德豆99-16适宜栽培条件的研究

德豆99-16是山东省德州市农科院于1997年以美国"黄沙大豆"为亲本材料,利用激光辐射诱变技术选育出的高产、稳产、优质、多抗、适应性强的大豆新品种.我们采用混合正交设计方法,对德豆99-16进行系统的研究,基本上弄清德豆99-16的适宜栽培条件,即栽培密度1.5万株/667m2;施磷量33.35 kg/667m2;施氮量22.23 kg/667m2;分枝期施肥;分枝期喷助壮素;开花期打顶.     

大豆综合农艺栽培措施与产量关系模型及效应分析

通过对内蒙古自治区大豆主栽品种的密度、施磷量、施钾量、种肥氮量、追肥氮量5项农艺栽培技术措施的综合试验研究,系统地分析了5项农艺措施对产量影响的单因素和交互效应,阐明了5项农艺栽培措施的产量效益.实现大豆单产200kg/667m2以上产量的优化农艺栽培措施是株数2.53～2.75×104株/667m2;施磷量(P2O5)4.56～5.44kg/667m2;施钾量(K2O)5.77～6.74kg/667m2;种肥氮量2.73～3.18kg/667m2;追肥氮量2.49～2.91kg/667m2.     

肥密化控对铁豆68号产量的影响

采用正交试验对影响铁豆68号产量的密度、施肥量、叶面喷肥、化控次数4因素进行研究,结果表明,对大豆新品种铁豆68号产量影响的顺序是:施肥量、密度、叶面喷肥、化控次数;铁豆68号最理想的栽培技术模式是密度1.1万株/667m2,施肥量为20 kg/667m2,叶面喷肥1次,化控次数1次。     

24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂(满穗)防治水稻纹枯病的田间效果

24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂(满穗)对水稻纹枯病具有优良的防治效果,在试验剂量范围内对水稻安全.使用20～25 ml/667 m2,对水稻纹枯病的防治效果在85%以上.推荐用药量为20 ml/667 m2左右,对水50 kg/667 m2,水稻纹枯病盛发时用药一次,均匀喷雾,可以控制纹枯病的扩展为害.     

密度与氮钾肥对‘东农311’光合特性及产量的影响

以中晚熟鲜食马铃薯品种‘东农311’为试验材料,研究不同密度和氮钾肥处理下的光合特性及产量性状,以便为该品种的丰产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明,光合特性在不同因素条件下表现不同,氮处理对SPAD(Soil and plant analyzer development,SPAD)值和净光合速率的影响极显著;钾处理对SPAD值和气孔导度的影响显著;密度处理仅对SPAD值影响显著。综合来看,SPAD值在施氮量为10 kg/667m2、施钾量为7.5 kg/667m2、密度为4 200株/667m2时最大;净光合速率在施氮量为15 kg/667m2、施钾量为7.5 kg/667m2、密度为5 000株/667m2时最大;气孔导度在施氮量为15 kg/667m2、施钾量为12.5 kg/667m2、密度为3 400株/667m2时最大。三个因素条件中,钾素对产量影响显著,且在施氮量5 kg/667m2、施钾量12.5 kg/667m2、种植密度为4 200株/667m2时产量最高,为3 150 kg/667m2;在施氮量15 kg/667m2、施钾量7.5 kg/667m2、种植密度为5 000株/667m2时商品薯率最大,为71.29%。     

30%旱立停(ASA)提高大豆抗旱能力及安全性效果初报

田间试验结果表明,30%ASA是一种高效保水抗旱剂,30%ASA拌种用量为40 g/12 kg,叶喷用量为30～40 g/667m2.在特别干旱的情况下,种植拌种后的种子,并在两片子叶展开后再叶喷一次.此用量及用法对大豆安全,且对大豆生长具有非常明显的促进作用,从而提高了大豆的抗旱、抗逆性,有效时间可达30 d左右,对作物产量有显著的提高作用.     

灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响

为了明确膜下滴灌甜菜的需水规律,指导生产科学灌溉,开展灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响研究.结果表明灌水量对甜菜的叶片数影响不大但对甜菜的叶丛高度有明显影响,随着灌水量的增加叶丛高度也增高,在灌水量为360m3/667m2时甜菜叶丛最高.甜菜块根膨大和产质量受灌水量影响显著,在灌水量为120m3/667m2时甜菜的块根直径、根体长度、产量、含糖率及产糖量都处于较低水平,随着灌水量的增加,甜菜的块根大小、产量和含糖率都呈现出上升趋势,但当灌水量大于360m3/667m2时甜菜的产量略有减少,含糖率急剧下降.因此,在玛纳斯产区膜下滴灌甜菜灌水量控制在360m3/667m2左右较为合理.     

高蛋白春大豆套种木薯的种植方式研究

2009年在福建省大田县进行了高蛋白春大豆与木薯不同行距套种方式试验,结果表明:在固定木薯密度,套种单行、双行和三行大豆3种种植方式中,双行大豆套种木薯,效益最高,即大豆种植密度25×50cm,7280株/667m2;木薯种植密度0.8×1m,800株/667m2,效益465.50元/667m2.     

旱作大豆综合农艺栽培措施与产量关系模型及产量构成分析

针对内蒙古大豆主产区,以蒙豆5号品种为试验材料,在旱作条件下,通过对不同施氮、磷、钾量和密度四项农艺栽培措施与产量形成的关系研究,建立了四项农艺措施与产量关系的数学模型.通过对数学模型的优化解析,提出了单产175kg/667m2以上目标产量的优化农艺栽培措施组合方案,即密度以2.05-2.19×104株/667m2、施磷(P2O5)量4.0-5.5kg/667m2、施钾(K2 O)量3.7-4.4kg/667m2、施氮(N)量4.0-4.7kg/667m2.经田间试验验证,模型和提供的优化方案可行,对生产实践具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.除单株荚数随着密度降低而增加外,单株粒数、荚粒数、百粒重及产量均随密度、施肥量增加而呈单峰曲线变化.     

氮肥不同用量对淮稻13生育特性及产量构成的影响

通过麦后水直播稻15 kg/667 m2、18 kg/667 m2、21 kg/667 m2、24 kg/667 m2不同用氮量的对比试验研究,结果表明,总施氮量15 kg/667 m2的水稻生长量明显不足,施氮量21 kg/667 m2的水稻生长量略显偏多,施氮量24 kg/667 m2的水稻生长量明显偏多,而施氮量18 kg/667 m2处理不仅使水稻各生育期的生长清秀稳健,而且穗粒结构较为协调,同时还表现出较高的产量水平。从而初步明确麦后水直播稻施氮量以18 kg/667 m2为宜。     

Integration of soil-applied herbicides at the reduced rates with physical control for weed management in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

Fennel has been widely used in traditional medicine for their antimicrobial effects. Since fennel is long duration crop and have slow initial growth, it protection from weed is essential. Experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons to evaluate the efficacy of soil-applied herbicides at the reduced rates in combination with physical control for weed management and optimizing the yield of fennel. Treatments were type of herbicide (trifluralin and pendimethalin), application dose (recommend dose (R), 75% R, 50% R, and 0% R) and physical weed control (none, one hand-weeding at 50 day after planting (DAP), wheat straw mulch). Weed-free control treatment was also included in each year. The results showed that the use of soil-applied herbicides resulted in reduced weed biomass but did not provide season long weed control without an additional physical control. In both seasons, pendimethalin provided better weeds control than trifluralin. Reduced herbicide rates were found to be more effective when herbicides application followed by hand-weeding than when were used alone or combined with mulch. Experimental results also showed that one time increasing in herbicide rates increased seed yield by 17.5 and 7.5% in 2012 and 16.5 and 6.3% in 2013, when one hand-weeding and mulching were used as supplemental control, respectively. Overall, the 75% of the labeled recommended rate of herbicides followed by one hand-weeding at 50 DAP produced consistently high yields and less weed biomass, reflecting both superior weed control and crop safety.     

绥化市大豆田主要杂草发生及防除对策研究

采用路线踏查与定点观察相结合方法对绥化市大豆田主要杂草种类及发生规律进行调查,并在此基础上对杂草的防除技术进行研究,结果显示:绥化市大豆田杂草共有15科24种,并且杂草发生期集中,高峰期的出草量占总出草量的85%左右.化学防除技术研究显示土壤封闭、茎叶处理所用不同除草剂单混效果不同.并对化学除草的注意事项进行说明,应根据气候条件、土壤墒情、大豆发育进度、杂草大小等灵活运用防除对策.     

调环酸钙对盐碱胁迫下大豆幼苗光合特性和保护酶活性的调节作用

探讨外源调环酸钙(EA)对复合盐碱胁迫下大豆的缓解作用,明确EA提高大豆耐盐碱能力的适宜浓度,以大豆品种合丰50和垦丰16为试验试材,分别在110mmol·L-1的复合盐碱胁迫下培养15 d取样,研究V3期叶面喷施不同浓度EA（5~200 mg·L-1）对大豆光合特性和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,各浓度EA处理均能增加盐碱胁迫下两品种大豆叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量,降低Chl a/b的比值;提高大豆叶片 Pn、Gs、Tr、Ls、WUE和AMC,降低了Ci;显著提升大豆叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,抑制了MAD含量的增加。综合分析表明,100 mg·L-1浓度处理时效果最好,表现为叶绿素指标、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性随EA浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在100 mg·L-1出现最大值。初步推断在盐碱胁迫下,施加的外源EA通过提高植物抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素含量、降低MDA含量来保护细胞结构的完整、阻止光合速率的下降,促进幼苗生长,从而增强大豆幼苗耐盐碱胁迫的能力,100 mg·L-1处理时效果最佳。     

东北部分春玉米地乙莠合剂防效下降的原因和对策

在我国的东北春玉米区,长时间使用乙草胺和莠去津,导致部分地区防效下降。在吉林省农安县通过定点试验、大面积试验和大范围调查发现,乙莠合剂防效下降的主要原因是因为杂草群落结构的变化引起的,同时降水的减少和药剂使用方法不当也起了一定的作用,未发现产生明显抗性的迹象。在未来,乙莠合剂仍是该地区玉米地除草剂的主要药剂,对于杂草群落尚未发生变化的地块仍然有很好的防效,而在杂草群落发生变化的地区,应适当更换除草剂或适当增加轮作;针对当地特点,适当推迟乙莠合剂的喷施时间,采用机械喷雾、加大用水量等措施来提高乙莠合剂的防效。     

南繁玉米试验地不同除草剂防效比较

以"玉洋洋"、"玉临军"、"苞卫"、"随薏打"和"金都尔"5种化学除草剂为试验药剂,以丹玉8479为试材,研究南繁玉米试验田的杂草防治效果。结果表明,不同除草剂间对杂草的防效存在差异性,"玉洋洋"和"随薏打"防效较好,最高值超过90%;"苞卫"和"金都尔"的防效周期较长,达30~35 d。5种除草剂对玉米均相对安全,对收获产量影响也较小。综合防治效果和防控周期考虑,在南繁玉米试验田根据不同需要可以使用"玉洋洋"和"苞卫"2种除草剂。根据海南冬季农田生产的特殊性,施用除草剂时应严格控制剂量并防止漂移,避免对周围瓜菜和后茬作物产生影响。     

Effect of herbicide application on weed flora under conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe

Increased challenges of weed control in the smallholder farming sector of southern Africa have often resulted in small yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different weed control strategies on weed flora and composition under conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Zimbabwe. This study was conducted at three on-station trial sites namely Domboshawa Training Centre (DTC), University of Zimbabwe farm (UZ farm) and Henderson Research Station (HRS) in a maize–soybean rotation for four seasons from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 seasons. Hand weeding was done whenever weeds were 10 cm tall or 10 cm in circumference for weeds with a stoloniferous growth habit. Weed identification was done up to the weed species level, and the Shannon–Weiner diversity and evenness index was used to determine the response of weed flora to herbicides. Results showed that there were more weeds in the early years which decreased gradually until the final season. Weed species diversity was not affected by herbicide application and the results indicated that weed species diversity was small in CA systems. Annual weed species constituted a greater proportion of species, and species richness decreased with the duration of the study. Richardia scabra L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. were the most common dominant weed species at all sites and in all seasons. Moreover, herbicide application had no effect on the evenness of weeds in the plots but site characteristics had a significant effect on the distribution of weed species (weed species evenness). The results presented in this study suggest that herbicide application facilitates a depletion of weed seed bank/number of weeds over time. Thus, herbicide application in CA has potential to reduce weed density, species richness and species diversity in the long term which may lead to more labour savings and larger yields.     

The impact of toxaphene applied as a post-emergence herbicide for control of sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., on arthropods associated with soybean

The impact on arthropod populations of toxaphene (camphechlor) used as a herbicide was compared with cultivation and pre-emergence herbicide usage for control of sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., in soybean. Soybean yields and weed control were also evaluated. Pest resurgence due to toxaphene was found to be limited, but significantly more soybean plants had main stems girdled due to the threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), than those plants where toxaphene had not been applied. Both toxaphene usage and cultivation reduced early season predator abundance significantly compared with soybean where weeds were not controlled. However, the greater abundance of predators in soybeans with weeds appeared to be attributable to the increase in habitat diversity provided by the weeds and soybeans and not to a reduction in predator numbers caused by toxaphene in the treated plots. Neither soybean yields, nor the degree of sicklepod control, differed significantly between toxaphene usage and cultivation. Permethrin usage significantly reduced both pest and predator abundance in soybean.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.     

大豆制品中异黄酮各组分含量测定及分析

选择几种有代表性的大豆制品进行了异黄酮各组分含量的测定。测定结果表明:大豆制品中异黄酮各组分的含量表现为非发酵大豆制品中异黄酮主要以糖苷D和G的形式存在,而在发酵大豆制品中,苷元Ge和De比例明显增加。并且对影响大豆制品中异黄酮各组分的因素进行了分析。为引导消费者有目的性地选择大豆制品及为指导企业生产加工出高生物活性异黄酮制品提供参考。     

Strategies for the control of Avena sterilis in winter wheat production systems in central Spain

A bioeconomic model is described and used to investigate the agronomic and economic consequences of using a range of management strategies for the control of winter wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) in cereal cropping systems representative of central Spain. The results of simulations indicated that growing winter wheat continuously with the annual application of herbicides may be the optimum strategy, resulting in acceptable wild oat populations and maximum economic benefits. However, the practice of wheat monoculture was only a valid option as long as herbicides were applied annually: spraying herbicides in alternate years failed to control wild oats adequately and resulted in major economic losses. The rotation of wheat with a fallow year, with no herbicides applied in either of the two years, may be a satisfactory low-cost alternative when wild oat infestation levels are low, but it is not valid when infestation levels are high. The strategy that combines the use of a fallow year with herbicide application in the wheat year resulted in optimum wild oat control and moderate profitability under all conditions. However, the net returns obtained were substantially lower than in the continuous wheat plus herbicide strategy. The sensitivity of the model to variation in various key parameters was tested: wheat yield level and fixed costs were the two parameters that had the largest effect on model output. In general, the effect of changing parameter values was more pronounced in continuous wheat systems than in wheat-fallow rotations