氟啶虫胺腈对枸杞棉蚜室内毒力及田间防效研究

明确氟啶虫胺腈对枸杞棉蚜的室内毒力及田间防效。采用浸虫法进行室内毒力测定,在田间进行小区药效试验。氟啶虫胺腈对枸杞棉蚜的LC₅₀值为77.6215 mg/L。50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂在田间对枸杞棉蚜表现出较好的速效性和持效性,55.56、83.33、111.11 mg/L在药后3、7、14 d的防效分别为72.38%～78.96%、80.15%～92.59%、79.71%～93.09%。药后7 d低剂量处理防效低于对照处理,其他处理的防效均显著高于对照药剂吡虫啉的防效,且各剂量处理均对枸杞树安全。50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂对枸杞棉蚜有较好的防治效果。     

氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力及协同增效作用

为探寻防治瓜蚜的高效协同增效药剂组合,采用叶片带虫浸渍法测定了氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力。结果表明:处理后24 h,氟啶虫胺腈对瓜蚜的毒力最高,吡蚜酮最低,LC₅₀值分别为10.15和369.63 mg/L;48 h时依然是氟啶虫胺腈毒力最高,而高效氯氟氰菊酯最低,LC₅₀值分别为2.35和117.57 mg/L。在此基础上进行协同增效药剂筛选,结果表明:按质量比计,氟啶虫酰胺与吡蚜酮1 : 1、氟吡呋喃酮与吡蚜酮1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与吡蚜酮1 : 3、氟吡呋喃酮与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5几种组合的增效作用显著,共毒系数分别达1 271、820、561、1 277和478。研究结果可为田间瓜蚜的高效化学防治提供科学依据。     

啶虫脒亚致死剂量对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内毒力测定的基础上,采用离体叶片饲养法,研究了啶虫脒亚致死剂量(LC₂₅、LC₁₅、LC_5)对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。发现啶虫脒对豌豆蚜的致死中浓度LC₅₀为2.751 mg/L。不同亚致死剂量对豌豆蚜的生长发育和繁殖也均有显著影响。经不同亚致死剂量处理后,豌豆蚜若蚜发育历期明显延长,而成蚜期、成蚜产蚜天数、平均产蚜量和日平均产蚜量与对照相比明显缩短或降低,亚致死剂量越大差异越明显。表明了啶虫脒亚致死剂量对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖均具抑制作用。     

低剂量啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯对棉蚜茧蜂寄生功能的影响

为明确低剂量化学杀虫剂对寄生性天敌昆虫的影响,以棉蚜茧蜂为对象,测定了常用杀虫剂啶虫脒和新型杀虫剂双丙环虫酯在LC₅和LC₃₀剂量下对棉蚜茧蜂寄生功能反应的影响。结果表明：啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯对棉蚜的LC₅₀值分别为442.6和1.67 mg/L,对棉蚜茧蜂的LD₅₀值分别为0.007和20.58μg/cm²。经低剂量的2种杀虫剂处理后,棉蚜茧蜂寄生量与棉蚜密度呈负加速曲线,随棉蚜密度的增加棉蚜茧蜂寄生量逐渐增大,最终趋于平缓。模型拟合结果表明,寄生功能反应模型的基本结构仍然属于Holling-Ⅱ模型,但模型的各项参数均发生了改变。在棉蚜密度为20、40和100头/皿时,除LC₅剂量双丙环虫酯处理棉蚜(间接处理)组棉蚜茧蜂的寄生量与对照组无显著差异外,其他各药剂处理组的寄生量均显著低于对照组,其中LD₃₀剂量啶虫脒直接处理棉蚜茧蜂对其寄生能力的抑制作用最强。经低剂量药剂间接处理后,棉蚜茧蜂处理每头棉蚜所用的时间与对照相比均显著延长,且药...     

螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应

为了明确螺虫乙酯大量使用后残留剂量对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应,本研究在测定螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂室内毒力的基础上,研究了不同浓度螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂寄生功能反应的影响。结果表明LC₁₀、LC₃₀和LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯均可降低丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的瞬时攻击率。经LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的处理时间延长,达0.13 d,寄生上限降低,寄生效能被抑制。经LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的处理时间缩短,仅0.04 d,寄生上限提高,寄生效能被促进,但其平均寿命仅13.07 d;当烟粉虱若虫密度较高时,LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的搜寻效应提高。LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯可抑制丽蚜小蜂的寄生能力,而LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯可刺激丽蚜小蜂,提升寄生效能,但缩短了成虫寿命。田间使用螺虫乙酯防治烟粉虱时,应注意其残留量对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应。     

氟啶虫胺腈对棉蚜的生物活性及对棉花的安全性

本文通过叶片浸渍法研究了氟啶虫胺腈对棉蚜的室内活性,同时分析了其对棉花的安全性。室内毒力测定结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈处理棉蚜24h的LC50和LC90为1.98mg/L和26.02mg/L,显著低于吡虫啉的8.69mg/L和132.68mg/L,毒效比达4.39;处理48h后,氟啶虫胺腈对棉蚜仍表现出很高的杀虫活性,且显著高于吡虫啉。棉花安全性试验结果表明,在使用浓度40~160g/hm2范围内喷施500g/kg氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂,对棉花不同时期的叶色、株高、果枝层以及棉蕾脱落都未造成显著性的影响。     

氟啶虫胺腈与其他药剂复配对苹果黄蚜的联合毒力及效果评价

针对苹果黄蚜防治药剂类型单一、药剂敏感性下降等问题,采用浸叶法开展几种药剂对苹果黄蚜室内毒力测定,并用共毒系数法进行联合毒力评价。结果显示,氟啶虫胺腈和阿维菌素在8∶1～1∶8、氟啶虫胺腈和吡虫啉1∶1、氟啶虫胺腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯在4∶1～1∶4配比范围对苹果黄蚜有增效作用,3种组合最佳增效比均为1∶1。田间应用结果显示,药后3～21 d,22%氟啶虫胺腈SC单剂对苹果黄蚜防效达94.77%～99.40%;22%氟啶虫胺腈SC分别与5%阿维菌素EC、70%吡虫啉WG和2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW按有效成分1∶1混配后对苹果黄蚜防效达86.43%～97.00%,均显著高于相应单剂对照,持效期可达21 d。推荐采用氟啶虫胺腈单剂及氟啶虫胺腈与阿维菌素、吡虫啉或高效氯氟氰菊酯混配剂作为替代药剂防治苹果黄蚜。     

亚致死剂量氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱细胞色素P450的影响

为明确氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus细胞色素P450的影响,评估其抗药性风险,采用点滴法、酶活力分析法和实时荧光定量PCR法分别测定了氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱的毒性及对其细胞色素P450酶活力和P450基因表达量的影响。结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈对灰飞虱的致死中量LD_(50)随着虫龄的增加而升高,1~5龄若虫的LD_(50)为0.10~0.94 ng/头,雌、雄成虫的LD_(50)分别为1.09 ng/头和1.07 ng/头。氟啶虫胺腈对4龄若虫的亚致死剂量LD_(10)、LD_(30)和LD_(50)分别为0.17、0.41、0.76 ng/头,处理灰飞虱4龄若虫后可将其体内P450酶活力分别显著提高1.60、1.97和1.22倍;而各处理响应的P450基因的种类和数量不同,但相对表达量均受到诱导;CYP4DE1、CYP426A1、CYP303A1、CYP4C、CYP6FK1和CYP4C71v2的相对表达量表现出时间效应,表达量高峰在处理后24 h或48 h。表明不同亚致死剂量的氟啶虫胺腈在特定时间点可提高相应的细胞色素P450基因表达量,从而使酶蛋白量增加,可能导致灰飞虱体内细胞色素P450酶活力上升。     

3种果树蚜虫有效防治药剂及剂量筛选

本文针对杏瘤蚜、梨二叉蚜和苹果黄蚜3种主要果树蚜虫,选取2种新型杀虫剂50%氟啶虫胺腈WG和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC以及2种常用杀虫剂70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG,采用常规喷雾法比较了不同药剂、不同用药剂量的田间防治效果和持效性。结果表明,在杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 41.67、55.56、83.33mg/L,240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00、56.00mg/L,70%吡虫啉WG 35.00、70.00mg/L和20%啶虫脒WG 33.33、50.00mg/L喷雾处理,药后7、14和21d防治效果均在86.21%以上,具有良好的防治效果和持效性。在苹果黄蚜发生期,70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG药后7d防治效果较好,14d和21d的防治效果远低于7d的防效,持效性较差;50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 41.67 mg/L处理与70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG表现相似;而50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 55.56、83.33mg/L和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00、56.00mg/L在7、14和21d防治效果分别在97.24%、92.44%和75.42%以上,表现良好的防治效果和持效性。综合分析认为,杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜对4种药剂均具有较高的敏感性,而70%吡虫啉WG和20%啶虫脒WG在田间对苹果黄蚜已表现出防效下降和持效期缩短的现象。据此推荐在杏瘤蚜和梨二叉蚜成蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG、240g/L螺虫乙酯SC、70%吡虫啉WG、20%啶虫脒WG,分别以有效成分用量41.67、28.00、35.00、33.33mg/L进行常规喷雾处理。在苹果黄蚜成蚜发生期,使用50%氟啶虫胺腈WG 55.56mg/L和240g/L螺虫乙酯SC 28.00mg/L进行常规喷雾处理,可有效控制3种蚜虫为害。     

我国棉蚜对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈抗性水平监测与交互抗性分析

为了解我国不同地区棉蚜Aphis gossypii对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性现状,对代表性棉区棉蚜田间种群进行抗药性监测,同时通过构建具有R81T及V62I单突变和R81T-V62I共同突变的棉蚜烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,nAChR)蛋白模型,与吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈进行分子对接,分析这些突变在吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈抗性中的作用,并分析吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈之间是否存在交互抗性。结果显示,不同地区棉蚜对吡虫啉产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数为174.70～56 409.18,对氟啶虫胺腈产生了低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数为7.35～44.63,说明不同地区的棉蚜对氟啶虫胺腈的敏感度高于吡虫啉,且吡虫啉抗性和氟啶虫胺腈抗性间不存在相关性。R81T、V62I单突变和R81T-V62I共同突变导致吡虫啉与棉蚜nAChR的亲和力降低,对氟啶虫胺腈与棉蚜n AChR的结合无明显影响。R81T及V62I单突变和R81T-V62I共同突变导致棉蚜对吡虫啉产生靶标抗性,但是对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性无明显影响,这些突变不会导致吡虫啉与氟啶虫胺腈产生靶标突变的交互抗性。     

Bacterial induction of the accumulation of phaseollin,pisatin and rishitin and their antibacterial activity

Bean hypocotyls, pea pods and tomato fruits were tested for phaseollin, pisatin and rishitin production when challenged with the phytopathogenic bacteriaErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi andP. solanacearum, and their isolated extracellular polysaccharides. All bacteria induced phytoalexin accumulation, whereas only phaseollin and pisatin, but not rishitin, were elicited by EPS. The inhibitory effect of these three phytoalexins on bacterial growth was studied in liquid medium; whereas phaseollin and pisatin strongly inhibited growth, only a slight inhibitory effect resulted from the presence of rishitin in the medium.Samenvatting Bonehypocotylen, erwtepeulen en tomatevruchten werden onderzocht op hun vermogen tot vorming van respectievelijk faseolline, pisatine en rishitine, na inoculatie met de fytopathogene bacteriënErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi enP. solanacearum en na behandeling met oplossingen van hun extracellulaire polysacchariden (EPS). Alle bacteriesoorten induceerden fytoalexinevorming, terwijl hun EPS wel faseolline- en pisatine-, maar geen rishitinevorming induceerden. Faseolline en pisatine remden de groei van de bacteriën in vloeibaar medium sterk; rishitine daarentegen had slechts een geringe groeiremming tengevolge.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination of maize in the Humid forest and the western highlands of Cameroon

Fungal incidence and mycotoxin contamination of farm-stored maize were assessed and compared in grain samples from three villages each in two agroecological zones over time. Maize samples were collected at 2 and 4 months after stocking from 72 farmers’ stores in 1996 and 1997 in the Humid Forest (HF) and Western Highlands (WHL) of Cameroon. Mycological assays of these samples revealed several fungal species.Nigrospora spp. were the most prevalent fungi in HF (32%) and WHL (30%) in 1996,Fusarium verticillioides (22%) andF. graminearum (27%) were also isolated from these samples. In the WHL in 1996, no significant difference in fungal incidence was found among villages for samples collected 2 months after harvest, but at 4 months incidence was significantly higherP<0.05). In 1997 the levels of fungal contamination were lower than in 1996. The incidence ofAspergillus spp. was low in general, ranging from 0.0 to 5.9% infected kernels. Analysis with thin layer chromatography detected low levels of aflatoxins in a few samples.F. verticillioides mycotoxin fumonisin Bi (300-26,000 ng/g) andF. graminearum metabolites deoxynivalenol (<100–l,300 ng/g) and zearalenone (<50–110 ng/g) were determined by means of polyclonal antibody competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A significant correlation (r=0.72; P=0.0001) was found between the incidence ofF. graminearum and the contamination with deoxynivalenol. Storage time (2vs 4 months after stocking) had a significant positive effect (r=0.39; P=0.013) on the level of fumonisin B₁. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in maize in Cameroon.     

Fungi on roots and stem bases of asparagus in the Netherlands: species and pathogenicity

A survey was made to identify the most important soilborne fungal pathogens of asparagus crops in the Netherlands. Ten plants were selected from each of five fields with a young (1–4 y) first planting, five fields with an old (6–13 y) first planting and five fields with a young replanting. The analysis included fungi present in the stem base and the roots of plants with symptoms of foot and root rot or showing growth decline without specific disease symptoms. Isolates of each species were tested for pathogenicity to asparagus on aseptically grown plantlets on Knop's agar. Symptoms were caused byFusarium oxysporum, F. culmorum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium verrucosum var.cyclopium, Cylindrocarpon didymum, Phialophora malorum, Phoma terrestris andAcremonium strictum. F. oxysporum was by far the most common species and was isolated from 80% of the plants. Not all of its isolates were pathogenic to asparagus. Symptoms were caused by 67%, 78% and 93% of the isolates obtained from young first plantings, old first plantings and replantings, respectively.F. culmorum was isolated from 31% of the plants. Two other notorious pathogens of asparagus,F. moniliforme andF. proliferatum, did not occur in our samples.Species causing symptoms in the vitro test that were found on more than 5% of the plants were additionally tested for their pathogenicity in pot experiments.F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi caused severe foot and root rot, significantly reduced root weights and killed most of the plants.F. culmorum caused lesions on the stem base often resulting in death of the plant.P. terrestris, a fungus only once reported as a pathogen of asparagus, caused an extensive root rot, mainly of secondary roots that became reddish. The fungus was isolated in only a few samples and is not to be regarded as an important pathogen in Dutch asparagus crops.P. malorum caused many small brown lesions on the stem base and incidentally also on the upper part of small main roots. This is the first report of its pathogenicity to asparagus. The fungus is one of the organisms inciting spear rust and it reduced crop quality rather than crop yield.P. verrucosum var.cyclopium andC. didymum did not cause symptoms in pot experiments.Because of its predominance on plants with foot and root rot and its high virulence,F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi was considered to be the main soilborne pathogen of asparagus in the Netherlands.     

Detection of the phytotoxin coronatine by ELISA and localization in infected plant tissue

Several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae produce the phytotoxin coronatine (COR)in vitro, and the availability of purified toxin has facilitated development of immunological detection methods. A modified, indirect competitive ELISA using the COR-specific monoclonal antibody 11B8 was developed to detect COR in various host plants infected by P. syringae. The estimated detection limit for COR was 50 pg per well, and COR could be reliably quantified from 5 to 40 ng ml⁻¹. The subcellular localization of COR within infected tomato tissue was investigated using the COR-specific antibody MAb 8H3G2. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold labelling showed that COR was present inside tomato cells and was associated with chloroplasts and particles of proteinase inhibitor I. Localization studies indicated that COR is mobile in infected plant tissue and can be detected in healthy tissue adjacent to the bacterial lesions.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Genetic Analysis of the Role of Trichothecene and Fumonisin Mycotoxins in the Virulence of Fusarium

The phytotoxicity of the Fusarium trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins has led to speculation that both toxins are involved in plant pathogenesis. This subject has been addressed by examining virulence of trichothecene and fumonisin-nonproducing mutants of Fusarium in field tests. Mutants were generated by transformation-mediated disruption of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze early steps in the biosynthesis of each toxin. Two economically important species of Fusarium were selected for these studies: the trichothecene-producing species Fusarium graminearum, which causes wheat head blight and maize ear rot, and the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides, which causes maize ear rot. Trichothecene-non-producing mutants of F. graminearum caused less disease than the wild-type strain from which they were derived on both wheat and maize, although differences in virulence on maize were not observed under hot and dry environmental conditions. Genetic analyses of the mutants demonstrated that the reduced virulence on wheat was caused by the loss of trichothecene production rather than by a non-target mutation induced by the gene disruption procedure. Although the analyses of virulence of fumonisin-non-producing mutants of F. verticillioides are not complete, to date, the mutants have been as virulent on maize ears as their wild-type progenitor strains. The finding that trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum suggests that it may be possible to generate plants that are resistant to this fungus by increasing their resistance to trichothecenes. As a result, several researchers are trying to identify trichothecene resistance genes and transfer them to crop species.     

Evaluation of Natural Chemical Compounds Against Root-lesion and Root-knot Nematodes and Side-effects on the Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.