苹果园天敌昆虫群落的空间分布研究

天敌昆虫在苹果树树冠的空间分布有一定的差异。天敌昆虫在苹果树树冠东、南、西、北四个方位以及内、外部等的水平位置上的数量分布无明显的差异；在苹果树树冠上、中、下部的垂直水平上的分布差异大，树冠中、下部明显多于上部。     

山东烟台地区苹果园和桃园主要害虫及天敌昆虫发生动态

山东烟台地区是我国苹果和桃的重要产区.本研究利用性诱剂诱捕器和黄色粘虫板调查烟台地区果园中主要害虫和其他常见害虫及天敌昆虫的发生动态.结果 表明:山东烟台地区苹果园和桃园中主要害虫—梨小食心虫、桃小食心虫、小绿叶蝉在两个果园中的年发生总量存在一定差异,苹果园桃小食心虫年诱捕量为545.8头/诱捕器,显著高于桃园年诱捕量...     

苹果园杂草多样性及其对天敌昆虫的影响

陕西渭北的黄土高原是我国苹果的主要产区,该地区果园地形复杂,地面植被丰富,生产上往往需要投入大量的人力和物力清除杂草。果园植物的种类对果园昆虫多样性有明显影响,果园生物多样性指数维持较高水平时害虫不易成灾。严毓骅和段建军及王大平研究表明,在苹果园保留夏至草,或间作苜蓿、三叶草、白花草木犀、百脉根等可提高天敌昆虫的多样性,有助于发挥天敌昆虫的作用。果园地面杂草覆盖度较高时,捕食性蜘蛛的丰富度和多样性也较高,可有效控制果园中的主要害虫。目前,关于黄土高原苹果园杂草多样性以及不同杂草对天敌昆虫的影响尚未见报道。本试验对陕西省黄陵县不同地形的苹果园地面植被进行系统调查,明确杂草种类及优势种,并对杂草群落与果园天敌昆虫群落相似性进行了比较。     

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区森林昆虫天敌种类调查（四）

本文报道甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区膜翅目(Hymenoptera)天敌昆虫17科88种。     

申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫资源调查

申家店林区植物种类较多,植被保存完好,通过对申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫调查研究分析,结果表明,试验中采集和观察到的捕食性天敌昆虫共7目14科41种385只;捕食性天敌昆虫种类较多,个别种类数量大;不同样地捕食性天敌昆虫分布差异较大,且具有区域性。本调查研究可为黑龙江省东部地区捕食性天敌昆虫多样性研究提供参考。     

湖南省茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查

本文报道了湖南省茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查的结果,共查明天敌昆虫９５种,分属膜翅目１２科、鞘翅目４科、双翅目１科和脉翅目３科。指出了主要茶树害虫重要天敌昆虫。讨论了茶园生物防治有待于进一步探讨的问题。     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤矿质氮累积与分布研究

对渭北旱塬6~37龄苹果园土壤剖面中硝态氮和铵态氮的含量进行了分析测定,以了解不同树龄,不同剖面深度土壤矿质氮累积与分布状况。结果表明,不同种植年限苹果园0~400 cm剖面土体中,氨态氮的含量和分布保持相对稳定;硝态氮含量和分布变化显著,含量在0.31~195.32 mg/kg之间,土体剖面硝态氮的累积量呈显著增加的趋势,累积层出现在40~260 cm土层,最高含量出现在15龄果园的100~120 cm土层中,其值为195.32 mg/kg。土壤剖面累积大量的硝态氮,可能会造成潜在的环境问题。     

生草模式对苹果园天敌及其调控苹果绣线菊蚜作用的影响

本文采用田间系统调查和罩笼试验评价天敌控害作用,分析生草模式对苹果园天敌及其控害功能的影响,为合理利用地面植被控制绣线菊蚜提供科学依据。结果表明,地面植被会影响苹果园天敌的种群发生数量;人工生草苹果园捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌的种群密度均显著高于自然生草园和清耕苹果园;直接调查法获得的天敌与绣线菊蚜的益害比差异不显著,黄板调查的结果显示,人工生草园益害比显著高于自然生草园和清耕园,分别是其3.2倍和22.88倍;罩笼试验结果表明,第15 d罩网处理和开放处理间苹果绣线菊蚜的种群增长比率无显著差异,但清耕园苹果绣线菊蚜的种群增长比率显著高于人工种草和自然生草苹果园;三种处理苹果园生物控害指数无显著性差异。果园生草能显著提高天敌的密度及益害比,在提高果园天敌数量和控害功能方面具有重要作用。     

国外昆虫天敌商品化现状及分析

本文归纳总结了国外天敌商品化产品的种类、应用概况、产品登记、质量管理、天敌产品包装等现状,并分析了天敌商品化过程中的一些问题。     

青海省枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类调查

本文于2009-2016年调查了青海省天然枸杞林和栽培枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类和主要病虫害发生规律。在当地枸杞林有害虫34种,病害7种,天敌昆虫32种。对栽培红果枸杞生产造成较大影响的病害有:枸杞白粉病、根腐病、干热风害和霜冻害。34种枸杞害虫隶属于节肢动物2纲7目18科,栽培红果枸杞的主要害虫有棉蚜、白枸杞瘤瘿螨、枸杞木虱、枸杞绢蛾;天然枸杞林重要病虫有枸杞绢蛾、白枸杞瘤瘿螨和枸杞白粉病。黑果枸杞主要病虫仅有2种,枸杞瘤瘿螨和枸杞白粉病。枸杞干果(黑果枸杞和红果枸杞)的重要仓储害虫是印度谷斑螟。枸杞蚜虫类的主要天敌昆虫为瓢虫类和丽草蛉,枸杞瘿螨类的主要天敌昆虫是枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂,枸杞木虱的优势天敌为莱曼氏蚁。     

水盆式性诱剂诱捕器对苹果园昆虫种群的影响

通过对有机苹果园和常规苹果园的系统调查,调查分析了果园释放性诱剂对园内目标害虫、天敌及中性昆虫的诱集作用。结果表明:无论在有机苹果园还是常规苹果园,性诱剂均对天敌昆虫和中性昆虫具有一定的诱杀作用,且益害比在有机园中为2:1和2:3之间,在常规园中则在3:1和1:10范围内。水盆式性诱剂诱捕器的使用对自然天敌在果园中的控害作用有明显的影响。     

广丰县茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查

本文报道了广丰县茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查的结果,共查明天敌昆虫57种,分属半翅目2科、脉翅目2科、鞘翅目4科、双翅目1科和膜翅目12科.指出了主要茶树害虫重要天敌昆虫.讨论了茶园生物防治有待于进一步探讨的问题.     

Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops

The toxicities of three enzyme inhibitors and their synergistic effects on four insecticides were studied by using the dry film method on field populations of 18 species of insects collected in Jianxin and Shanjie, China, from 2003 to 2005. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of these enzyme inhibitors on the activities of acetylcholinesterases (AChE), carboxyesterases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST), in vivo, were also studied. In general, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl maleate (DEM) showed low toxicities to six herbivorous pest insects, four ladybirds and eight parasitoids. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) exhibited low toxicities to the herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds, but high toxicities to the eight parasitoids. The tolerance to the insecticides in 11 pest insects and natural enemies was mainly associated with the tolerance to PB. PB showed the highest synergism on methamidophos, fenvalerate, fipronil and avermectin in nine species of pest insects and natural enemies. In general, TPP and DEM showed significant synergisms to these four insecticides in four parasitoid species. However, in contrast to their effects on the parasitoids, the synergistic effects of TPP and DEM on the four insecticides by TPP and DEM against four pest insects and one ladybird varied depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitor. Activity of AChE, CarE or GST could be strongly inhibited, in vivo, by PB, TPP or DEM, depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitors. From the results obtained in this study, mixed-function oxidase (MFO) was thought to play the most critical role in insect tolerances to the tested insecticides in the field. Low competition existed in the evolution of insecticide resistance in the field populations of parasitoids, as compared with herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds. Possible causes of the high synergistic effects of PB on the four classes of insecticides, based on multiattack on the activity of CarE, GST or AChE in the insect species, are also discussed.     

Plant training for induced defense against insect pests: a promising tool for integrated pest management in cotton

Enhancing cotton pest management using plant natural defenses has been described as a promising way to improve the management of crop pests. We here reviewed various studies on cotton growing systems to illustrate how an ancient technique called plant training, which includes plant topping and pruning, may contribute to this goal. Using examples from cotton crops, we show how trained plants can be brought to a state of enhanced defense that causes faster and more robust activation of their defense responses. We revisit the agricultural benefits associated with this technique in cotton crops, with a focus on its potential as a supplementary tool for integrated pest management (IPM). In particular, we examine its role in mediating plant interactions with conspecific neighboring plants, pests and associated natural enemies. We propose a new IPM tool, plant training for induced defense, which involves inducing plant defense through artificial injury. Experimental evidence from various studies shows that cotton training is a promising technique, particularly for smallholders, which can be used as part of an IPM program to significantly reduce insecticide use and to improve productivity in cotton farming. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

天敌产业化是全链条的系统工程

天敌昆虫及捕食螨在害虫害螨等的防控中发挥着重要作用,而其产业化在其中起着重要的支撑作用。天敌产业化受到多种因素的影响,包括技术、服务、理念、政策等多个层面。它是全链条式的,各个环节紧紧相扣,任何一个环节的断裂都会影响到整个产业化的发展。本文着重技术及服务等层面的分析与思考,强化全产业链理念,希望对我国天敌产业化的发展起到一定的推动作用。     

瓦楞纸诱虫带对梨园越冬害虫与天敌的诱集效果

为明确瓦楞纸板诱虫带对梨园越冬害虫与天敌的诱集效果,探究了瓦楞纸板类型对诱集效果的影响,并比较了该诱虫带对同一品种不同绑扎部位、相同品种不同树形以及不同品种梨树越冬害虫与天敌的诱集效果.试验结果表明,不同宽度瓦楞纸诱虫带对害虫的诱集效果无显著差异.瓦楞纸诱虫带不同绑扎部位对天敌诱集效果无显著影响,但将其扎绑至距离梨树第...     

云南蓝莓病虫害调查及防治方法

为了解云南蓝莓栽培中的病虫害危害情况,于2008-2012年对云南省5个蓝莓主栽区的蓝莓病虫害进行了系统调查。记录危害蓝莓的病虫害23种,其中真菌病害7种,病毒病害3种,生理性病害3种,虫害10种。在系统调查病虫害危害程度的基础上,提出了蓝莓的缺铁症和斑喙丽金龟为当前防治的主要对象,并对其发生、危害情况及其相应的防治技术措施作了概述。