大理水牛良种繁育体系建设

<正>云南有16个地州饲养水牛,多数留作役用,部分在使用役用价值后,留作屠宰食用。文章介绍了云南水牛发展概况,就加强水牛繁育体系建设思考分析,以供参考和借鉴。1水牛发展前景分析作为生长在热带、亚热带的禽畜,水牛与此地在农业、畜牧业中发挥着关键性的作用。国内的少部分,养殖水牛供奴役之用。而在国外不同地域,养殖用途差异显著。比如:埃及、意大利等国,养水牛为泌乳。泰国等国家,养水牛为食用。中国水牛     

NMD水牛

NMD水牛,是在20世纪末至21世纪初以云南德宏为主要片区培育出来的江河型与沼泽混合(血)品种,它是细胞核型2N为50条染色体对细胞核型2N为48条染色体杂合子水牛品种. 1 NMD水牛的培育 NMD水牛毛色黑灰、个体大、产肉多、役力强.     

NMD水牛

NMD水牛,是在20世纪末至21世纪初以云南德宏为主要片区培育出来的江河型与沼泽混合(血)品种,它是细胞核型2N为50条染色体对细胞核型2N为48条染色体杂合子水牛品种。1 NMD水牛的培育NMD水牛毛色黑灰、个体大、产肉多、役力强。它是原产于印度的摩拉水牛(冻精)与抗热、抗旱、抗逆     

福建省乳水牛生产的现状、问题与对策

1乳水牛生产的现状1．1基本情况 福建省在改革开放前，水牛以役用为主，改革开放后，随着农业生产责任制的落实。农业生产呈现多元化发展趋势，水牛负耕面积不断下降，水牛养殖也逐渐由原来的役用为主演变为役肉、役乳兼用方向发展。由于福建省的漳州等地群众有在水母牛分娩后的初乳和泌乳高峰期挤一部份奶作为消费的习惯，使该市水牛向役肉兼用、役乳兼用，甚至向乳用方向发展。     

广东水牛挤奶开发利用大有可为

一、国内外水牛概况与特点1987年全世界有水牛13837.4万头,亚洲有13420.8万头居首位,其中印度7426万头,中国2089.8万头,巴基斯坦1369.8万头。广东省1987年末存栏331.1万头,主要是沼泽型水牛。中国水牛主要分布于北纬36°以南,东经97°以东的十七个省(市、区),其中以广西、广东、四川、云南最多。水牛役力强且耐劳,性情温驯.历来是南方水田主要役畜。水牛耐粗饲,饲料转化     

云南省盐津水牛种质特性研究

<正>云南水牛主要分布于德宏州、西双版纳州、昭通地区、红河州、大理州、昆明地区郊县等地,资源丰富,品种较多,其中云南盐津水牛主要产于昭通的盐津、威信两县,是我国的地方优良品种,约有5.9万余头,适应性强,有较好的役用性能〔1〕。盐津水牛的外貌特征:体小、结实、结构匀称。面平,额稍隆起,眼大有神,胸宽深,肋骨拱圆,四肢短粗,蹄大而圆。成年公牛平均体高122.8cm、体长     

水牛奶的特性与加工利用

我国现有水牛2085万头,列居世界水牛数量的第二位,约占亚洲水牛总头数的15％。水牛不仅能劳役、产肉,也能产奶,而且生产优质的牛奶。我国水牛,以往基本为役用,现已开始向役、肉、奶综合利用发展,而且将成为我国优质奶类的重要来源。     

水牛营养研究新进展

水牛在中国南方农业产业结构中占有非常重要的地位,大部分水牛都属于沼泽型水牛,长期以来作为役用家畜在广大农村分散饲养。随着中国农业机械化程度的提高,水牛在农村扮演劳役的角色逐渐发生了改变,水牛将由单一的役用向乳用和乳肉兼用方向发展。文章从水牛营养需要、饲料资源开发与利用、水牛瘤胃微生物与瘤胃发酵、水牛营养与繁殖,以及水牛乳、肉品质的营养调控等方面对近20年来水牛营养方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

水牛的肉用指数评价

为了评价水牛的肉用指数,试验采用黄牛肉用指数(beef purpose index,BPI)的概念来计算水牛肉用指数的方法,对水牛的经济类型进行划分。结果表明:大部分沼泽型公水牛属于役肉兼用型(BPI值3.6～4.5),大部分沼泽型母水牛属于肉役兼用型(BPI值=3.3～3.8);而纯种河流型公母水牛位于肉用型的BPI值范围之内(公牛BPI值≥5.6,母牛BPI值≥3.9);阉水牛的BPI值大于公牛的BPI值。     

浅谈我国水牛品种资源的开发利用

我国水牛属沼泽型,无品种区分,主要分布于淮河以南的水稻产区,其中四川、贵州、广东、广西、湖南、湖北及云南数量最多。我国水牛虽分布广泛,但长期以来选种方法相同,均以役用为主,是水稻产区的主要农耕动力。其产奶性能低,泌乳期一般为7~8个月,泌乳量通常在500~700 kg,乳脂率10%左右,乳中干物质含量在22%左右,成年牛体重在400~500 kg,肉用性能一般较差,屠宰率通常在46%~50%,净肉率35%左右。总的来看,我国水牛资源丰富,现有数量2 200万余头,居世界第三位,但利用率极低,特别是随着现代科学技术发展,农业机械的应用,水牛的役用价值越来越小,即…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in