茄子单性结实发育过程中内源激素含量的变化

以茄子单性结实品系D-10和D-21及非单性结实品系03-2为试材,研究在自然低温条件下自然授粉、人工授粉和去柱头后茄子果实发育过程中内源激素生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_4)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和脱落酸(ABA)含量的变化及与单性结实果实发育的关系。结果表明:3种授粉方式下单性结实品系果实都可以正常膨大,而非单性结实品系果实只在人工授粉的情况下正常发育。单性结实品系果实发育前期的IAA、ABA含量和ABA/(IAA+GA_4+ZR)均高于非单性结实品系03-2;茄子3个品系子房(果实)发育前期的IAA、ZR含量明显高于果实发育后期的IAA、ZR含量。不同品系不同授粉方式下果实发育过程中GA_4含量变化无明显的规律性。人工授粉提高了03-2果实发育初期的IAA、GA_4和ABA含量,对ZR含量和ABA/(IAA+GA_4+ZR)无明显影响,但促进了其果实的发育。自然授粉和人工授粉下03-2果实发育过程中ABA含量和ABA/(IAA+GA_4+ZR)一直维持在较低水平。果实发育初期较高的IAA和ABA水平有利于茄子果实发育和单性结实。     

低温下茄子单性结实特性的研究

以茄子单性结实品系D-55、D-56和D-62,非单性结实品系52（CK₁）和60（CK₂）及其杂种一代53（52×D-55）、54（D-55×52）、59（D-55×60）和61（D-55×D-62）为试材,研究了茄子单性结实基因在低温下的表达效应,低温条件下不同授粉方式和花粉活力对茄子单性结实和果实发育的影响。结果表明：单性结实基因在日平均最低温度为12.8 ℃的条件下能完全表达,其单性结实率为100 %,坐果率为76.9 %～100 %,果实发育正常。供试茄子单性结实品系的单性结实性由显性核基因控制。自然授粉、人工授粉和去柱头处理不影响单性结实品系的坐果率和果实的发育速度。单性结实品系和非单性结实品系在低温下的花粉萌发率均较低,为1.88 %～7.29 %。低温下花粉活力与单性结实的形成无显著关系,单性结实并非由于低温下花粉活力下降所致。     

Spd和MGBG对黄瓜子房内源多胺和蛋白质组成的影响及与单性结实的关系

 以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L. ) 单性结实品系EP26与非单性结实品系ZR22为试材, 研究外源亚精胺( Spd) 和多胺合成抑制剂MGBG处理对子房(幼果) 内源多胺含量和蛋白质组成的影响及其与黄瓜单性结实和幼果发育的关系。结果表明: 花前2 d对ZR22不授粉子房施用外源亚精胺能显著提高子房内源亚精胺、精胺与腐胺水平, 促进其单性结实和果实生长, 而花前2 d对EP26不授粉子房外源施用MGBG则显著降低其子房内源亚精胺和精胺水平, 提高了内源腐胺水平, 导致子房萎蔫。运用SDS-PAGE法研究了外源亚精胺和MGBG处理后子房中可溶性蛋白质组成的变化, 结果表明: ZR-2用外源Spd处理, 开花当天至花后3 d的子房中出现了分子量为55 kD与37 kD的两种特异蛋白质, 花后1 d至花后3 d又出现了88 kD与82 kD两种特异蛋白质; 单性结实品系EP26用MGBG处理子房, 开花当天至花后3 d出现了47 kD与25kD两种特异蛋白质, 引起85 kD、45 kD与10 kD蛋白质的消失。这些结果表明, 外源多胺和多胺合成抑制剂处理可能是通过改变内源多胺水平和蛋白质合成而影响单性结实和子房(幼果) 发育。     

西葫芦单性结实考查与生理机制初步研究

以单性结实品系与普通品种或品系为研究时象,在系统考查其生物学性状与经济性状的基础上,主要进行了单性结实的鉴定与单性结实生理机制的初步研究.研究结果表明,单性结实品系与非单性结实品种相比,在央花处理时,子房仍能以较快的速度伸长,并达到商品瓜大小(长13.0 cm,横径4.5 cm,质量0.5 kg).C1(P×父本7)与C2(P×父本5)都没有单性结实的能力.各品种间开花当天的子房内源激素IAA和ABA含量差异显著.在IAA含量方面,以单性结实品系最高.其次为阿太和C2,早青最低.基本与各自的单性结实能力相一致.说明IAA在保持单性结实能力方面起着极其重要的作用.在ABA含量方面,以单性结实的最低,而以早青的最高.在开花前后各个时期,开始时单性结实品系与非单性结实品系子房的IAA含量均不断增加,而非单性结实的品种的子房内IAA舍量在花后2 d下降,而单性结实的则一直上升.ABA的变化则较复杂.但在后期,仍是非单性结实的品种较高.     

茄子生长素诱导基因SmIAA19的克隆和分析

以茄子单性结实品系‘D-10’为材料,以茄子单性结实差减文库中差异表达的EST片段Z732为依据,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得了生长素诱导基因SmIAA19（登录号KP114221）的cDNA序列。该基因全长为800 bp,开放阅读框为558 bp,编码185个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对结果表明该基因编码的氨基酸序列具有Aux/IAA基因家族的典型结构域和保守基本序列,在分子进化上与马铃薯距离最近,与番茄处于同一分支。qRT-PCR分析表明,在低温（门茄）和适温（四门斗）条件下,SmIAA19在单性结实和非单性结实的子房和果实发育过程中均有表达,单性结实品系中的表达量显著高于非单性结实品系,单性结实品系开花当天子房中的表达量最高,非单性结实品系在低温和适温条件下的表达量均保持在较低的水平。IAA含量检测结果表明,在不同结实性茄子品系的果实发育过程中IAA含量的变化趋势基本相同,在果实发育前期含量较高,且在低温（门茄）条件下,不同结实性果实中IAA的含量变化与SmIAA19基因的表达量变化相一致。SmIAA19基因可能与茄子的单性结实有关。     

茄子甲硫氨酸亚砜还原酶（SmMsrA）基因cDNA全长的克隆和分析

 以茄子单性结实品系D-10花后7 d的单性结实果实为试材,并以在茄子单性结实抑制差减文库中差异表达的EST片段Z569为基础,利用RACE技术,获得一个934 bp的cDNA全长序列,为甲硫氨酸亚砜还原酶A基因,命名为SmMsrA。基因编码区共600 bp,编码199个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示该基因编码的蛋白具有甲硫氨酸亚砜还原酶基因家族结构域和保守基本序列GCFWG,与杨树甲硫氨酸亚砜还原酶A（MsrA）蛋白三级结构相似性较高,为67%。蛋白多序列比对和进化树分析表明,SmMsrA与番茄MsrA蛋白的同源性最高（92%）,进化距离最近。采用荧光定量PCR对单性结实品系D-10和非单性结实品系03-2中不同结实性果实发育过程中SmMsrA的表达量进行测定,结果表明：在不同结实性的子房和果实发育过程中SmMsrA基因都有表达,单性结实品系在低温条件下开花当天子房中的SmMsrA的表达量最高。     

“三月李”授粉对“芙蓉李”果实品质的影响

为研究"三月李"授粉对"芙蓉李"果实品质的影响,采用三月李花粉对芙蓉李进行授粉,以自然授粉作为对照,分析二者果实大小、可溶性固形物含量和花色苷含量的差异。结果表明,三月李授粉可显著提高芙蓉李果实大小,单果质量提高60%以上。三月李授粉对可溶性固形物和花色苷含量的影响较小。授粉品种果实大小与母本果实单果质量之间无正相关关系。     

花粉直感效应对“杰兔”兔眼蓝莓关键品质形成的影响

为探明花粉直感效应对蓝莓果实关键品质形成的影响,以兔眼蓝莓"杰兔"为对象,以同园栽培的"芭尔德温"为授粉品种,开展自然授粉、自花授粉和异花授粉果实发育过程中单果质量、花青素含量、类黄酮含量、总酚含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量和葡萄糖含量的比较分析。结果表明,花粉直感效应对"杰兔"果实品质的形成有着显著影响,自然授粉和"芭尔德温"花粉异花授粉果实的单果质量、花青素含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量与葡萄糖含量显著高于自花授粉,类黄酮含量和总酚含量显著低于自花授粉。花粉直感效应对果实单果质量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量和蔗糖含量的影响在授粉后第20 d至第30 d开始显现,对花青素含量的影响在授粉后第60 d开始显现,对类黄酮和总酚含量的影响在授粉后第70 d开始显现。     

异花授粉对“国庆一号”温州蜜柑着果率及果实品质的影响

为了探明异花授粉对温州蜜柑着果和果实品质的影响,设置枳(小叶小花)×国庆一号温州蜜柑、华柑二号椪柑×国庆一号温州蜜柑两个杂交组合,以自然状态下单性结实的国庆一号温州蜜柑为对照,测定各时期的着果率及果实成熟期产量和品质。结果表明,与对照相比,以枳和华柑二号花粉授粉的着果率和产量均显著降低;以枳花粉授粉的单果质量显著减少,以华柑二号花粉授粉的果实种子数显著增多,果实纵径、果形指数、果皮厚度则均无显著变化;以枳花粉授粉的果实可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量均显著升高,以华柑二号花粉授粉的果实可溶性固形物含量显著升高而可滴定酸含量无显著变化。     

结构植物学在茄子单性结实选育上的应用进展

茄子的单性结实品系和非单性结实品系的果实在形态结构方面存在着较大差异,从茄子在植物形态解剖学、植物细胞学和胚胎学现今研究成果出发,就结构植物学在茄子单性结实选育上的应用进行了阐述。     

猕猴桃授粉方式筛选

以红心猕猴桃为试材,设置了5种不同的授粉方式,研究不同授粉方式对红心猕猴桃坐果率、果实外观性状、内在品质及产量的影响,以期为猕猴桃优质高产技术研究提供参考。结果表明:在5种授粉方式中,人工点粉处理猕猴桃的坐果率和单株产量达到最高值,分别为77.12%和30.50kg;从果实外观来看,3号花粉悬浮液(白砂糖2g·L^-1+硼酸1g·L^-1+琼脂2g·L^-1+0.2g·L^-1吲哚丁酸+花粉2g·L^-1)喷雾授粉果实的横径和单果质量的最大,分别为5.17cm、85.70g;从果实内在品质来看,可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量最高的处理为人工点粉处理,分别为17.2%和0.82%,而总糖含量和维生素C含量最高的处理为1号花粉悬浮液喷雾处理,分别为13.28%和1.12mg·g-1。综合分析可知,利用人工喷雾等器械授粉能更好地节约生产成本,提高猕猴桃的坐果率,增加产量,有效改善果实的外观性状和内在品质,因此认为1号花粉悬浮液(白砂糖2g·L^-1+硼酸1g·L^-1+琼脂2g·L^-1+花粉2g·L^-1)处理更适宜用于猕猴桃大面积大规模生产。     

Einfluss der Bestäubung durch die Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) auf Ertragsparameter der Kulturheidelbeere (Vaccinium corymbosum)

The influence of honey-bees’ pollination on parameters of yield of the three highbush blueberry varieties ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Reka’ and ‘Brigitta Blue’ was investigated. Four pollination variants were realized: 1. without cage; 2. cage with bees; 3. cage without bees; 4. fine-meshed bag. Total yield, fruit weight, seed production and phenology of the three varieties were examined. An enormously positive influence of honey-bees on yields of ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Reka’ was found: total yield was by 500–560% higher in cages with bees compared to cages without bees. The results of fruit weight and seed production were similarly clear. However, ‘Brigitta Blue’ hardly responded to different intensities of pollination: regardless of the variant, total yield was extremely low (in cage with bees only 35% of the ‘Bluecrop’-yield) and couldn’t be improved by intensive pollination. The same applied to number of seeds per fruit. However, the mean fruit weight resembled that of ‘Reka’, but wasn’t influenced by the intensity of pollination, either. ‘Bluecrop’ lived up to its reputation as most profitable standard grade with highest yields in all variants (3.7?kg/m³ bush in cage with bees), highest fruit weight (1.6?g) and maximum number of seeds per fruit (98). A direct correlation between fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit couldn’t be established.     

阿月浑子与黄连木的杂种果实发育及幼胚培养研究

 以阿月浑子与黄连木的杂种果实和杂种幼胚为试材,对果实生长发育规律及幼胚培养进行了研究,探讨了胚龄、培养基类型和6-BA浓度等对杂种胚培苗再生的影响。结果表明：（1）杂种果实的纵、横径生长呈“S”型曲线变化,果实鲜质量生长呈双“S”型曲线变化。（2）杂种胚的发育始于授粉后80 d,80 ~ 100 d是杂种胚败育的关键时期。（3）授粉后80 d的杂种幼胚难以成苗,授粉后100和120 d的杂种幼胚成苗率分别为37.04%和83.33%。（4）适宜杂种胚培苗增殖的培养基为：DKW + 2.0 mg · L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 g · L^-1 IBA + 0.3 g · L^-1 LH + 1.5 g · L^-1 PVP,增殖系数为3.47,苗高为3.32 cm。（5）适宜杂种胚培苗生根的培养基为：1/2WPM + 2.0 mg · L^-1 IBA + 0.05 mg · L^-1 NAA,生根率为80%。     

早熟桃新品种‘美瑞’

‘美瑞’是从引自美国的桃品系‘美P3’的自然实生后代中选出的早熟新品种。花蔷薇形,花粉多。果实近圆形,平均单果质量203 g,大果297 g;果面深红色;果肉淡绿至黄白色,硬溶质,硬度高,风味甜,可溶性固形物含量12.1%。粘核。果实发育期89 d。产量较高,盛果期30 t ? hm-2以上。     

Effect of pistil age and pollen parent on pollen tube growth and fruit production of pistachio

Female pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees were hand pollinated with pollen from three different male genotypes 0,1,2,3 and 4 d after anthesis. Results were measured by mature fruit set and by fluorescence microscopy of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil. Maximum pollen tube growth and fruit set of split nuts was achieved following pollination within two days of anthesis. Three day old pistils supported pollen tube growth, but fruit set was low. Four day old pistils supported little pollen tube growth or fruit set. Significant differences were also apparent between pollen parents, with low pollen tube growth and fruit set following interspecific pollination with P. atlantica pollen. All pollen tubes were observed to penetrate chalazogamously, and parthenocarpic production of blank fruits occurred in both unpollinated and pollinated treatments. The results indicate that for optimum fruit production of pistachio, pollen transfer must be achieved within 2 d of anthesis and pollination by P. atlantica should be avoided.     

Comparison of changes in sugars and ethylene production of cherimoya fruit grown at different seasons

Summary

Changes in fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), sugar content and postharvest ethylene production during fruit development were compared on fruit of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill., cv. Big Sister) pollinated at different times (early, at the beginning of April, 1995 and late, at the end of May, 1994). Fruit weight increased by growth, independently of pollination times. Changes in TSS and sugar content were strongly affected by pollination time. In late pollinated fruits, both TSS and sugar content increased during the growth period, 110–160 d after pollination, while neither increased with fruit growth in early pollinated fruit. Moreover, changes in TSS and sugar content after ripening depended not only on pollination time but also on the growth period. With late pollination, fruit harvested after 140 d became edible after ripening. The TSS and total sugar contents, (the sum of fructose, glucose and sucrose contents) increased to about 20° Brix and above 16%, respectively. But early pollinated fruits were not edible after ripening, since total sugar content increased only to about 7%, even though they kept growing for 160 d on the tree. The maximum rate of ethylene production declined and the number of days to the ethylene peak from harvest is also reduced with growth in both cases. These changes were closely correlated with days after pollination (r>0.9) regardless of pollination time. Comparisons of accumulated temperature suggest that temperature at pollination time and during the resting period of growth affected fruit development. These results indicate that neither fruit weight nor number of days after pollination is a suitable index for harvesting time.     

Spray pollination as a labor-saving pollination system in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai): Development of the suspension medium

Effects of suspension media used for spray pollination on pollen grain viability were investigated in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai ‘Kosui’). The suspension media tested in this study consisted of pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) combined with either 0.1% agar or 0.04% xanthangum (XG). We also evaluated the influences of spray pollination on fruit set and fruit quality. Pollen grain viability, as measured by germination and pollen tube growth rates, was maintained in media supplemented with 0.1 mg L⁻¹ PME or 0.1 mg L⁻¹ PG. The level of fruit set after spray pollination using media containing PME or PG in combination with either 0.1% agar or 0.04% XG was almost the same as the level after artificial pollination by hand (hand pollination). The media containing XG combined with either PME or PG seemed to show better results for pollen grain viability and fruit set, although the results were variable from year to year. With regard to fruit size, shape and other parameters for fruit quality, spray pollination and hand pollination gave comparable results, irrespective of the medium composition. The time required for spray pollination was less than half of that required for hand pollination, and the amount of pollen grain required for spray pollination was one-third or less than the amount required for hand pollination. Thus, spray pollination may be a time- and labor-saving pollination system for the cultivation of Japanese pear.     

设施栽培专用西瓜新品种‘苏梦3号’

‘苏梦3号’为早熟小果型西瓜杂交一代新品种。早春栽培全生育期106 d,果实发育期31 d。果实圆形,果皮墨绿色,覆墨绿色齿状条带,皮厚0.74 cm,皮硬韧性好。果肉红色,质地酥脆,中心折光糖含量12%以上,品质优。平均单果质量2.5 kg,产量37 056 kg ? hm^-2。适于江苏地区春季保护地栽培。     

辣椒新品种‘甘科10号’

 ‘甘科10号’辣椒是以自交系‘P828’为母本,‘P909’为父本组配的杂交一代新品种。早熟,果实绿色,粗长羊角形,轻度螺旋,果基部皱褶较多。果长30.0 cm,果肩宽4.3 cm,果肉厚0.35 cm,平均单果质量87 g。辣味淡,纤维细,品质优良。产量高,商品性好,耐辣椒疫病,适宜中国北方保护地栽培。     

不同授粉方式对设施厚皮甜瓜果实品质的影响

比较了蜜蜂授粉、人工授粉及氯吡脲喷花对设施厚皮甜瓜果实品质的影响。结果表明：蜜蜂授粉、氯吡脲喷花与人工授粉相比,可以显著提高厚皮甜瓜的单瓜质量、果实纵径、横径、果肉厚以及果实中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量。但是,采用氯吡脲喷花显著降低了种子中可溶性糖含量及千粒重,明显减少了果实中风味物质的种类和含量。氯吡脲喷花后 30 d果实中的氯吡脲残留量仅为 0.62 μg · kg^-1,残留量在安全范围之内。因此,采用蜜蜂授粉可以显著改善果实品质,是设施甜瓜实现安全、优质、高效生产的重要配套技术之一。