桉树单板常温漂白工艺研究

采用过氧化氢作为主漂白剂,常温下对桉树单板进行漂白试验。以各组成药剂质量分数和漂白工艺为试验因素,以白度值为评价指标对漂白效果进行评价,并对比3种不同后处理方式对漂白效果的影响。结果表明,在常温下,桉树单板的最佳漂白工艺为浴比20∶1,氢氧化钠质量分数0.3%,双氧水质量分数5%,漂白时间10 h。3种干燥方式均可使漂白单板保持较高的白度值,生产中可任意选择或组合使用。     

中山杉单板快速漂白工艺

为了研究中山杉单板快速漂白工艺,采用H_2O_2和NH_4HCO_3作为漂白剂进行单因素漂白试验,以漂白单板的色差△E~*和白度差△W~*来评价漂白效果。试验结果表明,单因素条件下,H_2O_2质量分数、处理温度对漂白效果影响较小,NH_4HCO_3质量分数25%时漂白效果更好。结合极差与方差分析,筛选出适合中山杉单板快速漂白的工艺:V(H_2O_2质量分数15%)∶V(NH_4HCO_3质量分数15%)=1∶1、处理温度70℃、处理时间3 min,此条件下漂白试样色差值为19.6,白度差值为15.1%。研究结果证明了H_2O_2和NH_4HCO_3复配漂白剂对于中山杉单板的作用,为单板快速漂白工业化生产提供理论依据。     

香樟树瘤单板漂白工艺的探讨

香樟树瘤单板具有天然的美丽花纹,但因其颜色较深,限制了其在室内装饰中的应用,为了扩大其应用范围,本文选用过氧化氢作为主漂白剂,探讨各漂白工艺对香樟树瘤单板漂白效果的影响.试验表明,在本试验确定的漂白工艺条件下,香樟树瘤单板的白度可由原来的14.2%～16.7%提高至41.4%.     

新型木材漂白剂漂白工艺研究

介绍一种新型漂白剂，探讨了使用新型漂白剂时漂液的配方和漂白工艺参数。与传统漂白剂Ｈ２Ｏ２相比，新型木材漂白剂的价格更低，漂白效果更好，操作更方便。试验结果表明，新型木材漂白剂可很好地应用于木材漂白。     

稳定剂对椴木单板漂白效果的影响研究

以椴木单板作为研究对象,采用双氧水作为漂白主剂进行漂白单因素试验,研究了在单板的漂白处理中,稳定剂对漂白效果的影响,结果表明,Na2SiO3在单板漂白处理中可以起到稳定H2O2的作用,提高漂白效果,其浓度变化对漂白单板白度值变化影响显著,稳定剂Na2SiO3浓度为0.5%时,漂白效果最好。     

北美鹅掌楸漂白药剂的选择

采用几种常见的氧化型和还原型漂白剂对变色北美鹅掌楸木材进行漂白试验,对漂后试材进行目测观察及测色仪测定色度指数比较其漂白效果.试验结果表明,对于北美鹅掌楸木材的一般漂白,氧化型漂白剂优于还原型漂白剂.在考虑环保和对材面纤维的影响等因素的条件下,低浓度过氧化氢对漂白对象有很好的漂白效果,较佳的工艺条件为:H2O2质量分数6％,pH值为9,5 ～10.0,Na2SiO3质量分数0.4％,温度70℃,时间60～ 90 min.     

尾巨桉单板漂白工艺的研究

对尾巨桉单板水抽提后进行漂白正交试验.以漂白后单板的色差和白度为评价指标,推断出对漂白效果有显著影响的因素包括:温度、时间、硅酸钠质量分数、过氧化氢质量分数.较佳漂白工艺为:温度70 ℃,时间90～120 min,过氧化氢质量分数5%,硅酸钠质量分数1.2%,pH值9～10.     

荷木单板的漂白与染色工艺

试验研究了荷木单板漂白工艺及染色时间，染液浓度，染液温度等染色工艺参数对漂白单板染色效果的影响，结果表明：当染色时间在5h左右，染液浓度控制在0.5%-0.6%，染液温度保持在70-80℃时，单板内部染色的，染色效果好，具有良好的装饰效果。     

软木材料漂白工艺的研究

结合软木材料的特点,分析研究漂白剂的性能,选取过氧化氢(H_20_2)作为软木材料的漂白剂;采用SC-80C全自动色差计对漂白试样进行白度的定量测量,综合考虑定性观察和定量检测的结果,确定软木材料的最佳漂白工艺条件为:过氧化氢浓度为9%,漂白时间为60 min,漂白温度为70℃,漂白液的pH值为10.以白度为评价指标,各因素对漂白效果影响的程度从大到小依次为:温度,时间,过氧化氢浓度,pH值.各因素对白度的影响都很显著.     

单板漂白技术探讨

本文通过三个单板漂白实例分析，论述了漂白配方、漂白工艺对单板的漂白效果及漂白加工成本的影响。试验结果表明：当漂白液配比为双氧水35－40g/L（浓度10－15％），硅酸钠5－6g/L,SETI-01为3．5－4．0g/L，漂白液pH9．5－11；漂白条件为浴比1：7，浸渍温度85－90℃, 浸渍时间60－80min时漂白效果最好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.