Self-thinning lines and allometric relation in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) stands

We calculated a self-thinning exponent of 1.05 for tree mass using the 3/2 power equation in 93 Cunninghamia lanceolata plots.According to Weller’s allometric model,the self-thinning exponent for tree mass was calculated as 1.28 from the allometric exponents h and d.The both self-thinning exponents were significantly lower than 3/2.The self-thinning exponent of organs was estimated to be 1.42 for stems,0.93 for branches,0.96 for leaves,1.35 for roots and 1.28 for shoots,respectively.The self-thinning exponent of stem mass was not significantly different from 3/2,whereas thinning exponents of trees,branches,leaves and roots were significantly lower than 3/2.The stand leaf mass and stand branch mass were constant regardless of the stand density.The scaling relations among branch,leaf,stem,root and shoot mass(MB,ML,MS,MR and MA,respectively) showed that MB and ML scaled as the3/4 power of MS,whereas MS or MA scaled isometrically with respect to MR.     

不同杉木良种林分生长比较

为筛选出适宜在福建杉木中心产区推广的杉木良种,选择5个杉木良种(福建尤溪第2代种子园实生苗、福建洋口第2代种子园实生苗、广西融水第1代种子园实生苗、洋020无性系组培苗、福建沙县本地种源实生苗),在福建农林大学莘口教学林场开展不同杉木良种、不同坡位造林对比试验,造林后12 a对不同杉木良种林分的生长情况进行调查.结果 ...     

Effects of site management treatments on growth of six-year-old, second-rotation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations

The effects of five different site management treatments on the productivity of a six-year-old and secondrotation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantations planted after harvesting a 29-year-old and first-rotation Chinese fir plantation in Xiayang State Forest Farm, Nanping, Fujian Province, were studied. Results showed that the Chinese fir grew best on plots treated with the double slash treatment (BL₃), followed by the whole tree harvest (BL₁) and the slash burning treatment (SB), and poorest on treatment BL₂ (normal slash retention) and BL₀ (removal of all organic matter aboveground). The site index of the second rotation Chinese fir plantations in BL₃ and BL₀ treatments increased by 0.56 and 0.27, respectively, compared with the first rotation, and decreased in the rest of the three treatments. Compared with the first rotation, the site index of the second rotation treated with BL₁, SB and BL₂ treatments decreased by 0.39, 0.45 and 0.63, respectively. Differences among the treatments were not statistically significant. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(11): 47–51 [译自: 林业科学]     

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism primer screening on Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook)

Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook) is one of the most important coniferous tree species used for timber production in China. Here, we conducted a sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP) primer screening assay with a total of 594 primer combinations,using 22 forward and 27 reverse primers on four representative Chinese fir genotypes. The obtained results indicated that Chinese fir genomic DNA has a notable amplification bias on the employed forward or reverse primer nucleotides(30selection bases). Out of the tested primer sets, 35 primer combinations with clearly distinguished bands, stable amplification, and rich polymorphism were selected and identified as optimal primer sets. These optimal primer pairs gave a total of 379 scorable bands,including 265 polymorphic bands, with an average of 10.8bands and 7.6 polymorphic bands per primer combination.The produced band number for each optimal primer set ranged from 7 to 14 with a percentage of polymorphic bands spanning from 33.3 to 100.0 %. These primer combinations could facilitate the next SRAP analysis assays in Chinese fir.     

Two chemical mutagens modulate the seed germination,growth, and phenotypic characteristics of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata )

Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook),a fast-growing and economically important timber tree species in China,is widely used in construction,furniture,and paper manufacture but has a long breeding cycle.Chemical mutagens,such as ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)and sodium azide(SA),are widely used in crops such as rice,wheat,cotton,soybean and sugarcane but their utility for tree breeding is unknown.In this study we examined the effects of EMS and S A on Chinese fir seed germination and growth.Chinese fir seeds were treated with the two chemical mutagens;were planted in Jiangle County,Fujian Province,China;and their heights were measured from 2011 to2017.The concentrations and durations of treatment with the two chemical mutagens were significantly associated with the Chinese fir seedling and mortality rates,as well as with the heights of trees from the seedling stage to 3 years old.We also generated 127 mutants with abnormal branches and reproductive growth.We report here the effects of two chemical mutagens on Chinese fir breeding;our data will contribute to knowledge of the utility of EMS and SA in forestry.     

杉木干燥过程中的有机挥发物释放

采用小型干燥机干燥木材,在冰浴中用酸化的2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液和去离子水分别对尾气中醛类和有机酸、醇类采样,用活性炭管对萜烯类采样,采用高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪对有机挥发物进行分析.结果表明:杉木干燥释放的主要物质是甲醇、乙酸和甲酸,其次是乙醛、甲醛、丙烯醛/丙酮;萜烯类挥发物主要有α-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯.杉木高温干燥释放的醛类和酸、醇类挥发物远高于常规干燥,高温和常规干燥中挥发物总量分别为91.7 g·m-3和29.9 g·m-3,但萜烯类挥发物总量差异很小.木材干燥终含水率对醛类和有机酸、醇类释放量影响较大,对萜烯类释放量影响较小.甲醛高温干燥时随含水率降低释放速率增大,其他物质在高温和常规干燥时的释放速率随含水率减少呈下降趋势.     

杉木连栽地营造的米老排人工林生物量

在福建南平对2代杉木人工林采伐迹地上营造的22年生米老排和杉木人工林(对照)的乔木层生物量及其空间分配格局进行研究,结果表明:建立的米老排、杉木各器官相对生长模型W=a(D2H)b的决定系数均在0.9以上,拟合效果较好。22年生米老排乔木层生物量为244.39 t·hm~(-2),比杉木(对照)高68.42%,各器官生物量大小顺序为:干(54.51%)根(21.07%)枝(11.45%)皮(5.79%)叶(3.44%)枯枝(2.89%)花果(0.85%),均大于杉木;米老排直径大于2 cm枝的生物量比例(41.31%)远大于杉木(2.43%),但0.5 cm枝的生物量比例(19.02%)小于杉木(26.78%);米老排人工林根系生物量为51.50 t·hm~(-2),比杉木人工林高61.39%,其83.91%的根系生物量集中在0~40 cm深度的土层中;米老排细根(直径0.2 cm)生物量在0~10 cm表层土壤中的比例(42.35%)高于杉木(33.00%),且在40 cm以下土层生物量的分配率也大于杉木。米老排较高的细根生物量可能是其生产力高于杉木的主要原因之一。     

异速生长模型估算不同林龄杉木人工林生物量

在福建省三明市三元区城东乡荆东村,采用树干解析法对不同林龄(10、24、40 a)的杉木人工林生物量及其分配模式进行测定,并采用回归模型:W=a(D2H)b进行生物量拟合。结果表明:W=a(D2H)b可作为3个年龄序列的杉木人工林不同器官生物量的估算模型。杉木人工林不同器官生物量随林龄的增加呈递增趋势,幼龄阶段叶片和枝增长较快,中龄阶段树干增长较快,从中龄林向成熟林过度阶段生物量积累速率减慢。在不同生长阶段,杉木人工林不同器官对总生物量的相对贡献明显不同,其中树干所占比例最大(50.0%~73.4%),且随种植年限呈递增趋势,而根系所占比例随林龄的增加呈递减趋势,说明树干是杉木人工林生物量积累的重要组成部分。     

Structure and characterization of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood/MMT intercalation nanocomposite (WMNC)

With water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin as an intermediate, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood/montmorillonite nanocomposite (WMNC) was prepared through vacuum impregnation and characterized with XRD, SEM, FTIR and TG-DTA analyses. The XRD analysis indicated that the wood crystallinity of WMNC decreased, the MMT exfoliated and some nano silicate layers entered into the non-crystallized microfibrillar region of the wood cell wall. Wood structure is anisotropic and its impregnation is anisotropic. Due to the nonuniformity of the MMT organic modification, PF intercalation and wood impregnation, the MMT configuration and distribution in wood were diverse. The SEM graphs of WMNC showed that some silicate grains were blocked in the wood cell lumen, some silicate layers adhered to the inner surface of the wood cell wall, and some exfoliated MMT layers even penetrated the wood cell wall. The obtained hydroxyl of WMNC increased and its ether linking decreased. It was considered that MMT and wood interacted not only with hydroxyl bonds, but also involved some chemical linking. Compared with untreated wood and the PF-impreg, the pyrolysis process of WMNC changed; its starting decomposing temperature decreased and its pyrolysis weight loss at high temperatures greatly decreased. The WMNC indicated certain nanoeffects of the composition of the inorganic MMT nanolamellae. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(1): 131–135 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Litterfall production and nutrient return in different-aged Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations in South China

The amounts of litter produced and nutrients returned play a fundamental role in the productivity and biogeochemical and nutrient cycling of forest ecosystems.We monitored annual litterfall production, nutrient return,and monthly dynamics over a one-year period in Chinese fir plantations aged 10, 22, and 34 years. Our objective was to quantify litterfall and nutrient return over a complete harvest rotation of Chinese fir. Annual litterfall production increased with stand age and was recorded as(3,294.6 ± 360.4),(3,733.9 ± 211.2), and(4,876.1 ± 212.8) kg ha-1a-1in stands aged 10, 22 and 34 years, respectively. Total litter production was significantly greater in the stand aged34 years than in the stand aged 10 years(p \ 0.05). With the exception of miscellaneous components, needle litterfall constituted the highest proportion(27.5–43.6 %), followed by branches/twigs(9.5–16.6 %). In all three plantations,annual total nutrient return to soil was in the order of C(1,119.95–2,709.05 kg ha-1a-1) [ N(39.32–62.04 kg ha-1a-1) [ K(15.95–22.44 kg ha-1a-1) [ P(1.30–1.63 kg ha-1a-1). C, N, K and P input to soil was significantly lower in the 10-year-old stand in comparison to the 22- and34-year-old stands(p \ 0.05). Litterfall production and nutrient return(C, N and K) followed similar patterns, and C and N input to soil was significantly related to litterfall production(needle, branch and total litterfall). C, N, P and K input to soil and total litterfall production were mainly driven by needle litterfall.     

Assessment of flexural properties of different grade dimension lumber by ultrasonic technique

The dimension lumber （45mm×90mm×3700mm） of plantation Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） was graded to four different classes as SS, No. 1, No.2 and No.3, according to national lumber grades authority （NLGA） for structure light framing and structure joists and planks. The properties of apparent density was determined at 15% moisture content, bending strength and stiffness were tested according to American Society for Testing and Materials （ASTM） D198-99, and dynamic modulus of elasticity （Eusw） was measured by ultrasonic technique, for predicting the flexural properties of different grade lumbers. The results showed that Eosw was larger than the static MOE. The relationship between Eusw and static MOE was significant at 0.01 level, and the determination coefficients （R2） of the four grade lumbers followed the sequence as R^2No.2 （0.616）〉 R^2ss （0.567）〉 R^2No1 （0.366）〉 R^2No.3 （0.137）. The R^2 of Fusw and MOR were lower than that of the Etru and MOR for each grade. The Eusw of all the grade lumbers, except No.3-grade, had significant correlation with the static MOE and MOR, thus the bending strengthof those grade lumbers can be estimated by the E The Etru valuesof four grade lumbers followed a sequence as No.2-grade （10.701 GPa） 〉 SS-grade （10.359 GPa） 〉 No.l-grade （9.840 GPa） 〉 No.3-grade （9.554 GPa）. For the same grade dimension lumber, its Eusw value was larger than static MOE. Mean values of MOR for four grade lumbers follow a sequence as No.2-grade （48.67 MPa） 〉 SS-grade （48.16 MPa） 〉 No.3-grade （46.55 MPa） 〉 No. 1-grade （43.39MPa）.     

杉木实生苗根生长势的研究

研究了杉木实生苗根生长势的测定方法，根生长势与造林第１年成活率是的关系。新根数量和新根总长与造林成活率密切相关，可以反映苗木的直实质量。通过对 生长热同苗木形态指标之间的关关系的分析，发现长度≥５ｃｍ的１级侧根数和苗木鲜与根生长势相关紧密，地径等指标与根生长势相关不紧密。     

Mechanical properties assessment of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation wood with three acoustic-based nondestructive methods

The objectives of this study were to establish the method of evaluating wood mechanical properties by acoustic nondestructive testing at standing trees and at logs of a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation, and to compare three acoustic nondestructive methods for evaluating the static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compressive strength parallel-to-grain (σ_c) of plantation wood as well. Fifteen Chinese fir plantation trees at 36 years of age were selected. Each tree was cut into four logs, for which three values of dynamic modulus of elasticity, i.e., E _sw, of the north and south face based on stress waves to assume the measuring state of the standing tree, E _fr, longitudinal vibration, and E _us, ultrasonic wave, were measured in the green condition. After log measurements, small specimens were cut and air-dried to 12% moisture content (MC). Static bending tests were then performed to determine the bending MOE and MOR, and compressive tests parallel-to-grain were made to determine σ_c. The bending MOE of small clear specimens was about 7.1% and 15.4% less than E _sw and E _us, respectively, and 11.3% greater than E _fr. The differences between the bending MOE and dynamic MOE of logs as determined by the three acoustic methods were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Good correlation (R = 0.77, 0.57, and 0.45) between E _sw, E _fr, and E _us and static MOE, respectively, were obtained (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that longitudinal vibration may be the most precise and reliable technique to evaluate the mechanical properties of logs among these three acoustic nondestructive methods. Moreover, the results indicate that stress wave technology would be effective to evaluate wood mechanical properties both from logs and from the standing tree.     

Study on crown profile models for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Fujian Province and its visualization simulation

Crown profile models were developed for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Shunchang County, Fujian Province. We used data from 360 trees located in 65 pure, even-aged, and unthinned temporary plots. The data were divided into three groups according to site index. Nine models, including models for upper crown, lower crown, and entire crown, were fit; the optimal ones in each group were validated and chosen to estimate crown shape. The optimal models explained at least 70% variability in crown radius (CR). In addition, models for crown width, height above ground to crown base, and height above ground to largest CR were also developed to facilitate the convenient simulation of crown profile models. These three models explained 85.4%, 85.1%, and 86.9% variability. All models also passed the F-test and residual test. The 3D images of a single tree and stands were presented by OpenGL technology on visual c++ platform based on the proposed models. Tree growth was compared and analyzed using crown profile curves under constrained conditions. The analysis results accorded with plant growth.     

杉木木荷混交林生物量及营养元素积累的研究

在福建宁化国有林场开展了12年生杉木纯林和杉木木荷混交林生物量、不同组分营养元素含量及积累量的研究,结果表明,混交林乔木层生物量高于纯林,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层生物量两种林分接近,混交林总生物量比纯林增加32.8%;混交林中杉木各器官多数营养元素含量高于纯林,但没有一致性的变化规律;混交林N、P、K、Ca和Mg积累量均高于纯林,混交林中这五种元素的积累量分别比纯林增加11.5%、15.6%、19.7%、30.7%和6.2%;因此,杉木木荷混交林可以有效增加这五种营养元素的积累,混交林比纯林更有利于维持地力。     

Research on design value of compressive strength for Chinese fir dimension lumber based on full-size testing

The objective of this study was to obtain design value, which was calculated according to the limit states design method, for the utilization of Chinese fir in the building structure field as a green building material. A total of 342 specimens were tested by static compression method. The normal and lognormal distributions were selected to fit the experimental data. The results indicated that reliability index increased nonlinearly with the live-to-dead ratio and resistance partial coefficient increased. To meet the target index (β ₀ = 3.2), it was suggested that design values of compressive strength of Chinese fir were set to 13.751, 13.186, and 13.123 MPa for SS, No. 1, and No. 2 grade, respectively.     

杉木热处理材结晶度及力学性能的研究

热处理对木材力学性能的影响是多样的,这与热处理条件下木材的物理化学变化密切相关。本次研究将杉木板材在160℃、180℃和220℃常压蒸汽条件下进行热处理,考察处理材的结晶度、抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度及相互可能的关联。结果表明,热处理使试材结晶度增加,有助于提高木材的刚性,使热处理材的抗弯弹性模量高于常规对照材;结晶度的提高对抗弯强度没有改善作用,热处理后试材的抗弯强度明显下降。     

施肥对杉木幼苗生长量的影响

对杉木幼苗进行N、P、K配合施肥试验。结果表明:施肥能显著促进杉木幼苗苗高和地径的生长,单施N肥的效果较N、P、K配合施肥的效果差;施肥对杉木苗苗高和地径生长的影响达极显著,单施N肥的处理与N、P、K配合施肥的处理间差异达极显著;最适合的配方是N1.5 g/株、P5 g/株、K1.5 g/株,该处理的苗高比对照高38.8%,地径比对照高46%;效果最差的配方是N1.5 g/株,该处理的苗高比对照高17.4%,地径比对照高20.0%。     

Effect of ACQ-D Treatment on the Surface Free Energy of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)

In this study, the contact angles of three different reference liquids (including distilled water, diiodomethane, and formamide) and PF resin on the surfaces of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) samples untreated or treated with different con- centrations of ACQ-D (ammoniacal copper quat Type D) solutions were measured. Then, the surface free energy was calculated by two approaches: acid-base approach and geometric mean approach. ACQ-D treatment caused higher contact angles and lower surface free energies at a retention level corresponding to the commodity treated wood products. When wood was treated with much higher concentrations of ACQ-D, the total surface free energy of wood would be higher than the untreated control. Acid-base/polar compo- nents related with the hydrogen bonding state in wood were considered to be responsible for the observed changes according to the applied approaches. The hydrophobic properties and also higher contact angles of PF resin drop on wood surfaces after ACQ-D treatment at a reasonable retention level confirms the changes on surface free energy.