rot, through keeping cell structure stability, preventing the expansion of intracellular space to reduce the chances of pathogen invasions, and through reinforcing cell wall and formation of intercellular and intracellular material to restrict further development of pathogen in host cell.     

Ultrastructural Changes in the Interaction Between Puccinia striiformis and Wheat Cultivar with Slow-Rusting Resistance

Ultrastructural changes in both pathogen and host cells in the interaction between Puccinia striiformis and wheat cultivar （Libellula） with slow-rusting resistance were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Observations revealed marked changes in ultrastructure of both pathogen and host cells. In the pathogen respect, there were many vesicles appeared in the intercellular hyphae and gradually fused into bigger vacuoles, a number of fat drops and electron-dense granules accumulated, mitochondria became swollen and some of them degraded into vesicles, and the plasmalemma of intercellular hyphae became dark. In the haustoria, the cytoplasm degraded gradually and developed a vacuole in the center, fat drops increased, the extrahaustorial matrix widened with a great amount of electron-dense fibrillar and granular materials, and most of the haustoria died with in conjunction with the disappearance of fat drops and other organelles. Structural defense of the host, including formation of cell wall apposition, collar and papilla, occurred in the host respect. Host resistance expression and cytological features occurring in the slow-rusting resistance were discussed.     

感染玉米粗缩病毒后玉米植株的超微结构病变研究

 对接种后感染玉米粗缩病毒 (MRDV)的玉米植株的叶片及侧根超微结构进行了电镜观察。研究结果表明 ,受侵染的玉米叶肉细胞中叶绿体的数量有所减少 ,细胞质丰富 ,细胞器发生了不同程度的病变。液泡膜发生明显内陷 ,随着病情的严重液泡膜内陷加剧 ,呈极度松弛状态 ,局部破裂 ;叶绿体被膜破裂 ,轻者成为一松弛的单膜结构 ,严重者被膜完全消失 ,叶绿体中的片层膜系统消失 ,取而代之的是大量淀粉粒。线粒体及细胞核形态异常 ,随着病害的加重 ,线粒体逐渐肿大 ,基粒缩小 ,膜破裂 ,类囊物流入细胞中 ,细胞膜破裂。在玉米植株的根部细胞中观察到了大量的病毒粒体 ,这些粒体大多集中在细胞壁处形成病毒质体。感病细胞的叶绿体、线粒体、核、质膜及胞间联丝中均未见病毒状颗粒     

Role of phosphatidylinositol kinase in PDGF receptor signal transduction

The molecules with which the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor interacts to elicit the biochemical reactions responsible for cell proliferation have not been identified. Antisera directed against specific PDGF receptor peptides coprecipitated a phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase and the PDGF receptor. Immunoprecipitates from PDGF-stimulated cells contained 10 to 50 times as much PI kinase as those from unstimulated cells. Mutation of the PDGF receptor by deletion of its kinase insert region resulted in a receptor markedly less effective than the wild type in eliciting cell proliferation and defective in PDGF-stimulated PI kinase, but still capable of PDGF-induced receptor autophosphorylation and phosphoinositide hydrolysis. These data show that the PDGF receptor is physically associated with a PDGF-sensitive PI kinase that is distinct from tyrosine kinase and is not required for PDGF-induced PI hydrolysis. The finding that the mutant PDGF receptor missing the kinase insert domain elicited known early biochemical responses to PDGF, but did not associate with or regulate PI kinase, suggests a novel role for the receptor-associated PI kinase in the transmission of mitogenic signals.     

钾素对玉米茎髓和幼根超微结构的影响及其与茎腐病抗性的关系

【目的】从细胞水平探讨钾素营养提高玉米茎腐病抗性的机制。【方法】采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分别观察施钾后玉米茎髓组织和接菌后施钾与不施钾幼根根尖细胞超微结构的变化。【结果】缺钾处理的玉米茎髓薄壁细胞,结构不规则,长边较长。而不缺钾处理茎髓细胞结构规则,呈长方形,整齐排列。缺钾导致维管束间的薄壁细胞破裂,致使茎髓中维管束间失去连接细胞,支撑能力变差。另外,施钾有利于寄主幼根表皮细胞排列紧密而整齐,细胞壁增厚,有效阻碍病原菌的入侵。而且施钾处理细胞中拥有丰富的高尔基体,可以产生大量分泌物将菌丝降解。钾素还有利于菌丝入侵部位乳突的形成及高电子致密物的积累,以阻止菌丝的扩展。【结论】钾素能通过稳定细胞结构,防止细胞间隙的扩大,加固细胞壁,来降低病原菌侵入的机率;通过形成位于胞间及胞内的闭塞物来限制病原物在寄主细胞的进一步发展。     

Visualization of cellulose synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules

Expression of a functional yellow fluorescent protein fusion to cellulose synthase (CESA) in transgenic Arabidopsis plants allowed the process of cellulose deposition to be visualized in living cells. Spinning disk confocal microscopy revealed that CESA complexes in the plasma membrane moved at constant rates in linear tracks that were aligned and were coincident with cortical microtubules. Within each observed linear track, complex movement was bidirectional. Inhibition of microtubule polymerization changed the fine-scale distribution and pattern of moving CESA complexes in the membrane, indicating a relatively direct mechanism for guidance of cellulose deposition by the cytoskeleton.