荔枝霜疫霉中双组分信号转导系统的鉴定与表达分析

 荔枝霜疫霉(Peronophythora litchii)隶属于茸鞭生物界卵菌门疫霉属,由其引起的荔枝霜疫病是目前荔枝生产上一种最重要的病害,严重影响荔枝产量和鲜果品质。双组分信号途径在微生物中参与多种生命活动,但是在卵菌中尚未有相关研究。本研究通过生物信息学分析在荔枝霜疫霉中鉴定到2个杂合型组氨酸激酶(PlHK1、PlHK2)和1个响应调控蛋白(PlRR1)。其在卵菌中是保守存在的,并且与真菌在进化上相对独立。功能域分析表明,PlHK1和PlHK2的C端额外的融合了1个磷酸转移功能域(Hpt),这与真菌和植物的存在显著差异。转录分析表明3个基因在荔枝霜疫霉侵染阶段上调表达,并且响应渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫。以上结果揭示了双组分信号系统可能在疫霉致病过程中发挥重要作用。     

荔枝霜疫霉中双组分信号转导系统的鉴定与表达分析

 荔枝霜疫霉(Peronophythora litchii)隶属于茸鞭生物界卵菌门疫霉属,由其引起的荔枝霜疫病是目前荔枝生产上一种最重要的病害,严重影响荔枝产量和鲜果品质。双组分信号途径在微生物中参与多种生命活动,但是在卵菌中尚未有相关研究。本研究通过生物信息学分析在荔枝霜疫霉中鉴定到2个杂合型组氨酸激酶(PlHK1、PlHK2)和1个响应调控蛋白(PlRR1)。其在卵菌中是保守存在的,并且与真菌在进化上相对独立。功能域分析表明,PlHK1和PlHK2的C端额外的融合了1个磷酸转移功能域(Hpt),这与真菌和植物的存在显著差异。转录分析表明3个基因在荔枝霜疫霉侵染阶段上调表达,并且响应渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫。以上结果揭示了双组分信号系统可能在疫霉致病过程中发挥重要作用。     

荔枝霜疫霉自噬相关基因的鉴定与表达分析

 细胞自噬(Autophagy)是一种真核生物中高度保守的胞内物质降解和循环再利用的生理过程,其调控细胞动态平衡、压力适应和细胞程序性死亡,与植物病原真菌生长发育、孢子形成、侵染等一系列过程密切相关。荔枝霜疫霉(Peronophythora litchii)侵染引起的荔枝霜疫病严重危害荔枝生产及采后贮藏。本研究利用模式物种中已知的自噬相关蛋白,采用同源比对的方法在荔枝霜疫霉基因组数据库中鉴定到19个同源蛋白,分属16种蛋白类型。分析基因结构和蛋白保守功能域,发现荔枝霜疫霉自噬相关基因均具有内含子,且数目差异明显;所鉴定候选蛋白都具有相应分组的保守功能域,而PlATG1a在C端具有2个额外的ATG11功能域,PlATG11则在其N端包含1个APG17功能域。进一步对具有核心功能且多成员的自噬相关蛋白ATG1、ATG6、ATG8和ATG18进行系统进化和序列模块分析发现,这些蛋白在不同物种之间十分保守,但是其同源蛋白间存在分化。通过转录组数据分析和qRT-PCR验证结果显示,荔枝霜疫霉中自噬相关基因在生长发育和侵染阶段均有表达,与菌丝阶段相比,PlATG1a、 PlATG2、PlATG3、PlATG6a、PlATG8、PlATG18a基因在游动孢子阶段特异上调表达,其中PlATG8最为显著;PlVPS34在孢子囊阶段特异诱导表达,PlATG1b、PlATG12、PlATG17在孢子囊与游动孢子阶段上调表达但是在侵染阶段下调表达;PlATG6b、PlATG9、PlATG10、PlATG13、PlATG14及PlVPS15基因在生长发育和侵染阶段均表现出不同程度的上调表达,PlATG7、PlATG11、PlATG18b 则在侵染阶段显著下调表达。结果表明,细胞自噬可能参与调控荔枝霜疫霉的生长发育及致病过程。     

大雄疫霉与大豆疫病

前言大雄疫霉为藻菌纲、霜霉目、腐霉科、疫霉属真菌的一个种。在近代分类史上,真菌学家们虽根据其孢子形态和致病性等对此菌进行了多次分类与修订,在种内又区分出几种形态和致病性不同的类型,而大豆疫病菌仅是其中的一种。伴随着大雄疫霉菌的分类进展,致使大豆疫病菌的命名也发生了相应的变化:由Phvtophthora megasperma 发展为 P.     

RXLR类效应分子PITG_21645.2的基因序列分析及功能验证

 马铃薯晚疫病黑龙江菌株效应分子PITG_21645.2在本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)上可以抑制由INF1引起的过敏性细胞坏死(Hypersensitive response, HR)。为验证其为致病疫霉致病的重要效应分子,克隆了10个致病疫霉菌株以及3个同属卵菌菌株中的PITG_21645.2同源基因,它们在氨基酸序列上相似度为93%~100%。与INF1共表达的结果显示,仅有PITG_21645.2^MP903丧失了抑制HR的功能。其中PITG_21645.2^MP903的第31位氨基酸存在特异性,编码丝氨酸,其余同源基因在该位点均编码天冬酰胺。PITG_21645.2^MP903回复突变体(S31N)能够恢复该基因抑制INF1引起HR的功能,说明第31位氨基酸是影响抑制功能的关键位点。另外,PITG_21645.2还能抑制BAX、大豆疫霉PsojNIP和效应分子Avh238在本氏烟上激发的HR,而PITG_21645.2^MP903都丧失抑制功能。本氏烟上表达PITG_21645.2能够促进致病疫霉在寄主上的定殖,从而提示PITG_21645.2在致病疫霉的侵染中发挥致病性功能。     

大豆疫霉细胞凋亡相关基因的鉴定与表达分析

为探讨大豆疫霉Phytophthora sojae细胞凋亡潜在的调控机制,根据已知的细胞凋亡蛋白,利用在线工具BLASTP、pFAM和SMART在大豆疫霉蛋白组数据库中鉴定细胞凋亡同源蛋白并构建其进化树,通过转录组数据和实时荧光定量PCR技术分析细胞凋亡相关基因在大豆疫霉生长、发育及侵染不同时期的表达情况。结果显示:在大豆疫霉中共鉴定到13个细胞凋亡同源蛋白,包括核酸内切酶G(PsNUC1)、细胞色素c(PsCYCS)、凋亡诱导因子(PsAIF)、丝氨酸蛋白酶(PsHtrA-1、PsHtrA-2和PsHtrA-3)、多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PsPARP-1、PsPARP-2和PsPARP-3)和TatD核酸酶(PsTatD1、PsTatD2、PsTatD3和PsTatD4)。在进化上,PsNUC1、PsCYCS、PsAIF、PsHtrA-1、PsPARP-1、PsPARP-2、PsPARP-3、PsTatD1和PsTatD2与人及秀丽隐杆线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的同源蛋白亲缘关系较近,而与真菌相关蛋白亲缘关系较远,PsHtrA-2、PsHtrA-3、PsTatD3和PsTatD4与酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae相关蛋白相似度更高,说明大豆疫霉细胞凋亡蛋白在进化中发生了较大变异。大豆疫霉细胞凋亡相关基因PsHtrA-1和PsRARP-1在孢子囊阶段诱导表达,PsHtrA-2和PsRARP-2在游动孢子阶段上调表达,PsAIF、PsHtrA-3、PsRARP-1和PsRARP-2在侵染阶段明显诱导表达,PsCYCS在侵染阶段下调表达。细胞凋亡相关基因在大豆疫霉不同阶段的表达模式有较大差异,说明细胞凋亡在大豆疫霉生长、发育及致病过程中具有重要作用。     

辣椒疫霉CRN编码基因的克隆、转录特征及在与寄主互作中的作用

 CRN (crinkling and necrosis-inducing protein)蛋白是一类卵菌特有的效应分子,然而目前对其功能和分子机制知之甚少。为分析CRN效应分子在辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)与植物互作中的作用,本研究利用前期转录组测序结果,对辣椒疫霉基因组数据库进行序列比对分析,获得了7个CRN编码基因的全长序列;采用RT-PCR方法分析其在辣椒疫霉生长发育阶段(菌丝、游动孢子囊、游动孢子、萌发的休止孢)和侵染寄主阶段(本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)灌根1.5、3、6、12、24、36和72 h后)的转录水平,发现3个基因在辣椒疫霉生长发育阶段和侵染阶段上调表达;将这3个基因克隆测序,发现其编码蛋白均含有保守的LFLAK和HVLVVVP基序;在本氏烟上的基因瞬时表达结果表明,Pc559084和Pc570403能够抑制由致病疫霉elicitin蛋白INF1或老鼠促凋亡蛋白BAX诱发的植物程序性细胞死亡,并且Pc559084能够促进辣椒疫霉侵染植物。这些研究结果为理解CRN效应分子在辣椒疫霉致病过程中的作用提供了重要的实验数据。     

植物对卵菌的非寄主抗病性

 卵菌是多分枝的群体,包括60多种疫霉菌、多个活体营养的霜霉菌和100多种腐霉菌,其中许多是植物病原菌。     

海南湛江柑桔疫霉种的鉴定及交配型研究

 1988~1990年,从海南和湛江地区发生柑桔脚腐病的11个柑桔园采集了大量的病组织和病株基部的土壤样品,经分离共获得48个疫霉分离菌,根据孢子囊形态、脱落性、卵孢子产生、最高生长温度和淀粉利用能力等将其鉴定为寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica Dast)柑桔褐腐疫霉(P.citrophthora R.E.&E.H.Smith)和辣椒疫霉(P.capsici Leonian)。这三种疫霉均是柑桔树的致病菌,其中寄生疫霉和柑桔褐腐疫霉的出菌率高,认为是这两个地区柑桔脚腐病的主要致病菌,而辣椒疫霉在中国柑桔园是首次发现。交配型测定结果以寄生疫霉的A~1,交配型占绝对优势。     

大豆疫霉MAPK基因的鉴定与转录分析

 疫霉菌包括大豆疫霉等重要植物病原物,属于茸鞭生物界卵菌门,在进化上与真菌相差甚远;由于分离培养与遗传转化等相对困难,目前对其生长发育和致病机理的研究相对滞后。本研究综合运用基因组学和转录组学方法,首先对植物病原卵菌与真菌的蛋白激酶特别是MAPK进行了鉴定和比较,然后对大豆疫霉MAPK的基因结构、蛋白功能域以及转录模式等进行深入分析。结果表明,植物病原卵菌比真菌含有更多的蛋白激酶(包括MAPK),且卵菌及其近缘物种硅藻的MAPK与真菌在进化上相对独立;大豆疫霉的14个MAPK中,4个具有非典型的磷酸化唇序列,7个含有PH、C2、WW、PAS等与细胞信号转导相关的其它功能域;转录分析表明,大部分MAPK可能在大豆疫霉生长发育与致病的整个过程或特定过程中发挥重要作用。本文通过对蛋白激酶特别是MAPK的分析揭示了植物病原卵菌(与真菌相比)在细胞信号转导网络与机制上的独特性与复杂性,可为进一步研究疫霉菌MAPK的生物学功能及其信号调控机制提供参考。     

Effects of inoculum density,plant age and temperature on disease severity caused by pythiaceous fungi on several plants

Alfalfa, maize, sorghum and sugarbeet plants were inoculated with zoospores ofPhytophthora andPythium species in order to assess the effects of inoculum density, plant age and temperature on disease severity. Seedlings were grown axenically in test tubes and inoculated with zoospore suspensions. Disease severity was assessed by measuring the root growth and discoloration of treated and control seedlings. The incremental root length of all plants decreased and root discoloration increased as inoculum concentration of the pathogen increased. Changes were more intensive among low levels of zoospore concentrations and no significant differences in disease severity were found for inoculum densities higher than 10⁴ zoospores ml^-1. Disease severity was negatively related to plant age. Disease development on sugarbeet seedlings infected withPythium andPhytophthora species was affected by temperature, but the pattern of response was determined by the pathogen’s temperature preferences. The incremental root length decreased as temperature increased up to 25°C. The effect ofPythium dissimile andPhytophthora cactorum on root length was significantly lower at 35°C than at 25°C, whereasPythium aphanidermatum andPhytophthora nicotianae caused significant damage to roots even at 35°C. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 3, 2001.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora</Emphasis> species associated with root and stem rots of kalanchoe

Pythium and Phytophthora species were isolated from kalanchoe plants with root and stem rots. Phytophthora isolates were identified as Phytophthora nicotianae on the basis of morphological characteristics and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer regions. Similarly, the Pythium isolates were identified as Pythium myriotylum and Pythium helicoides. In pathogenicity tests, isolates of the three species caused root and stem rots. Disease severity caused by the Pythium spp. and Ph. nicotianae was the greatest at 35°–40°C and 30°–40°C, respectively. Ph. nicotianae induced stem rot at two different relative humidities (60% and >95%) at 30°C. P. myriotylum and P. helicoides caused root and stem rots at high humidity (>95%), but only root rot at low humidity (60%).     

Oomycete species associated with Theobroma cacao crops in Colombia

The study of oomycetes associated with crops is highly important due to the economic losses they might cause. In cacao, the genus Phytophthora has been extensively studied, but little is known about other genera and species of oomycetes associated with this plant. This study aimed to determine the oomycetes’ diversity present in Colombian cacao crops. A total of 146 isolates were obtained from diseased plants and soil in 11 departments. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coxI) sequences was performed along with the assessment of morphological characteristics. Nine species were identified, distributed in four genera: Phytophthora (P. palmivora, 54%; P. nicotianae, 1%), Phytopythium (Phy. chamaehyphon, 15%; Phy. cucurbitacearum, 9%; Phy. vexans, 7%; Phy. helicoides, 1%), Globisporangium (G. splendens, 3%), and Pythium (Py. delicense, 1%; Py. inflatum,1%). Additionally, an unidentified and possibly new species of Phytophthora (5%) and three unidentified species of Phytopythium (3%) were found. This is the first report of Globisporangium, Phytopythium, and Pythium in cacao crops of Colombia and the first report of the species Phy. chamaehyphon in the country. Interestingly, some isolates of Phytopythium spp. were isolated from necrotic leaves and vascular section of stems, which may suggest a role in cacao diseases traditionally associated with Phytophthora. Also, it is proposed that the new species of Phytophthora may be contributing significantly to black pod disease in Colombian cacao crops, and we highlight that the study of P. palmivora is urgent because of its distribution all over the country.     

Diversity and populations of Phytophthora,Phytopythium and Pythium species recovered from sediments in an agricultural run‐off sedimentation reservoir

Agricultural run‐off sedimentation reservoirs are an emerging aquatic system of critical importance to plant biosecurity, water and environmental sustainability. Oomycete pathogens such as Phytophthora and Pythium species in irrigation water have been demonstrated to pose significant risks to ornamental crops, but little is known about their diversity and populations in sediments of agricultural irrigation systems. This study investigated the oomycete communities including Phytophthora (Ph.), Phytopythium (Pp.) and Pythium (Py.) species in sediments at various depths of an agricultural run‐off sedimentation reservoir in Virginia during the winters of 2011 and 2015. The recovery of these oomycetes declined sharply with sediment depth from surface to 0·8 m and none was recovered from sediments deeper than 1·4 m. A total of 47 oomycete species were recovered, with all four species of Phytophthora and five of Phytopythium exclusively from the surface. Recovered species included many important plant pathogens such as Ph. nicotianae, Ph. pini, Ph. tropicalis, Pp.  vexans, Py. irregulare and Py. monospermum. These results underline the importance of decontaminating sediments excavated from top layers (0–1·4 m) of the sedimentation reservoir before reuse in plant production.     

Diversity and detections of Phytophthora species from trade and non‐trade environments in Ireland

The genus Phytophthora is one of the genera of organisms that poses the most threat to plant health worldwide. Statutory monitoring for Phytophthora species focuses on the species regulated in the European Union and recommended for regulation by EPPO (Plant Health Directive 2000/29 EC and the EPPO A2 List). This research provides details of the Phytophthora species detected from trade and non‐trade environments in Ireland between 2013 and 2015. The results of statutory surveys for the regulated species Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora lateralis from 2003 to 2015 are also presented. Testing of more than 11 000 samples was carried out using morphological and/or DNA identification with specifically designed Phytophthora conserved primers. This led to the detection of 19 species and 3 informally designated taxa of Phytophthora, including 8 new records for Ireland. Eight species were found in both trade and non‐trade locations, and three informally designated taxa were also detected. Phytophthora ramorum was found on the most hosts (30 hosts), followed by Phytophthora syringae (6 hosts) and Phytophthora kernoviae (3 hosts). Rhododendron was the host on which Phytophthora species were most frequently detected (12 Phytophthora species). The role of the plant trade in spreading invasive Phytophthora species is discussed.     

利用环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术快速检测辣椒疫霉菌

<正>辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)是一种重要植物病原菌,能造成植株坏死、果实腐烂,严重影响产量[1]。辣椒疫霉侵染植物的早期病症并不明显,易被忽视。因此,对辣椒疫霉早期快速、准确检测显得尤为重要。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)为动植物病原物检测的重要方法,但需要较昂贵的仪器、试剂与耗材,后期的电泳检测也费时费力,致使这一技术很难在生产一线普及推广。Notomi等2000年研发了环介     

Phytophthora boehmeriae boll rot: a new threat to cotton cultivation in the mediterranean region

A boll rot of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was observed for the first time in Greece in August 1993 in Larissa and Volos counties, and in August and September 1995 in Trikala and Phthiotis counties. Fungi of the genusPhytophthora were isolated from diseased plants. Morphological characteristics of the pathogen were recorded on mounts made directly from the infected tissues or after growth of the isolated fungus on corn meal agar or sterile distilled water. Colony morphology, growth rates, features of asexual and sexual structures and maximum growth temperatures were examined. APhytophthora species new to Europe,Phytophthora boehmeriae Sawada, attacking cotton bolls, was identified. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by artificial inoculations of detached cotton bolls. Analysis of α-esterase isozymes revealed unique banding patterns for isolates ofP. boehmeriae compared with those ofP. cactorum andP. parasitica, which arePhytophthora species with similar morphology.     

Root and stem rot of chrysanthemum caused by five <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium</Emphasis> species in Japan

Root and stem rot with wilt of above ground parts of cultivated chrysanthemums was first found in Ibaraki, Toyama and Kagawa prefectures, Japan in 2002 and 2003. Pythium species were isolated from the diseased tissues and identified as P. dissotocum, P. oedochilum, P. sylvaticum, P. ultimum var. ultimum and asexual strains of P. helicoides based on their morphologies and sequences of rDNA-ITS region. All the Pythium species were strongly pathogenic to chrysanthemums in pot conditions and were reisolated from the inoculated plants. Because Pythium root and stem rot of chrysanthemum has never been reported in Japan, we propose that this is a new disease that can be caused by the five Pythium species.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Potential of Ypt1 and ITS gene regions for the detection of Phytophthora species in a lab‐on‐a‐chip DNA hybridization array

A novel DNA‐chip hybridization assay that uses the ras‐related GTP‐binding protein 1 gene (Ypt1) was developed for the identification of several devastating Phytophthora species. The hybridization was conducted in a portable microfluidic lab‐on‐a‐chip device for fast and accurate detection of 40 Phytophthora, two Pythium and one Phytopythium species. Moreover, the functionality of the Ypt1 region was examined in comparison to an array for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region by in silico modelling. The difference in species‐specific capture probe sequences was lower for the ITS than for the Ypt1 region. While ITS‐probes of Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora fragariae and Phytophthora lateralis cross‐reacted with up to 11 non‐target species, Ypt1‐probes were specific except for P. fragariae/Phytophthora rubi. First analyses of artificially inoculated Rhododendron leaves successfully demonstrated the usability of the respective capture probes for the Ypt1 and the ras‐related plant protein Rab1a gene region. The on‐chip hybridization enabled the detection of up to 1 pg μL^?1 target DNA depending on the species examined. Due to the complementarity of ITS and Ypt1 genetic features, the use of multiple loci is recommended to identify targets of different taxonomic rank.