Technical efficiency and its determinants in China's hog production

China's hog production is undergoing a great transformation due to the soaring demand and changing raising system. Regarding the essential role of pork in Chinese diet, a systematic analysis on the productivity and efficiency of hog production can provide significant implications for policy makers. This paper investigates the productivity and efficiency of hog production and the determinants of technical efficiency in China using a household level panel data(2004–2010). A stochastic frontier translog production function with scaling property in inefficiency term is adopted for hog production analysis, and the determinants of technical efficiency are incorporated in a one-step estimation using maximum likelihood estimation. Our results show that the average technical efficiency of hog production in China is 0.5914. More importantly, we find that specialized farmers have higher technical efficiency than others, and technical efficiency in the eastern region is higher than that in Central and West China.     

棉铃虫发生程度与降雨量关系的研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of the study is to investigate the factors causing the outbreak of cotton bollworm and to provide effective measures for controlling cotton bollworm. [Method] Based on the analysis of the data about insect and weather situation in Luyi County in 32 years,the meteorological prediction model was established for monitoring the quarterly or monthly occurrence trend of cotton bollworm. [Result] The cotton bollworm occurred slightly in the years with rainfalls of 3 months over 500 nm and severely in the years with rainfalls of 3 months less than 400 nm. The results of correlation analysis show that annual occurrence degrees of cotton bollworm and occurrence degrees of 4th generation of cotton bollworm are extremely negatively correlated with rainfall during June-August; the occurrence degrees of 3rd and 4th generations of cotton bollworm are also extremely negatively correlated with rainfall in July. [Conclusion] The occurrence of cotton bollworm in field is heavily influenced by rainfall in at its occurrence stage,moreover,the rainfall during June-August is the decisive factors influencing the occurrence of cotton bollworm.     

Studies on the Relationship between Occurrence Degree of Cotton Bollworm and Rainfall

[Objective] The aim of the study is to investigate the factors causing the outbreak of cotton bollworm and to provide effective measures for controlling cotton bollworm. [Method] Based on the analysis of the data about insect and weather situation in Luyi County in 32 years,the meteorological prediction model was established for monitoring the quarterly or monthly occurrence trend of cotton bollworm. [Result] The cotton bollworm occurred slightly in the years with rainfalls of 3 months over 500 nm and severely in the years with rainfalls of 3 months less than 400 nm. The results of correlation analysis show that annual occurrence degrees of cotton bollworm and occurrence degrees of 4th generation of cotton bollworm are extremely negatively correlated with rainfall during June-August; the occurrence degrees of 3rd and 4th generations of cotton bollworm are also extremely negatively correlated with rainfall in July. [Conclusion] The occurrence of cotton bollworm in field is heavily influenced by rainfall in at its occurrence stage,moreover,the rainfall during June-August is the decisive factors influencing the occurrence of cotton bollworm.     

Genetic Analysis of Combining Abilities and Heterosis for the Contents of Soybean Isoflavone and Its Components Among the Soybean Varieties [Glycine max （L.） Merr.]

The genetic analysis of soybean isoflavone content and its components were carried out based on the NC Ⅱ mating design in eight soybean varieties. The results showed that the isoflavone contents and its components of soybean seed are quite differences among the tested materials, the contents of isoflavone and daidzein are controlled not only by additive effects and but also by non-additive effects, while the content of genistin is dominated by non-additive effects, and genistein, glycitin and daidzin are mainly controlled by additive effects. There are significant differences in the contents of isoflavone and its components among the combinations derived from different parents. Results also indicated that the tested traits are negatively heterosis except for the contens of daidzein and daidzin are positively heterosis based on the data of the GCA and SCA in average heterosis values. In this research we have a suggestion that soybean variety with high isoflavone should be used as one of the parents in the breeding program, and it is the best choice that the combinations crossed between two high isoflavone varieties or a high variety and a low one.     

Comparative Alternative Medicinal （CAM） Properties in Camel Milk for Treatment of Epidemic Diseases

This communication brings scientific evidence to explain the basis for efficacy of camel milk, especially on diseases where the immune system is compromised. Camels （Camelu sdromedarius） have very small and active antibodies, nanaobodies. Their special properties are being used by the USA Department of Homeland Security as bio-receptors to determine which substance could be used in a biological warfare attack. The antibodies are part of the ＂protective proteins＂ in camel milk. These include potent antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. Camel milk antibodies are, in fact, ＂nanobodies＂. They are not destroyed in their passage through the stomach. These nanobodies are responsible for data concerning the use of camel milk in autoimmune diseases. Various diseases treated with camel milk are presented, as is the mode of action. The effect of pasteurization on activity of camel milk is presented as a way to overcome the need for heat. This is accomplished by presenting ＂pathogen-free＂ camel milk. The antibodies are part of the ＂protective proteins＂ in camel milk. These include potent antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. The effect of pasteurization on activity of camel milk is presented as a way to overcome the need for heat. This is accomplished by presenting ＂pathogen-free＂ camel milk.     

Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Farmers and Its Determinants： Evidence from a Survey in Northwestern China

Irrigation water shortage is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agricultural production. In this case, it is very important for policy makers to take measures to improve irrigation water use efficiency, especially in the water-scarce areas. In this paper, the data envelopment analysis （DEA） techniques, based on the concept of input-specific technical efficiency were used to develop farm-level technical efficiency measures and sub-vector efficiencies for irrigation water use. The Tobit regression technique was then adopted to identify the factors that influence irrigation water efficiency differentials under the shortage of water resources. Based on a sample data of 432 wheat farmers in northwestern China, our experimental results of the DEA analysis showed the average technical efficiency of 0.6151. It suggested that wheat farmers could increase their production by as much as 38.49% by using inputs more efficiently. Further, the mean irrigation water efficiency of 0.3065, suggested that wheat farmers could produce the same quantity of wheat using the same quantity of inputs but with 69.35% less water. The results of the Tobit regression analysis showed that the farmer＇s age, income, education level, and the farm size tended to affect the degree of irrigation water efficiency positively, and the channel conditions and different irrigation methods made a significant impact on irrigation water use efficiency. Furthermore, the arrangements of exclusive water property rights and competitive water price mechanism have effectively encouraged the water saving behavior of farmers. These results are valuable for policy makers since it could help to guide policies towards high irrigation water use efficiency.     

Crisis of Water Resources on the Ulan Buh Desert Oases, Inner Mongolia, China-A Case Study of Dengkou County

Hetao Plain, composed of hundreds of oases, is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. Most crops, especially wheat and corn, depend on irrigation, thus water availability is a key issue for grain productivity on this land. The Yellow River is the main water source for irrigation and a crisis of water resources for agricultural use occurs because of increasingly reduced river flows and water-using competition with industry and human residential use. In order to understand the current situation and distribution of water resources on these oases, we collected 20-yr’s data of river runoff, irrigation volumes, infiltration and precipitation to examine the relationships between water resources distribution and its agricultural use. We found that the oasis in Dengkou county was short of water resources with a water deficit rate of 5.14% in 2010. Based on the trend of the data, water deficit will continue to increase as the population grows in the future. Water resource is a limiting factor to agricultural development in this region and proper management of water use and strategies for water resource conservation are urgently needed. Especially, based on our results we suggest that current irrigation methods need to be greatly improved to save the water that was lost from evaporation.     

Journal of Shandong Agricultural Administrators＇ College English Summary No.2,2009

Research Summary of Farmer Cooperative Organizations Based on Game Theory
Jin Hongtao
The issue of farmer cooperative organizations is the important research field of game theory, Scholars use game theory analysis model in aspect of emergence ,development and problerri of farmer cooperative organizations. But there are some problems in analysis level and model application     

Applying Fuzzy Matter-Element Model Based on AHP to Evaluating Bids of Water Saving Irrigation Project

Owing to overcoming the characteristics that there are many economic and technical indexes which are fuzzy and incompatibility to each other in evaluating investment project,a new method is proposed. The method is based on the matter-element analysis and combined with the concepts of fuzzy mathematics, which is called the method of fuzzy matter-element analysis. It constructs the compound fuzzy matter element with the investment projects ,evaluation factors and their fuzzy value. Through establishing the best subjection degree (fuzzy value).complex fuzzy matter element of relational coefficient and weight aggregation of fuzzy matter-element model ,the writer achieves on optimum order of the investment projects according to the calculated relational degree and finds the best project. In this paper ,the calculation of weight adopts the analytical hierarchy process method (AHP). Through the actual example ,it shows that the model is simple and its calculation is reliable. It is very significant for the engineering evaluated bid and investment decision.     

CFD Based Study of Heterogeneous Microclimate in a Typical Chinese Greenhouse in Central China

Indoor microclimate is important for crop production and quality in greenhouse cultivation.This paper focuses on microclimate study based on a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model of a typical plastic greenhouse(with a sector shape vertical cross-section) popularly used in central China.A radiation model is added into the CFD model so as to simulate coupling of convective transfers and radiative exchanges at the cover and the roof,instead of using the usual coupling approach based on energy balance.In addition,a fractal permeability model is innovatively adopted in the modeling of the crop canopy.Compared the numerical results with measured experimental data,the model simulation is proved with success.This model then is used to explore the microclimate variable distributions in the greenhouse.It shows that the airflow pattern,temperature and humidity profiles are different from those in a sawtooth Mediterraneantype greenhouse.The study suggests that this deliberately developed CFD model can be served as a useful tool in macroclimate research and greenhouse design investigating.     

A Statistical Comparison Method of the Differences among Single Points for Linear Dynamic Experimental Data

The experimental random error and desired valuse of non-observed points in dynamic indexes were esti-mated by establishing the linear regression equations about variety repulations of dynamic indexes.The meth-ods for difference significant test among different treatments using dynamic point as indexes were presented without setting the replication on each eynamic point observed.     

生态经济区城市化与生态环境整合动态评价——以雅安市为例

结合雅安市实际，以1998-2002年的统计数据为基础，综合城市化综合素质、环境和生态3个子系统的基础上，建立了城市化与生态环境整合动态评价指标体系（包括36个指标），构造了各项对应指标的目标序列，并将其作为该市2007年的规划值，运用灰色关联度方法得到各子系统分指数和整合综合指数，并对其变化趋势进行了评价和分析。其结果表明：雅安市城市化综合发展分指数处于初级发展类水平，城市和经济发展发展缓慢；环境质量和污染控制指数从1999年开始持续增长，到2002年基本接近中等发展水平；生态资源分指数相对较高，处于强生态弱经济基本协调发展模式；城市化与生态环境整合综合指数较低，与目标值关联度较低。总体看来，雅安市目前正按照强生态弱经济的基本协调模式发展，处在城市化与生态环境相互协调发展的层次不高的初级发展阶段，今后将经历弱经济弱生态环境的调和阶段。     

春小麦水分敏感指数与有限水量生育期的最优分配

通过不同的受早处理,确定了Jensen模型中的春小麦水分敏感指数．介绍了运用动态规划模型实现有限水量生育期最优分配的方法与步骤,并以辽西地区春小麦为例,确定了不同生育期可利用灌溉水量下的最优分配决策。     

基于多模型测度的内蒙古土地利用动态变化分析

以1997、2005和2014年3期土地利用数据为基础,采用多模型测度的分析方法,对内蒙古自治区土地利用类型的动态变化幅度、变化速度及状态趋势进行定量分析。从变化幅度上看,近20年内蒙古自治区土地利用类型发生了明显的变化,草地面积大幅减少,耕地、林地、建设用地、水域和其他土地面积有所增加,其中林地和其他土地增幅较大,园地保持相对稳定;从动态变化上看,内蒙古自治区土地利用动态度变化具有明显的阶段性特征,基本上各用地类型在2005—2014阶段年均变化激烈于1997—2005阶段;从状态趋势上看,整个研究阶段内蒙古土地利用状态指数为0.35,表现为小幅扩张的变化趋势。未来内蒙古土地利用格局将随着人类活动的加剧和自然因素的作用会发生新的变化。     

近30年浙江省县域经济空间格局的动态研究

以7个时间断面的县域GDP数据为基础,通过相关指标测度和区域重心计算,并借助GIS软件可视化表达,系统分析近30年浙江省县域经济空间格局演变的动态特征。结果表明,近30年来浙江省县域经济差异经历了先缩小后扩大的过程,目前县域经济差异较大,主要来自南北差异;以杭金—金丽高速沿线、环杭州湾和温台沿海三大板块高速增长为特征的全省不平衡发展,打破了县域经济原有相对均衡的空间格局,当前,以杭州、宁波为核心的浙北地区、以义乌为首的金华地区和温台沿海地区已成为浙江县域经济发展的三大优势区域。基于县域经济格局影响因素的变化,提出推动欠发达县市跨越式发展、促进浙江县域经济统筹协调的若干建议。     

黑龙江省生态环境质量动态评价及建议

为加快黑龙江省生态文明建设,保护生态环境,以2003~2012年黑龙江省统计年鉴和统计公报为数据源,利用熵值法和综合指数法通过14个指标对该省生态环境质量进行了动态评价。结果显示：10 a来,黑龙江省生态环境质量呈波动变化趋势,其中生态环境质量指数以2006年最低（0.246）,2010年最高（0.540）;总体质量相对较好,但也存在着污染加重的潜在危机;为此提出了改善黑龙江省生态环境质量的建议。     

新疆干旱荒漠区日光温室高产番茄生长发育动态分析

对新疆干旱荒漠区日光温室高产番茄生长发育动态进行分析,以便为高产栽培提供理论依据.结果表明,高产番茄生长发育呈典型的"S"型曲线,株高、茎粗、主茎叶片数、单株果穗数表现为定植至定植后18 d缓慢生长,18 ～39 d快速生长,39 d后又缓慢生长,单株果数的快速增长出现在定植后45～65 d;5个测定指标的日增长量均呈抛物线变化,最大增长量出现的时间差异很大,株高在定植后18～39 d,茎粗在定植后13～18 d,主茎叶片数、单株果穗数、单株果数日增长量最大值分别出现在定植后13、39和45～55 d.说明在特殊的自然生态环境下,植株合理的生长发育动态是取得高产的生理基础.     

精品绿地中新优树种的选择实验研究

精品绿地是城市绿化的亮点,绿地中树种的选择应用应体现精品的特色,本文主要针对精品绿地新优树种的选择实验研究进行总结,对引种的21个树种进行物候、病虫害、越冬等生长表现观测,同时测定树种的抗寒和抗旱两项生理指标,综合室外和室内实验的结果,对新优树种的应用提出建议。     

北京市水资源承载力系统动力学模拟

利用系统动力学(SD)方法建立了北京市水资源承载力SD模型,选取工业、农业总产值和可承载的城镇人口数量作为北京市水资源承载力的衡量指标,在现状延续、节水兼污水再生回用、节水兼境外调水和综合型4种方案下模拟2003—2020年北京市水资源承载能力的动态变化,寻求提高北京市水资源承载力的途径。结果表明:现状延续型用水模式水资源承载能力十分脆弱,难以满足未来北京市社会经济发展的需求,承载的城镇人口自2010年开始递减,城市规模开始萎缩;采用污水回用或境外调水模式,虽然工农业总产值维持快速发展,但仍然承载不了与之对应的城市人口规模。在建设节水型社会的前提下,实施污水回用和境外调水的综合型方案,到2020年可承载的工业、农业总产值和城镇人口分别达10 698.6亿元、679.5亿元和1 778.3万人;综合型方案是提高北京市水资源承载力的满意方案。     

气象与农业业务化干旱指标的研究与应用现状

分析了国内目前干旱监测业务中使用的气象干旱指标、农业干旱指标和逐日动态干旱指标的构成要素,讨论了各指标揭示的干旱机理及其在各地使用的效果,并提出了干旱指标的研究正朝着多因子综合、能够用于动态监测并与地理信息系统结合的方向发展。