宁化县木荷混交造林效果分析

对木荷与杉木、马尾松不同混交方式、混交比例的混交林、木荷纯林的生长效果进行调查分析,结果表明：木荷更适宜种植混交林,杉木×木荷3∶1比例混交林的木荷平均胸径、平均树高、单株材积及林分生长量均比杉木×木荷2∶1混交林及木荷纯林更好,具有显著性差异。混交方式以水平带状混交林分生长更好,水平带状混交木荷的平均胸径、平均树高、单株材积、平均冠幅均比垂直带状混交及木荷纯林高。杉木与木荷混交应控制好木荷的混交比例,否则会影响混交效果,而且到一定年龄时对林分应进行间伐,控制好林分密度,促进林分生长。     

不同生境、造林模式闽楠人工林生长及林分分化

利用福建省三明市和建瓯市不同生境、造林模式闽楠人工林的24块代表性样地材料,对其生长及林分分化进行系统研究。结果表明:45龄闽楠人工纯林北坡、东坡林分树高均值明显高于西坡、南坡,而南坡、东坡林分平均胸径显著较北坡、西坡大,中坡、下坡生长明显优于上坡;45龄不同混交类型闽楠人工林中,与杉木混交效果较好,显著优于分别与福建柏、毛竹、木荷混交的林分;8 10龄弱光环境下闽楠林分在马尾松冠下和杉萌套种模式时生长较好,其树高、胸径显著大于杉木冠下闽楠林分;相同坡向、坡位、混交林及马尾松冠下闽楠人工林树高、胸径变异较小,而冠幅变异较大。不同微环境和造林模式的闽楠人工林径阶分布采用Weibull分布函数拟合,效果较好,各坡向、坡位闽楠人工纯林、与毛竹混交的林分及弱光条件下闽楠幼林均为倒"J"型分布,即其林分结构相对稳定、竞争较合理,而分别与杉木、福建柏和木荷混交的林分径阶呈单峰左偏山状分布,表明其处于竞争的自然稀疏后期;不同生境、造林模式闽楠林分林木分级显示,除杉萌套种和杉木冠下林分各级林木所占比例相对分散外,其他调查林分Ⅱ级木、Ⅲ级木占主导地位。因此,营建闽楠人工林应依据不同培育目标进行立地、混交模式及微环境选择,其人工林分宜选偏阳、半阳坡、中下坡,造林时尽可能选庇荫微环境,至中龄期可逐步移除冠层树种;杉木为其较理想伴生树种,与杉木混交林分的生长后期或杉萌套种闽楠林分郁闭期,建议间伐伴生树种;而弱光微环境应首选立地较好的马尾松冠下。     

枫香人工造林初期效果分析

研究了不同立地质量等级、不同坡向、不同坡位对7年生枫香混交林生长的影响,结果表明:Ⅱ级立地枫香的生长明显好于Ⅲ、Ⅳ级地;不同坡位、坡向对枫香的生长有显著影响,枫香的生长量大小依次是下坡>中坡>上坡,阴坡>半阴坡>阳坡;枫香适宜与杉木、马尾松混交,混交林生长量均大于杉木、马尾松纯林生长量。     

闽北7种人工林林木生长状况分析

闽北林区是福建省最为主要的林区,为探寻适宜的人工林造林方式,以建瓯南雅杉溪村18a生的杉木纯林、马尾松纯林、木荷纯林、杉木×马尾松混交林、杉木×木荷混交林、马尾松×木荷混交林、杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林为研究对象,对这7种人工林林地中杉木、马尾松和木荷的生长状况进行了测定和分析。结果表明:杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林中杉木的生长状况好于其他6种类型人工林中杉木的生长状况,在马尾松×木荷混交林中,马尾松和木荷的生长状况较其他6种类型林地要好。     

木荷人工林经营效果分析

对木荷人工林经营效果的研究结果表明:木荷适应性强,对立地条件要求不严,但应优先选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ级立地的中下坡造林较好。木荷适宜营造混交林,纯林生长缓慢,难以培育大径级用材林。人工林经营应严格控制经营密度,适时间伐,20年生后木荷经营密度不宜大于975株.hm-2。在一定的密度范围内,木荷的胸径、树高、材积生长随混交比例的增大而下降,树种组成以4荷6杉较为合理。在同一立地营造的荷杉混交林的蓄积量和土壤肥力均大于木荷纯林。     

柠檬桉与乡土树种复层混交林效果分析

对22a生柠檬桉×木荷×杉木复层混交林、木荷×杉木单层混交林及杉木纯林调查分析表明：柠檬桉×木荷×杉木复层混交林能合理利用营养空间,提高林分生产力,林分蓄积量比木荷×杉木单层混交林提高了30．6％,比杉木纯林提高了119．3％。柠檬桉由于树体高大,与木荷、杉木混交,其密度的增加并不会影响乡土树种的树高、胸径、材积生长。柠檬桉×木荷×杉木复层混交林林下植被丰富,生物多样性高于荷×杉单层混交林和杉木纯林。     

闽楠人工林生长与干形形质分析

在福建省三明市三元区研究45年生闽楠人工林生长、干形形质与不同坡位、坡向及混交树种的关系,结果表明:坡向和坡位对闽楠生长、干形的影响显著,对枝下高和树干通直度影响很小。地处南坡的闽楠人工林其胸径生长量最大,且干形圆满。北坡土壤水湿条件有利于闽楠的树高生长,能促进闽楠自然整枝。在不同坡位中,下坡的闽楠胸径生长最快,分别为中坡和上坡的1.05倍和1.38倍,且干形通直圆满。除闽楠胸径和树干圆满度外,其它生长和形质性状皆存在极显著的坡向×坡位互作效应,说明人工造林时需综合考虑坡向和坡位。闽楠与杉木混交可明显促进闽楠的胸径和树高生长,且对冠幅、树干通直度和圆满度无明显不利影响,杉木可作为闽楠的优选混交树种。     

不同坡地条件木荷人工林的生长差异研究

对不同坡向、坡位之间18a生木荷(Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.)人工林进行生长差异分析,结果表明:1)不同坡向、坡位的木荷林胸径、树高和单株材积均有极显著差异;阳坡下坡位的胸径均值为9.17cm,树高均值为8.10m,单株材积均值为0.031 617m3;阴坡下坡位的胸径均值为8.84cm,树高均值为7.83m,单株材积均值为0.027 923m3;阳坡或阴坡下坡位的各生长指标均值均分别超过中坡位,中坡位均分别超过上坡位;阳坡生长优于阴坡;下坡位生长情况最佳,中坡位次之,上坡位最差。2)不同坡向之间的冠幅和活枝下高均有极显著差异,死枝下高(P>0.05)差异不显著;不同坡位之间的冠幅、活枝下高、死枝下高均有极显著差异;树高、胸径分别与活枝下高、死枝下高及冠幅等指标之间存在极显著相关关系,表明林分生长力的强弱与其自然整枝能力的强弱关系密切。3)由不同坡向的不同坡位DBH/H值可知,木荷林的生长随坡位的上升均表现出树高生长逐渐替代径向生长;郁闭的木荷林分,受到干扰较少,仅产生少量萌枝,表明萌枝的产生与干扰有关。     

混交比例对杉木木荷混交林生物量及碳储量的影响

在福建省宁化国有林场开展了9年生杉木、木荷纯林及其不同混交比例林分生物量和碳储量的研究。结果表明,相对于杉木纯林,混交林干和根生物量的比例增加,枝和叶生物量的比例降低。5杉5荷林分总生物量分别比杉木和木荷纯林高25.8%和69.3%,7杉3荷和3杉7荷林分总生物量与杉木纯林接近,但分别比木荷纯林高41.2%和35.7%。7杉3荷、5杉5荷和3杉7荷混交林林分总碳储量分别比杉木纯林增加10.1%、22.2%和3.4%,比木荷纯林增加33.5%、48.3%和25.3%;碳储量的增加主要来源于乔木层和土壤层,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量与纯林差异不大。因此,相对于杉木或木荷纯林,5杉5荷混交可以显著提高林分生物量和碳储量。     

坡位对15年生樟树纯林和樟杉混交林林分生长的影响

樟树作为一种古老的珍贵树种,广泛应用于日常的生产与生活当中,但对于樟树的集约栽培研究却十分有限。通过试验林样地调查,研究了坡位对15年生樟树纯林和樟杉混交林林分生长的影响。结果表明:(1)在立地、造林密度及抚育措施一致条件下,纯林和混交林在不同坡位上的林分生长均存在显著差异;坡位对纯林和混交林林分的影响表现出一致的规律,不同坡位樟树林分生长表现为下坡位中坡位上坡位,下坡位林分的胸径、树高和冠幅都要显著大于中坡位和上坡位,而林分枝下高、主干高差异不明显。(2)坡位对纯林和混交林林分的影响程度有差异,坡位对混交林中樟树群体影响要明显大于纯林,并且影响程度随坡位提高而增大;当坡位较高时,同坡位上的樟树纯林胸径、树高生长量要显著大于混交林中的樟树群体,并且随坡位提高差异更加明显。(3)下坡位对纯林和混交林林分各生长量指标不存在显著差异,但同坡位混交林中的樟树群体表现出更低的开叉率,同时林分具有更加整齐的冠幅,这表明在坡位较低的立地条件下,樟树、杉木混交造林对樟树干形及冠形具有一定的调控作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.