内蒙古牧区某地引进奶牛爆发临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

试验从内蒙古牧区某地3个奶牛场新引进的457头第1胎奶牛临床型乳房炎的76份乳样中共分离到95株病原菌,并进行了鉴定.结果表明:95株病原菌中金黄色葡萄球菌为30株(31.57%),链球菌为14株(14.74%),大肠埃希杆菌为25株(26.32%);环境性病原菌占绝大多数,占60.0%.说明该地区奶牛临床型乳房炎很可能是由于奶牛处于怀孕后期,机体抵抗力下降而乳头被环境性病原菌严重污染而引发.     

上海地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了获得上海地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌及其药物敏感性的系统资料并为指导临床合理用药和提高奶牛乳房炎防治效果提供理论依据,本研究对在上海郊区4个奶牛场采集的临床型和隐性乳房炎患牛的126份奶样进行细菌培养、分离鉴定和药敏试验.共分离到萄葡球菌,无乳链球菌,大肠杆菌3种主要病原菌107株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌74株,占分离菌株的69.16%;无乳链球菌27株,占分离菌株的25.23%;病原菌单独感染率为48.78%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的单独感染率达39.02%;病原菌混合感染率占51.22%,多为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌混合感染.主要病原菌对头孢拉定、环丙沙星、庆大霉素敏感,对大多数抗菌素产生了不同程度的耐药性,对氨苄青霉素产生了完全耐药性.     

宁夏地区奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了弄清楚宁夏地区奶牛临床型乳房炎主要病原菌的种类、分布情况及药物敏感性,为临床型乳房炎综合防治提供理论依据,对在宁夏地区部分奶牛场(牧场、奶牛养殖小区)采集的94份临床型乳房炎乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,并对主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明:奶样中检出细菌170株、酵母样真菌18株,其中葡萄球菌48株(25.53%),链球菌6株(3.19%),其他革兰阳性球菌24株(12.77%),革兰阴性杆菌92株(48.94%)。15种药物的药敏试验结果表明:病原菌对链霉素、磺胺类、林可胺类药物均已产生不同程度的耐药性,而对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢类药物则表现出较好的抑菌效果。     

奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离与鉴定

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛常见病和多发病之一，其病因复杂，难以防制，给奶牛饲养业带来了巨大的经济损失。作者通过对某奶牛场的奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌进行分离、鉴定，从105份样品中共分离出76株细菌，经培养特性、染色镜检、生化鉴定等试验，鉴定出无乳链球菌58株，占分离菌的76.32%；大肠杆菌18株，占分离菌的23.68%。本试验结果表明，无乳链球菌是奶牛临床型乳房炎的主要病原菌，其次是大肠杆菌。这为奶牛乳房炎的防制提供了重要依据。     

甘肃、贵州地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及耐药性调查

为了弄清引起我国不同地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的种类及分布情况,研究致病菌的耐药性特征,为该地区及我国奶牛乳房炎的综合防治提供理论依据,本研究对甘肃和贵州地区部分奶牛场采得的临床型或亚临床型乳房炎患牛奶样169份进行细菌分离鉴定和病原菌药敏试验。结果表明,引起两地区奶牛乳房炎的病原菌主要为葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌。在检出的189株病原菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌65株,占34.39%;表皮葡萄球菌62株,占32.8%;无乳链球菌4株,占2.12%;停乳链球菌32株,占16.93%;乳房链球菌13株,占6.88%;大肠杆菌13株,占6.88%。各种病原菌在两地区所占的比例具有差异性。各病原菌对药物的敏感性多有不同,但大多对左氟沙星、环丙沙星和先锋霉素V较为敏感,而对其他药物均有不同程度的耐药情况,特别是对复方新诺明、青霉素和万古霉素产生了强耐药性。     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为查清渭南地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的种类及其药物敏感情况,为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供理论依据,对渭南地区部分奶牛场采集39份临床型或隐性乳房炎乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,并对主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明:从所测乳样中检查出细菌48株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌18株,占37.5%;大肠杆菌14株,占29.2%;无乳链球菌9株,占18.7%;乳房链球菌5株,占10.4%;停乳链球菌2株,占4.2%。主要病原菌对各药物敏感性不同,其中对头孢喹诺、头孢曲松钠、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星均高度敏感,对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素等有较强的耐药性。     

不同地区3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎细菌病原种类分析

本试验通过对不同地区3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎细菌病原的分离鉴定,分析其种类和感染情况,并结合牧场环境状况和管理方式,提出控制乳房炎的建议.从中国福建、新疆、重庆3个不同规模化奶牛场采集61份临床型乳房炎乳样,采用传统微生物鉴定方法与PCR技术进行细菌分离鉴定.结果表明,61份临床型乳房炎乳样中单一感染44份(72.13%),混合感染15份(24.59%);共分离到细菌80株,经传统微生物鉴定方法与PCR技术鉴定主要为大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌,其中传染性微生物13株(16.25%)、环境性微生物46株(57.50%)、机会性微生物11株(13.75%)、其他微生物10株(12.50%);3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎仍以单一感染为主,混合感染占有一定的比例,传染性致病菌和环境性致病菌为主要致病菌.在实际生产中,规模化牧场可以通过对乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定来摸清牧场奶牛乳房炎的感染情况和致病菌种类,结合生产实际有助于了解牛群管理情况,发现问题并加以改善,更好的控制乳房炎的发生.     

铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及体外抑菌试验

为查清铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的种类及筛选出敏感药物,提高乳房炎的防治效果,从铁门关地区规模牛场和散养户采集乳房炎奶样,进行病原菌的分离与生化鉴定。选择部分中药、抗生素和乳头药浴液分别采用琼脂平板打孔法、K-B纸片法和二倍稀释法对主要病原菌进行体外抑菌试验。结果表明:从166份乳样中共分离出12种267株细菌,其中主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(占32.2%)、大肠杆菌(占25.5%)、停乳链球菌(占12.4%)、无乳链球菌(占9.4%)。临床型乳房炎病例中72.9%为混合感染,隐性乳房炎病例中88.5%为单独感染。体外抑菌试验中,头孢曲松钠、头孢哌酮、氟苯尼考对4种主要病原菌敏感,洗必泰的最低抑菌浓度最小。试验结果可为铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供理论依据。     

冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

通过LMT法、乳汁pH检验法和体细胞直接计数等方法相结合,对冀东地区3个大型奶牛场、8个奶牛养殖户选取的1 021头奶牛进行隐性乳房炎流行病学调查与病菌分离鉴定。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为60.63%(619/1021),乳房炎阳性乳样品中细菌分离率达88.21%(546/619)。从543头隐性乳房炎患牛的阳性乳区乳样中分得细菌共4类14种菌82株,其中葡萄球菌36株,占43.90%;链球菌33株,占40.24%;肠杆菌类8株,占9.76%;棒状杆菌5株,占6.10%。冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌。     

辽宁地区奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了获得辽宁地区奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌及其药物敏感性的系统资料,为指导临床合理用药提供依据,本试验从辽宁地区的奶牛场采集临床型乳样100份,然后对乳样进行微生物常规分离、采用MicroScan AutoScan-4型自动微生物鉴定及药物敏感性测定仪进行检测,分离到24种细菌共227个菌株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌66株,占29.07%;大肠杆菌46株,占20.26%。可见引起辽宁省奶牛临床型乳房炎的病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为主,而且以混合感染较为严重。药敏分析结果表明,头孢唑啉和庆大霉素对临床型乳房炎的主要致病菌的抑制效果很好,主要致病菌对青霉素产生完全耐药性。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.