锥栗脱壳去衣技术研究

锥栗足福建地区的著名特产。为开发各种锥栗深加工新产品，首先要解决的是锥栗的脱壳去红衣问题。目前，板栗脱壳设备国内外有多种，但能适用于锥栗脱壳的还很少。为此，在成功地开发了板栗脱壳机和大最试验研究的基础上，研究出一利适用于我国国情的低价高效机械式锥栗脱壳技术。     

板栗脱苞机具研发概况

为拓展板栗深加工模式,提高板栗脱苞脱壳加工技术的效率和质量,借鉴国外板栗脱苞脱壳技术的有益经验,分析现有板栗脱苞机存在的主要问题,以期为板栗机械化脱苞技术的研发提供参考。     

板栗真空爆壳及机械脱壳设备的设计

根据板栗真空爆壳机理及工艺试验,设计出板栗真空爆壳设备,以蒸汽喷射泵为真空获得系统,并采用单真空源与多个真空爆壳室相结合的合理配置,有效地提高了能源利用率。为了实现栗仁与栗壳的彻底分离,设计出机械脱壳装置,对爆壳后的板栗进行自动脱壳及分离,该装置采用对心打滚的特殊结构,提高了板栗大小的通用性,减小了对板栗仁的损伤。实践表明:设计的真空爆壳及机械脱壳设备,其栗仁获得率达95%以上,并完好无损。     

苦荞麦脱壳方法的试验

为了解决苦荞麦的脱壳问题,采用砂盘式、浸湿-砂盘式和浸湿-橡胶盘式脱壳方法,就影响脱壳的因素进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,用浸湿-橡胶盘式脱壳方法对苦荞麦进行脱壳,在浸水时间为7min、水的温度为25℃、磨盘间隙为2.7mm、磨盘转速为1092r/min时,其整、半仁率可达55.3%。     

板栗自动脱壳机的研制

在现有板栗脱壳方法的基础上,设计了一种板栗自动脱壳机,由电机、动力传动部分、自动调节装置、脱壳辊筒刀和筛选机构等组成。自动调节装置能够根据板栗直径的大小实现自动调节,筛选机构可较好地将板栗外壳和栗仁进行分离,而且脱壳辊筒刀维修和橡胶片更换方便。试验结果证明,该机脱壳率可达95%以上,且能耗较低。     

撕扯振动式嫩板栗脱蒲机试验研究

撕扯振动式嫩板栗脱蒲机脱蒲的剥净率和损伤率受各种因素的影响,为了得到较高的剥净率和较低的损伤率,需要根据不同的工艺参数进行优化。以撕扯振动式嫩板栗脱蒲机为研究对象,研究锯齿式辊子与沟槽式辊子之间间距、柔性振动辊子转速及倒入嫩板栗个数对脱蒲率的影响,采用单因素试验和正交试验方法安排撕扯振动式嫩板栗脱蒲机脱蒲试验。结果表明:单因素试验中锯齿形辊子与沟槽式辊子间间距为50mm时脱蒲效果最好;在正交试验中,锯齿形辊子与沟槽式辊子间间距为50mm、柔性振动辊子转速为560r/min、脱蒲时倒入嫩板栗个数为40个时效果最好。     

板栗真空爆壳特性影响因素的试验

采用自制的板栗真空爆壳装置,对影响板栗真空爆壳特性的因素进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,板栗大小、形状对真空爆壳影响显著;爆壳率随绝对压力的降低而增大,爆壳温度的升高和爆壳时间的延长以及在适当温度下对板栗进行预热处理,可有效提高爆壳率.板栗真空爆壳的适宜板栗和合理工艺条件为:板栗大小7.5～10.0 g/个,半球形;预热温度80℃,预热时间40 min;绝对压力2 kPa,爆壳温度80℃,爆壳时间60 min.     

滚筒栅条式花生脱壳装置的试验研究

通过滚筒栅条式脱壳装置的花生脱壳试验,找出影响其脱壳性能的主要因素,提出确定最佳滚筒转速、最佳滚筒直径、最佳栅条间隙的方法,为花生脱壳机的改进设计以及脱壳生产提供理论依据。     

双圆台锥式蓖麻脱壳清选机设计与试验

为提高蓖麻脱壳效率,确定了滚搓式的脱壳方法,设计了双圆台结构的脱壳装置以及振动筛选与气吸相结合的清选机构。根据蓖麻蒴果的物理机械特性,设计脱壳装置的内层壳体为不对称双圆台结构。确定锥角并设计脱壳滚筒间隙与脱壳滚筒外层壳体,建立不同阶段脱壳滚筒位置与脱壳间隙的数学模型,为脱壳装置动力学模拟提供理论依据。利用ADAMS对蓖麻蒴果不同脱壳阶段进行运动学仿真,分析物料在压裂阶段与脱壳阶段的位移、速度变化规律,并分析不同脱壳滚筒出料口间隙对各阶段的影响。仿真结果表明：压裂阶段,随着上脱壳滚筒出料口间隙的增加,蓖麻蒴果到达特定压裂位置的时间延后、位移增加、运动速度在0.56s时达到最大。脱壳阶段,随着下脱壳滚筒出料口间隙的增加,蓖麻籽到达特定脱壳位置的时间延后;蓖麻籽到达破壳条件时的位移增加,运动速度先增大后减小。根据仿真结果,选取可调式蓖麻脱壳清选一体装置合理的工作参数区间,以脱壳滚筒转速、上脱壳滚筒出料口间隙、下脱壳滚筒出料口间隙为因素,以脱净率、破损率为指标,利用响应面分析法,对脱壳装置进行试验研究。经双目标优化,取滚筒转速为270r/min、上脱壳滚筒出料口间隙为13.54mm、下脱壳滚筒出料口间隙为5mm;经试验验证,此时脱壳装置工作性能最佳,脱净率为92.03%,破损率为3.1%。     

山核桃脱壳试验研究

对山核桃的结构尺寸、机械压缩式脱壳所需的临界破碎压力、压缩量和压缩速度等物理参数进行了试验研究,分析各作用参数对脱壳性能的影响.研究结果表明,脱壳性能主要取决于压缩峰值力和压缩量的大小,峰值力为0.35～1.2kN,当峰值力下降到10%时,压缩量为2.2～3.0mm.正交试验表明:压缩比是影响脱壳性能最重要的参数,而压缩速度和直径大小影响不显著.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。