果实膨大期分次施氮对苹果氮素吸收利用及土壤累积动态的影响

以6a生苹果为试材,采用~(15) N同位素示踪技术,研究了果实膨大期等氮量分次(1次,2次,8次)追施N肥对~(15) N-尿素吸收、利用、损失及0—60cm土层氮素累积动态的影响。结果表明:随着果实的膨大,植株新生器官(叶片、新梢和果实)Ndff值以8次施氮处理最高,1次施氮处理最低;果实成熟期,8次施氮处理~(15) N吸收量分别是2次和1次施氮处理的1.61倍和2.10倍;植株营养器官和生殖器官~(15) N分配率均以8次施氮处理最高,1次施氮处理最低;随时间推移,8次施氮处理0—60cm土层~(15) N残留量逐渐高于2次和1次施氮处理,且主要集中在0—40cm土层;在果实成熟期,8次施氮处理~(15) N肥料利用率为17.65%,显著高于2次(10.99%)和1次施氮处理(8.37%),而~(15) N损失率为47.54%,显著低于2次(59.05%)和1次施氮处理(67.92%)。综合考虑,果实膨大期8次施氮处理效果最佳,可使氮肥在树体需肥的关键期充分发挥作用,能显著降低氮肥损失,保证稳定充足氮素供应,提高氮素利用率。     

不同时期施氮矮化苹果对15N的吸收、 分配及利用

【目的】研究不同时期施氮对矮化苹果氮素吸收、 分配及利用的影响,以期为矮化果园合理施肥、 提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据。【方法】以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材,采用15N同位素示踪技术,研究3个时期施氮对15N-尿素的吸收、 分配及利用特性。试验设3个处理,每个处理为1株,重复3次,分别在萌芽期(3月20日)、 春梢缓长期(6月5日)和秋梢生长期(7月10日)3个时期进行施肥, 每次每株施15N-尿素(丰度10.14%)10 g,普通尿素150 g。果实成熟期(10月15日)取全株样品进行氮的分析测定。【结果】不同时期施肥,植株不同器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)差异显著。萌芽期施肥,植株在盛花期根的Ndff值最高,多年生枝次之; 从春梢缓长期到果实膨大期,根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官转运,果实成熟前期各器官Ndff均达到较高水平; 到果实成熟期,果实的Ndff值最高。春梢缓长期施肥,秋梢生长期根的Ndff值最高; 果实成熟期新生器官的Ndff均达到较高水平,其中果实的Ndff值最高。秋梢生长期施肥,根和多年生枝等贮藏器官的Ndff值在各测定时期都处于较高水平,随着物候期推移,一年生枝、 叶片和果实等地上部新生器官的Ndff值逐渐增大,到果实成熟期,一年生枝、 叶片和果实等新生器官的Ndff均达到最高水平,但此期果实对15N吸收征调能力相对减弱。在果实成熟期,不同施肥处理植株各器官的15N分配率存在显著差异。萌芽期施肥,营养器官的15N分配率最大; 春梢缓长期施肥,生殖器官的15N分配率最大; 秋梢生长期施肥,贮藏器官的15N分配率最大。在果实成熟期,3个施肥时期处理间植株的总氮量、 吸收15N的量及15N肥料利用率存在显著差异,均以春梢缓长期施肥处理最大,分别为86.34 g、 1.38 g和30.07%; 秋梢生长期次之,分别为75.64 g、 1.25 g和27.22%; 萌芽期施肥处理最小,分别为72.82 g、 1.09 g和23.63%。【结论】在土壤比较贫瘠的果园中进行矮化栽培,生产上应制定合理的施肥次数,做到少量多次,在春季少施氮肥,初夏(果实膨大期)追施氮肥,同时加强当年贮藏营养,施肥时期适当后移,既能够满足树体不同生长发育阶段的需求,而且还能够尽量减少因灌溉和降水等造成的地表径流和地下淋溶损失等,提高氮肥利用效率。     

根系互作对苹果生长及15N-尿素吸收、利用和土壤残留的影响

在苹果/白三叶(M1)和苹果/黑麦草(M2)复合系统中,设置根系分隔(完全分隔N1、尼龙网分隔N2、不分隔N3),采用~(15) N同位素示踪技术,研究了根系互作对苹果生长及~(15) N吸收、利用,损失和土壤残留的影响。结果表明:苹果新梢旺长期,在M1中苹果各生长指标均为N3N2N1,在M2中趋势相反。与N1处理相比,M1中N2和N3处理苹果~(15) N利用率分别增加了11.91%和18.96%,M2中分别降低了5.76%和8.99%,苹果全氮量和~(15) N吸收量趋势相同。苹果根区土壤~(15) N丰度、总氮含量和~(15) N残留率均以N1处理最高,N3处理最低;苹果落叶期,两种复合体系中均以N3处理的苹果各生长指标最大,N1处理最低。在M1中N2和N3处理苹果根区土壤~(15) N丰度分别比N1处理增加了22.33%和34.15%,在M2中增幅分别为13.73%和21.44%,土壤总氮含量呈相同趋势。M1和M2中苹果全氮量、~(15) N吸收量和各器官Ndff值差异显著,均为N3N2N1。与N1处理相比,M1中N2和N3处理下苹果~(15) N利用率分别增加了19.11%和42.66%,而~(15) N损失率分别降低了13.55%和27.12%,在M2中趋势相同。苹果生长前期,黑麦草和苹果以负相竞争为主,白三叶对其促进效果亦不显著。而至苹果生长后期,两种牧草和苹果根系互作降低了苹果根区氮素损失,促进了苹果的氮素吸收利用和营养生长,且以间作白三叶效果最好。     

不同时期施用氮肥对巨峰葡萄氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响

为了探讨巨峰葡萄对氮素的吸收、分配和利用规律,为合理施肥提供依据,本试验采用田间15N示踪方法,对巨峰葡萄进行了3个时期土施15N尿素处理。结果表明:各时期植株不同器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（15N丰度Ndff）有明显差异。萌芽期施肥处理的新梢及果实的Ndff极显著高于多年生器官和根;膨大期处理各器官Ndff均有所增长;成熟期处理的果实Ndff仅为上一时期的37.6%,而多年生器官和根的Ndff却均比上一时期高两倍多。萌芽期处理植株吸收的15N 54.8%分配到叶片中,果实中仅占3.6%;膨大期处理,果实中的15N分配率达到26%,而分配到叶片中的15N量降为38%。不同时期植株各器官的15N利用率与分配率呈现相同的趋势。自萌芽期到叶片衰老期,植株对15N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,果实成熟期处理的最高。巨峰葡萄每形成1000 kg果实需要吸收氮素3.76 kg;氮素在树体各器官中的分布为果实 叶片 根 当年生枝主干多年生枝;果实膨大期至果实成熟期为氮素的最大需求期和最大效率期,因此在生产上氮肥施用时期建议适当后移。     

土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素利用的影响

土壤C/N是土壤氮素循环的重要影响因素。本研究以2年生"富士"/平邑甜茶为试验材料, 应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了不同土壤C/N[6.21(CK)、10、15、20、25、30、35和40]对苹果植株生长及氮素利用和损失的影响。结果表明: 随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势, C/N=15、20和25的3个处理苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重最大, 三者间无显著差异, 但均显著高于其他处理。不同C/N处理间植株15N利用率存在差异, 土壤C/N=25时, 植株¹⁵N利用率最大, 为22.87%, 与C/N=20的处理间无显著差异, 但两者均显著高于其他处理; 土壤C/N=40时, 植株¹⁵N利用率最低, 仅为15.43%, 低于CK处理的16.65%。土壤C/N处于15~25时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于肥料氮的比例较高; 而土壤C/N较低(<15)或太高(>25)时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于土壤氮的比例较高。土壤氮素残留量随土壤C/N的增大逐渐增加, C/N=40处理的土壤氮素残留量是CK的1.32倍。随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 肥料氮损失量呈先减少后增加的变化趋势, 以C/N=25时最少, 仅为施氮量的49.87%, 而对照最大, 为61.54%。因此, 综合土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素平衡状况来看, 土壤C/N为15~25时, 能促进植株的生长发育, 降低氮肥损失, 提高肥料利用率。     

华北平原玉米种植中施入氮肥的去向研究

为了定量研究玉米氮肥利用特性以及肥料氮的去向,设计了~(15) N标记微区控制试验,设置3个施氮水平:不施氮肥(对照)、低氮处理(120kg N/hm~2)和高氮处理(240kg N/hm~2)。结果表明:土壤中残留~(15) N量随施氮量增加而显著增加(P0.05)。在空间分布上,总体呈现出随土壤深度先下降后上升的趋势,高氮处理和低氮处理~(15) N累积量均以40—60cm和60—80cm土层最多,这两层残留~(15) N总量分别占总投入量的37.55%和18.99%。与对照相比,施氮处理均显著提高了玉米地上、地下生物量和籽粒产量以及各部分吸氮量。虽然高氮处理较低氮处理施氮量增加了1倍,但籽粒产量仅增加0.14倍。氮肥农学效率与氮肥表观利用率随着施氮量增加而显著降低。高氮处理和低氮处理中玉米对~(15) N标记氮肥的利用率分别为28.86%和31.15%,土壤氮残留率分别为50.42%和36.52%,当季进入地下水的比率分别为4.27%和0.68%,其他损失率分别为16.45%和32.33%。研究结果表明,施氮量为120kg/hm~2可有效增加玉米产量,同时提高氮肥利用率,减少土壤氮累积,减小氮肥施用产生的环境污染风险。     

纳米碳对草莓氮素吸收利用及植株生长的影响

以盆栽妙香7号草莓为试材,利用15 N同位素示踪技术探究尿素配施0,2,4,6,8mL纳米碳溶胶(CK、T1、T2、T3)对土壤理化性状、植株氮素吸收利用及生长发育的影响。结果表明:施用纳米碳显著提高了土壤氧化还原电位和土壤脲酶活性;随纳米碳用量的增加处理前期土壤的电导率呈现降低趋势后期呈现增大的趋势。纳米碳的施用促进了草莓植株对氮素的吸收利用,提高了草莓各器官的Ndff值;与对照相比,T1、T2、T3处理草莓植株的氮素利用率分别提高了71.2%,126.8%,98.9%,土壤氮素残留率分别提高了8.2%,16.7%,16.1%,显著减少了氮素的损失。纳米碳的施用不同程度提高了植株叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素SPAD值,干物质比对照增加了17.5%,45.8%,32.3%。研究表明,尿素配施纳米碳可改善土壤理化性状,有效吸附土壤中的氮素,提高植株氮素利用率和土壤氮素残留率,减少氮素损失,促进了草莓植株的生长。     

应用15N稀释法测定土壤氮素初级转化速率的一些关键技术

本文综合评述了应用~(15)N库稀释法测定土壤氮素初级转化速率的一些关键技术,即~(15)N标记土壤氮库的方法、~(15)N的加入量、丰度和标记物种类的选择,以及初始取样时间的确定。只有合理地运用这些关键技术,才能更准确地测定土壤氮素初级转化速率,进而更真实地表征土壤氮素的实际周转状况。     

氮水平对盆栽沙培番茄苗期根系三维构型与氮素利用的影响

为了研究施氮量对番茄苗期根系三维空间分布与氮素吸收利用的影响,以中杂109番茄幼苗为材料,采用沙培盆栽方式并设置3个氮素水平处理,利用~(15)N示踪法和三维数字化仪分别研究幼苗根际氮素吸收运转效率与根系三维构型。结果表明:施氮肥4 mmol/L处理番茄幼苗根系总长、根表面积和根系分支密度分别高于20 mmol/L处理16.5%、17.5%和~(15).5%;4 mmol/L处理幼苗根系三维构型是半径窄而深度深,20 mmol/L处理根系三维构型是半径宽而深度浅,4 mmol/L根系的平均深度较20 mmol/L处理高30%、但半径宽度较20 mmol/L处理低8%,12 mmol/L处理下幼苗根系半径宽度与深度均匀分布;高氮浓度会提高根系~(15)N吸收率与分配率,各器官~(15)N分配率为叶茎根,说明根际氮素转运对叶的贡献率最大;12 mmol/L处理幼苗~(15)N转运量与氮素利用率最高分别为508.3 mg/株和8.9%,20 mmol/L处理较4 mmol/L处理~(15)N转运量高128 mg/株,但是氮素利用率却降低2%。研究表明苗期管理上可以适当降低施氮量,番茄幼苗会主动改变根系三维构型来提高氮素利用效率。     

晚秋叶施尿素提高矮化苹果翌春生长及果实品质的效果

【目的】研究晚秋叶施高浓度尿素对矮化苹果翌年春天氮素吸收、利用及成熟期果实品质的影响,以期为矮化果园合理施肥、提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据。【方法】以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材进行田间试验。试验设3个处理,每个处理5株树,单株为1次重复。用15N-尿素（丰度为10.22%）配成N 1.50%,3.00%和4.50%的水溶液,分别用毛笔涂抹苹果全树叶片的正反两面,每株树用量60 mL。以同样步骤,用普通尿素进行三个浓度的对照试验。于翌年盛花期（4月25日）进行局部取样,春梢生长期（6月15日）进行整株破坏性取样,测定个部位的含氮量和15N丰度,以及叶绿素含量及果实品质,计算肥料氮对该部位氮素吸收的贡献率。【结果】晚秋矮化苹果叶施不同浓度15N-尿素,叶片对叶面引入的氮素具有较高的吸收能力。不同叶施处理,植株翌年各器官的Ndff存在显著差异,且均以N 4.50%处理的最大,N 3.00%处理次之,N 1.50%处理最小,在盛花期,不同处理植株各器官均以多年生枝的Ndff值最高,其次是叶片,花和根,在春梢生长期,不同处理植株各器官均以叶片的Ndff值最高,其次是果实、一年生枝、多年生枝、根,中心干的Ndff值最小。在果实成熟期,不同处理苹果植株叶片的叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片全氮含量均存在差异显著,且均以N 4.50%处理最高,其次N 3.00%和N 1.50%处理,对照处理最小;不同处理植株的平均单果重,单株产量、可溶性固形物、硬度、可溶性糖和糖酸比均存在差异显著,且均以N 4.50%处理最高,其次N 3.00%和N 1.50%处理,对照处理最小。【结论】晚秋对矮化苹果叶施不同浓度尿素,均显著增加了当年的贮藏营养,有利于翌年春天的营养生长和花芽分化,而且改善了叶片质量,不同程度的提高了苹果产量和果实品质。对于供试矮化苹果,适宜的喷施浓度是N 4.50%。     

减氮配施有机物质对土壤氮素淋失的调控作用

采用室内土柱模拟试验方法,研究不同氮肥施用下1m土体中氮素的分布和移动特征,揭示土壤氮素动态变化规律。结果表明:FN(农民习惯施无机氮用量)、RN(根据土壤养分供应和作物需求确定的推荐无机氮用量)显著增加了土壤上层NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N向下层淋失。RN+HA(与推荐无机氮纯养分相等的锌腐酸尿素)和RN40%+OMB(推荐无机氮肥减60%基础上配施自制有机调理物质)可延长上层土壤NH_4^+-N峰值出现时间,降低下层NH_4^+-N。淋溶结束后,等氮量下增施HA较RN降低60cm以下NH_4^+-N残留29.7%～54.2%;降低60—80cm NO_3^--N累积17.4%。RN40%+OMB处理无机氮肥用量最小,0—20cm的NH_4^+-N最高,40—100cm稳定在2.0mg/kg左右;0—20,20—40cm土层NO_3^--N较RN+HA增加12.3%和2.0%,显著降低40cm以下NO_3^--N残留。RN+HA和RN40%+OMB较RN的土壤总无机氮残留分别减少7.4%和20.2%,降低表观淋失率。因此,RN40%+OMB可较好地抑制氮素下移,降低氮素淋失风险,为减少氮素淋失、明确合理氮肥施用方式提供科学依据。     

Growth and Nitrogen Fixation in Dhaincha/Sorghum and Dhaincha/Sunflower Intercropping Systems Using 15Nitrogen and 13Carbon Natural Abundance Techniques

A field experiment on dhaincha, sunflower, and sorghum plants grown in monocropping and intercropping systems was conducted to evaluate growth and nitrogen (N₂) fixation using ¹³carbon (C) and ¹⁵N natural abundance techniques. Intercropping of sesbania/sorghum showed a greater efficiency than monocropping in producing dry matter during the entire growth period, whereas the efficiency of producing dry matter in the sesbania/sunflower intercropping was similar to that in the monocropping system. Moreover, sorghum plants (C4) were more competitive than sesbania (C3) for soil N uptake, whereas sesbania seemed to be more competitive than its associated sunflower (C3). Nitrogen uptake in the mixed stand of sesbania/sorghum was improved as a result of the increase in soil N uptake by the component sorghum and the greater root nodule activity of component sesbania without affecting the amount of N₂ fixed. The Δ ¹³C in plant materials was affected by plant species and the cropping system.     

The Leaching Behaviour and Balances of Nitrogen and Other Elements under Spring Wheat in Lysimeter Experiment 1985–92

Abstract

In a lysimeter study it was found that moderate rates of ammonium nitrate increased utilization percentages in spring wheat, and the leaching was 10% or less of added N. Over-optimal rates reduced utilization percentages and increased leaching to almost 50% of the highest doses. Late split application of calcium nitrate increased the percentage of N in grain. Furthermore, leaching of N was not reduced, but occurred somewhat later in the fall and winter seasons. Leaching of Cl^? was more rapid and that of SO₄ ^2- was delayed relative to the leaching of NO₃ ^?. Rather large negative N balances were obtained, also after over-optimal application rates, and total N content of the soil was reduced. Compared with the N₀ treatment, differences in soil N residues amounted to 15–25% of added N in seven years. Gaseous losses had apparently taken place both from the added N and from soil N according to the total-N analysis.     

缓释尿素对两种土壤小麦氮素运转、产量和土壤无机氮的影响

为探明缓释尿素与普通尿素掺混比例对安徽小麦花后氮素运转特征和土壤氮素盈余的影响,分别选择安徽省北方小麦产区小麦—玉米轮作和南方小麦产区小麦—水稻轮作方式,土壤类型分别为两合土和黄棕壤,设置不施氮肥处理(CK)、农民习惯处理(Ncon)、减少普通尿素用量的优化氮素处理(Nopt)、缓释尿素及其掺混普通尿素处理(SRU1、SRU2、SRU3)和普通尿素全部基施处理(SRU4),分析了不同施肥处理在两种土壤上小麦花后氮素转运、产量、氮肥利用率和土壤无机氮积累量。结果表明:与黄棕壤比较,相同施肥处理两合土上小麦产量、花后氮素积累量和氮素运转量显著增加,平均分别增加了71.8%,199.1%和25.8%,而氮素转移率和土壤氮素表观盈余量平均分别降低16.1%和49.7%。在两种土壤上,与Ncon比较,缓释尿素及其掺混普通尿素处理小麦产量差异不大,显著提高了氮肥利用率,黄棕壤和两合土上增幅分别达43.7%~91.9%和6.6%~26.9%,以缓释尿素掺混普通尿素比例2∶1处理(SRU2)最高;与Nopt相比,仅两合土上SRU2氮肥利用率显著提高。在小麦生育后期,农民习惯施肥处理0—30cm土壤NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N积累量明显高于缓释尿素处理,且土壤氮素盈余量高于其他处理。缓释尿素与尿素掺混实现了一次性简化施肥,可保障小麦产量、提高氮肥利用率、减少土壤氮素盈余量及降低环境污染风险。     

Partitioning of Newly Absorbed and Previously Stored Nitrogen and Sulfur Under Sulfate Deficient Nutrition

Sulfur (S) deficiency effects on nitrogen (N) and S fluxes during vegetative growth of Brassica napus was investigated by tracing ¹⁵N and ³⁴S for 9 d of S-sufficient [1.5 mM sulfate (SO₄^2-)] and S-deficient (0.05 mM SO₄^2-) condition. A significant decrease in leaf osmotic potential and chlorophyll content was apparent after 9 d of S-deficiency. Sulfur uptake during 9 d was remarkably decreased by 94.3% by S-deficiency, whereas no significant change occurred for N uptake. The N and S deriving from uptake were mainly allocated to the leaves in control plants, but the S flow into leaves was largely restricted under S-deficient condition. The remobilization of stored N and S were mainly issued only from leaves in control plants, while from leaves and petiole in S-deficient ones. The remobilization of N and S mainly issued from leaves flows into the roots both in control and S-deficient plants.     

Growth and Nitrogen Uptake in Sorghum Plants Manured with Leucaena leucocephala Leaves as Affected by Nitrogen Rate and Time of Application

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of four rates of nitrogen (N) in the form of leucaena leaves and the time of application on the performance of sorghum plants using the ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique. Results showed that leucaena green manure (LGM) increased dry matter and N yield of sorghum. Nitrogen recoveries of LGM ranged between 23 and 47%. An additional beneficial effect of LGM was attributed to the enhancement of soil N uptake. The best timing of LGM incorporation for obtaining more N derived from LGM, less soil N uptake, and greater dry matter and N in sorghum leaves seemed to be at planting. However, the appropriate timing and rate of LGM to obtain greater dry matter and N yield in panicles, as well as in the whole plant of sorghum, appeared to be at 30 days before planting, particularly a rate of 120 kg N ha^?1.     

Nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrous oxide emitted from soil and produced by nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria

The isotopic composition at natural abundance levels of nitrous oxide emitted from a sandy loam, neutral pH soil under a range of soil water contents (matric potentials of-0.1,-1.0 and-5.0 kPa), from soil amended with sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate, and produced by pure cultures of the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosolobus multiformis, and by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas putida, has been determined in laboratory experiments. N₂O from all sources was depleted in the ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O isotopes relative to the conventional references [atmospheric N₂ and standard mean ocean water (SMOW), respectively]. N₂O from soil was depleted in ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O to increasing extents with increasing soil water content. The isotopic composition of N₂O produced by N. europaea and N. multiformis was similar to that emitted from drier soil (matric potential of-1.0 kPa) and the N₂O produced by P. putida was similar to that emitted from wetter soil (matric potential of-0.1 kPa). N₂O emitted from the wetter soil was enriched in ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O compared with that emitted from the drier soil. The differences in isotopic composition between N₂O from the wetter and drier soil were attributed principally to isotopic fractionation during N₂O reduction to N₂ in the terminal step of denitrification. The effect of both sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate amendment was to increase the overall rate of N₂O emission, much of which arose from denitrification, as revealed by incubation in 100 kPa O₂. In addition, in the sodium ethanoate amended soil N₂O reduction to N₂ did not occur, as revealed by incubation in 10 kPa C₂H₂. The N₂O from the sodium ethanoate amended soil was depleted in ¹⁵N to a greater extent than the sodium succinate amended soil, which is consistent with the observation that N₂O reduction to N₂ leaves residual N₂O relatively enriched in ¹⁵N.     

不同施氮方式对甘蔗氮肥效率及氮素去向的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,通过网室盆栽试验方法,在总施氮量(15N标记尿素5g/盆,相当于450kg·hm-2)相同条件下,研究了全部基施(T1)、50%基施+50%在分蘖期追施(T2)和30%基肥+30%在分蘖期追施+40%在伸长期追施(T3)3种施氮方式对甘蔗氮肥效率与氮素去向的影响。结果表明:甘蔗吸收的氮素约18%～29%来源于当季施用的尿素氮,71%～82%来自土壤和种茎氮;氮肥利用率为21.0%～34.52%,残留率为37.61%～44.13%,有21.35%～41.39%的氮素损失。3种施氮方式下,氮肥残留在0～20cm土层较多,在20～40cm残留较少。随氮肥施用时间后移,甘蔗吸收的氮素、来源于肥料氮素的比率、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留率、蔗茎产量及产糖量明显增加,而氮肥损失率显著下降,蔗茎的氮素分配率和蔗糖分积累略呈下降趋势,同时氮素在0～20cm土层的残留呈上升趋势,在20～40cm土层呈下降趋势。从经济效益和环境效益考虑,T3施氮方式的效果较为理想。     

15Nitrogen Study on Accumulation and Allocation of Nitrogen Applied at Anthesis on Top of Early Nitrogen Applications in Winter Wheat

The objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of interaction between early and late nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain yield, protein content, and distribution of N between organs of winter wheat. Wheat was grown in pots in vegetation house. Experiment has been carried on in three years 2001–2003, each year in four replications. Wheat supplied with 0.9, 1.4, 1.9, 2.4, and 2.9 g N/pot was top dressed at anthesis by 0.85 g labeled nitrogen ¹⁵N/pot. Plants supplied with 0.9 g N/pot enhanced grain yield by 28% and gluten content by 62% and plant supplied with 2.9 g N/pot by 27% and 13%, respectively. The amount of ¹⁵N fertilizer stored in plant organs decreased proportionally to the amount of previously accumulated nitrogen, but the share of ¹⁵N in plant parts was almost constant. Grain accumulated about 86% of total ¹⁵N taken up by plants. Irrespective on nitrogen status prior to anthesis, about 50% of ¹⁵N has been used for gluten formation. The percentage of ¹⁵N recovery fraction ranged from 79% to 86%.     

酸化沸石对尿素氮淋失和玉米籽粒氮素利用的影响

在尿素减量施用条件下,探究添加酸化沸石(SF)对氮素淋失及籽粒氮肥利用率的影响。通过等温吸附试验,结合土柱淋溶和玉米盆栽试验,研究酸化沸石对NH_4⁺—N和NO_3^-—N的吸附性能,以及不同施氮梯度下,酸化沸石对氮素淋失和氮肥利用率的影响,试验分别设置农民习惯施肥(CN)、氮肥减量15%(CN1)、氮肥减量30%(CN2)3个施氮梯度并分别添加土重0.2%的酸化沸石(CN+SF、CN1+SF、CN2+SF)。结果表明,酸化沸石对NH_4⁺—N和NO_3^-—N的最大吸附量分别为25.44,31.59 mg/g,吸附过程可用Langmuir模型较好拟合。在减氮15%和30%时,添加酸化沸石,使NH_4⁺—N累计淋失量较CN1、CN2分别降低7.10%,8.76%。在减氮30%时,酸化沸石可有效降低NO_3^-—N累计淋失量,较CN2处理减少15.90%。酸化沸石可有效提高土壤氮素含量和玉米籽粒氮肥利用率,添加酸化沸石(CN+SF、CN1+SF、CN2+SF)较单施尿素(CN、CN1、CN2)籽粒氮肥利用率分别提高10.37%,20.79%,47.14%。综上,酸化沸石在减施尿素条件下可有效降低土壤氮素淋失,提高玉米籽粒氮肥利用率,具有一定的农艺价值。