副猪嗜血杆菌毒力因子的研究进展

副猪嗜血杆菌是猪上呼吸道的一种常在条件性致病菌,以纤维素性多发性浆膜炎、关节炎和脑膜炎为主要特征,该菌引起的革拉氏病流行和危害日渐严重,严重危害了仔猪和青年猪的健康。本文对副猪嗜血杆菌的主要毒力因子包括荚膜多糖、脂多糖、脂寡糖、外膜蛋白、转铁结合蛋白、神经氨酸酶、生物被摸、cAMP依赖性自然转化系统和毒力相关活性酶进行了综述,对新技术运用于其毒力因子的研究作了简要介绍,并对今后的相关研究提出展望。     

副猪嗜血杆菌毒力因子的研究现状

副猪嗜血杆菌病是近年来严重危害我国养猪业发展的新发细菌性传染病,我们对其毒力因子的了解却很少。为了更加全面地认识该病原体,作者对副猪嗜血杆菌各种因素与菌株毒力的关系做了简要的介绍。其中重点介绍了血清型与毒力的关系,较为全面地概述了巴氏杆菌科毒力相关因子荚膜、菌毛、脂多糖、外膜蛋白以及酶类与副猪嗜血杆菌毒力的关系,并认为神经氨酸酶是副猪嗜血杆菌重要毒力因子。副猪嗜血杆菌的毒力因子的研究是副猪嗜血杆菌病研究的一个重要方向。     

副猪嗜血杆菌4种疑似毒力因子多克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

在利用蛋白质非标记定量技术(Lable-free)分析副猪嗜血杆菌强毒株与无毒株差异蛋白的基础上,筛选出4种疑似毒力因子,通过基因扩增后克隆入原核表达载体p ET-32a,构建重组质粒,转入Rosetta菌株后成功表达了目标蛋白。重组蛋白经亲和层析纯化后免疫小鼠,制备多克隆抗体,并将其与菌体蛋白进行Western blot验证。结果表明,表达的4种蛋白免疫原性良好,制备的多克隆抗体免疫反应条带单一。该研究为从蛋白水平上探讨副猪嗜血杆菌毒力因子的功能奠定了基础。     

Relationship between serotype, virulence and SDS-PAGE protein patterns of Haemophilus parasuis

141 Haemophilus (H.) parasuis and 8 H. parasuis-like strains from different farms were serotyped according to Morozumi and Nicolet (1986 b) as well as to Bakos et al. (1952). It was possible to classify 72.8% of the investigated strains. 7 out of 12 serotypes have been described for the first time. The high specificity in the agar gel precipitation test was not reproducible in the more sensitive dot-blot procedure. The dot-blot results point to a participation of non-immunogenic polysaccharides in the detection reaction. The serotypes SV 1, SV 5, SV Jena 6 and SV Jena 10 proved to be highly virulent in SPF pigs, SV 2 and SV 4 were of medium virulence. The other serotypes were found to be nonvirulent. Unencapsulated strains and isolates of serotype SV 5 prevailed in animals with Glasser's disease. 23 H. parasuis and 3 H. parasuis-like strains were examined in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). On the basis of protein profiles of whole-cell lysates, 23 of them could be assigned to 5 groups. Apart from the highly virulent strains of serovar 1, which belonged to PAGE type III, all other highly virulent strains of the serovars SV 5, SV Jena 6 and SV Jena 10 were grouped into PAGE type I. No correlation could be found between PAGE type on the one hand and virulence or origin of isolates on the other hand.     

豚鼠副猪嗜血杆菌感染动物模型的建立

为建立副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps)的感染动物模型,本试验用Hps血清5型标准菌株(Nagasaki),以2.0×10~9CFU剂量腹腔感染豚鼠,观察豚鼠发病及死亡情况.取死亡豚鼠的主要器官组织,观察其病理和组织病理变化,与猪Classer's病痛变进行比较.并同时对死亡豚鼠进行细茵分离,分离菌经PCR鉴定.实验结果显示:在接种14 h后试验组豚鼠(5/8)出现死亡,死亡豚鼠剖检时出现了与猪Classer's病相似的病变;主要组织器官组织学变化以炎性细胞浸润、纤维蛋白和红细胞渗出等变化;并通过细茵分离培养,在豚鼠大脑、心血、肺、肝、脾和肾主要器官中分离到Hps血清5型茵.实验结果表明豚鼠可以作为Hps的感染动物模型.这一结果为研究其致病机制、诊断和免疫研究奠定基础.     

江苏地区副猪嗜血杆菌病流行现状调查

为了分析副猪嗜血杆菌病在江苏区域流行现状,选取江苏省不同地区疑似发病猪场,进行临床症状分析、病理学变化观察、病原分离鉴定、血清学检测等试验。结果显示:317份病料中副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophlius parasuis, HPs)阳性率为11.54%～27.55%,平均感染率为20.50%;从发病猪场共分离到HPs 43株,其中优势血清型为12型(37.21%)、4型(16.28%)和5型(13.95%),未定型菌株9株(20.93%),分型菌株占所有菌株的79.07%;PCR检测显示,HPs与猪圆环病毒(PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)存在混合感染现象,感染率达30.77%。研究结果为江苏地区副猪嗜血杆菌病的防制提供了参考。     

Comparison between Haemophilus parasuis infection in colostrums-deprived and sow-reared piglets

The aim of this study was to compare the development of Glasser's disease in sow-reared and colostrum-deprived piglets. Ninety piglets from a commercial pig farm in Spain were used. The farm was positive for Haemophilus parasuis. Fifty-two pigs were sow-reared (SR) and 38 were colostrum-deprived (CD) piglets. The animals were intratracheally inoculated with H. parasuis serovar 5 and sacrificed at 1, 2 and 3 days post-infection. To assess the development of disease, antibody titers, clinical signs, pathological lesions, microbiological isolation and PCR amplification were compared between the groups. Inoculation of SR pigs did not cause clinical signs or lesions of Glasser's disease. In SR pigs, H. parasuis isolation and specific PCR amplification from tissues showed a very low number of positive samples. In contrast, in CD pigs, inoculation resulted in the typical signs and lesions of Glasser's disease. Positive microbiological isolation and specific PCR products were obtained from the majority of the tissues tested, and no antibodies against H. parasuis were detected. The experimental infection using CD pigs describes a successful method to study this microorganism and confirms the important role that maternal antibodies play in protection against clinical signs and disease.     

Comparative virulence of Haemophilus parasuis serovars 1 to 7 in guinea pigs.

Reference strains for Haemophilus parasuis serovars 1 to 7 were examined for virulence by inoculation of guinea pigs. Guinea pig response to intraperitoneal inoculation was similar for the 7 reference strains. However, apparent differences in virulence were detected after intratracheal inoculation. Cells of the references strains for serovars 1 and 5 were most invasive, causing moribundity or death at higher doses and a persistent septicemia at lower doses. Haemophilus parasuis could be isolated from respiratory and systemic sites; purulent bronchopneumonia, pericarditis, and pleuritis were apparent in infected guinea pigs. Inoculation of cells of the reference strains for serovars 2 and 6 also resulted in bronchopneumonia and moribundity or death in some guinea pigs; however, reisolation of H parasuis and microscopic lesions at necropsy were less pronounced than those observed with serovars 1 and 5. Inoculation of cells of serovars 3, 4 and 7 induced only transient clinical signs and minimal evidence of H parasuis infection at necropsy. The data from intratracheal inoculation of guinea pigs are similar to data from other investigations in swine, indicating differences in the pathogenic potential of H parasuis strains. Thus, guinea pigs may be useful as a laboratory animal model for examining cellular factors associated with virulence and immunogenicity of H parasuis.     

Prior infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica increases nasal colonization by Haemophilus parasuis in swine

The objective of this study was to determine whether Bordetella bronchiseptica would predispose to colonization or disease with Haemophilus parasuis. Three experiments were completed. In the first experiment, three groups of pigs (10 pigs/group) were inoculated intranasally with either B. bronchiseptica, H. parasuis, or with B. bronchiseptica followed by H. parasuis 1 week later. A fourth group of 10 pigs served as a non-infected control group. The second experiment was like the first, except that there were only five pigs per experimental group. The third experiment consisted of only two groups (10 pigs/group), one of which was inoculated intranasally with H. parasuis, whereas the other was inoculated with B. bronchiseptica followed by H. parasuis 1 week later. Pigs were necropsied 1-2 weeks after inoculation with H. parasuis. Mean nasal colonization by H. parasuis was significantly higher in the coinfected groups compared to the groups infected with H. parasuis alone. Pneumonia was present in 9/25 pigs coinfected with B. bronchiseptica and H. parasuis, 5/25 pigs infected with H. parasuis alone, 1/15 pigs infected with B. bronchiseptica alone, and in none of the pigs in the non-inoculated groups. Thus, B. bronchiseptica increased colonization of the upper respiratory tract with H. parasuis.     

我国部分地区副猪嗜血杆菌病的流行病学调查

采用细菌分离鉴定、结合PCR方法,对江苏、上海、安徽、广西、浙江、江西、山东、河南、湖北等省市2003年11月～2005年4月送检的159个患病猪场仔猪肺脏进行了副猪嗜血杆菌检测,结果阳性猪场为76个,阳性率48%,临床症状主要为呼吸困难和体温升高;病理变化主要有肺炎病变和淋巴结肿大或出血。通过数据统计分析,发现该病已在我国不同地区广泛流行,且多发于秋、冬季节。该研究为副猪嗜血杆菌的流行病学研究奠定了基础,也为该病的临床预防提供了理论依据。     

副猪嗜血杆菌的分离与鉴定

在通过对上海一发病猪群临床流行病学研究和病理学观察的基础上 ,从发病仔猪肺脏、气管和脾脏检出并分离到 1株革兰氏阴性细小杆菌 ,兼性厌氧。生化试验为 :接触酶阳性 ,氧化酶阴性 ,鸟氨酸脱羧酶、吲哚和脲酶阴性 ;生长需要NAD ,发酵果糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖 ;不分解D 甘露醇、D 山梨醇和海藻糖。用副猪嗜血杆菌的 1 6S小亚单位rRNA和tbpA基因的特异性PCR引物 ,通过PCR技术分别从该分离菌株扩增出 82 2bp及 1 9kb的特异基因片段 ,表明该分离菌株为副猪嗜血杆菌     

副猪嗜血杆菌的分离与鉴定

从福建省龙岩市l例临床症状、病理剖检变化疑似副猪嗜血杆菌病的患病猪的关节液中分离到1株革兰氏染色阴性可疑菌株,经卫星现象、生化鉴定等实验室诊断,进一步以副猪嗜血杆菌的16S rRNA基因设计特异性引物进行PCR鉴定,确定该分离菌为副猪嗜血杆菌。药敏试验结果表明,分离株对环丙沙星、卡那霉素、强力霉素、氨苄西林、阿米卡星、庆大霉素药物敏感;对泰妙菌素、诺氟沙星有抵抗力。     

副猪嗜血杆菌与猪丹毒丝菌混合感染病原的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

从疑似副猪嗜血杆菌和猪丹毒丝菌混合感染病猪无菌采集心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺及心包积液,采用常规分离培养法分离病原菌,通过染色镜检、生化鉴定、卫星试验和核酸测序同源性比对,确诊为副猪嗜血杆菌与猪丹毒丝菌混合感染。为进一步了解2株菌的生物学特性,测定了2株菌以及混合菌液的半数致死量(LD50)以及对常用抗生素的药物敏感性。结果显示:(1)将2株菌的序列与GenBank数据库中已发表序列进行同源性比对,副猪嗜血杆菌与猪丹毒丝菌的同源性各达到96%和99%;(2)致病性试验中,SPF鼠均在接种后24h左右开始死亡,从其心脏、肝脏、脾脏及肺均回收到攻毒菌,表明2株菌均为此次疫病的主要致病菌;(3)通过测定副猪嗜血杆菌和猪丹毒丝菌的LD50分别为5.28×109、3.58×104 CFU/mL,进一步证明二者具有较强毒性。根据2株菌的LD50等体积混合2种菌液注射SPF鼠,副猪嗜血杆菌与猪丹毒丝菌LD50均出现下调,分别为3.70×109、2.51×104 CFU/mL,表明混合感染增强了二者的致病力;(4)药敏试验结果显示副猪嗜血杆菌与猪丹毒丝菌对常用抗生素的耐药性与临床耐药谱相一致,未出现新的耐受药物;同时筛选出了2种菌的共敏感药物氧氟沙星和氟苯尼考,有利于对疾病的快速治疗与防控。     

副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定

副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps)为猪呼吸道疾病综合征(PRDC)的重要病原之一。在对广西65个猪场281份病猪组织样品进行PRDC病原学调查的基础上,对PCR检测的Hps阳性样品进行了细菌分离,并进行了生化特性、药敏试验、16 S RNA基因片段序列分析和基因组DNA的PCR指纹图谱分析。结果显示,11份(3.91%)检测样品为Hps阳性,且均为混合感染;从南宁市四塘、桂林市永福、玉林市容县和钦州市浦北分离出5株Hps,分离菌株的生化鉴定结果均符合Hps生化特性,且对头孢噻呋和头孢菌素高度敏感;其中3株为血清5型,1株为血清12型,另1株未能定型;分离菌株16 S RNA基因片段之间及与GenBank其他一些代表菌株的核苷酸同源性在99%以上。     

Naturally-farrowed, artificially-reared pigs as an alternative model for experimental infection by Haemophilus parasuis

The use of naturally-farrowed, artificially-reared piglets as an alternative model to study Haemophilus parasuis infections was evaluated. Two trials were performed in order to evaluate the proposed model. In trial 1, animals were vaccinated and challenged with H. parasuis. Results showed that the proposed model was effectively used to evaluate protective immunity against this organism. In trial 2, animals were challenged with different doses of H. parasuis. Results showed that the severity of clinical signs and lesions tended to increase with higher doses. The reproduction of clinical signs and lesions characteristic of H. parasuis systemic infection was successful in both trials, proving that this model is a viable alternative to specific-pathogen free and cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs.     

副猪嗜血杆菌PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为了快速检测临床上副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,Hps)感染,根据Gen Bank中Hps的16S rRNA基因保守区序列,设计1对特异性引物,利用PCR方法检测Hps,并进行特异性、敏感性及临床检测。结果显示:PCR反应选择58℃为最适退火温度,0.5μL(20μmol/L)为最适引物量,模板浓度为7.2×10~(-6)μg/mL时即可扩增出814 bp特异性目的片段,与细菌分离结果一致。结果表明:该方法敏感、快速、特异,可用于临床上Hps感染的快速检测。     

副猪嗜血杆菌comC基因遗传进化及其与菌株血清型和潜在毒力基因的相关性分析

为探索副猪嗜血杆菌菌株分类与其临床致病力之间的关系,研究对2009—2017年分离的148个菌株进行comC基因测序以及遗传进化分析,同时探讨部分潜在毒力基因、血清型以及临床致病力等与基于comC基因的菌株遗传进化的相关性。基于comC基因的进化树分析显示,副猪嗜血杆菌形成2个相对独立的分支,在分支Ⅰ中又形成2个亚群Ⅰ-A和Ⅰ-B。4个潜在毒力基因在comC进化树各分支中的分布模式具有明显差异,Ⅰ-A分支中hsdS、hsdR及ompP2基因检出频率较高,而fhuA基因检出频率较低;Ⅰ-B分支中fhuA及ompP2检出频率较高,而hsdS、hsdR检出频率较低;分支Ⅱ中只有ompP2检出频率较高,fhuA、hsdS和hsdR的检出频率都较低。血清型分布在各分支中也有明显差别,血清4,5,12,13,14型主要分布于分支Ⅰ中;而血清1,2,7型主要分布于分支Ⅱ中。系统感染分离菌株在3个分支中分布较均匀,但93.8%的心包液分离菌株位于分支Ⅰ中,且主要位于Ⅰ-A分支。因此,comC进化树各分支中潜在毒力基因和血清型的分布有明显差异,表明基于comC基因的遗传进化分析对副猪嗜血杆菌临床分离株具有良好的区分效果,但系统感染分离株与基于comC基因的遗传进化没有明显的相关性。本研究为探索副猪嗜血杆菌的分类方法及其与致病力的关系提供新的信息。     

Haemophilus somnus virulence factors and resistance to host immunity

Haemophilus somnus ('Histophilus somni) is a Gram-negative bacterium and opportunistic pathogen associated with multisystemic diseases of bovines. Some strains of H. somnus are relatively avirulent, but are biochemically and antigenically similar to the virulent strains. Several virulence factors have been identified in H. somnus, of which lipo-oligosaccharide phase variation, induction of apoptosis, intraphagocytic survival and immunoglobulin Fc binding proteins have been well studied. The sequencing of the genomes of two strains of H. somnus has facilitated the identification of genes responsible for distinctive attributes within this species and related bacteria. The genetic characterization of this bacterium will enhance our understanding of H. somnus virulence factors and facilitate the development of new and improved vaccines. This review presents an overview of H. somnus virulence factors, their role in resistance to host defenses and pathogenesis, and the host immune response to this bacterium. Current areas of investigation in the post-genomic era and recent insights into new pathogenic mechanisms are also discussed.