不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

The effect of different tillage systems on the size distribution of aggregates and organic carbon distribution and storage in different size aggregates in a Hydragric Anthrosol were studied in a long-term experiment in Chongqing, China. The experiment included three tillage treatments： conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow （CT-r） system, no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape （RT-rr） system, and conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape （CT-rr） system. The results showed that the aggregates 0.02-025 mm in diameter accounted for the largest portion in each soil layer under all treatments. Compared with the CT-r system, in the 0-10 cm layer, the amount of aggregates 0.02 mm was larger under the RT-rr system, but smaller under the CT-rr system. In the 0-20 cm layer, the organic carbon content of all fractions of aggregates was the highest under the RT-rr system and lowest under the CT-rr system. The total organic carbon content showed a positive linear relationship with the amount of aggregates with diameter ranging from 0.25 to 2 mm. The storage of organic carbon in all fractions of aggregates under the RT-rr system was higher than that under the CT-r system in the 0-20 cm layer, but in the 0-60 cm soil layer, there was no distinct difference. Under the CT-rr system, the storage of organic carbon in all fractions of aggregates was lower than that under the CT-r system; most of the newly lost organic carbon was from the aggregates 0.002-0.02 and 0.02-0.25 mm in diameter.     

Mechanisms controlling the mobility of dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron in podzol B horizons

The processes governing the (im)mobilization of Al, Fe and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in podzols are still subject to debate. In this study we investigated the mechanisms of (im)mobilization of Al, Fe and organic matter in the upper and lower B horizons of two podzols from the Netherlands that are in different stages of development. We equilibrated batches of soil material from each horizon with DOM solutions obtained from the Oh horizon of the corresponding soil profiles. We determined the amount of (im)mobilized Al, Fe and DOM after addition of Al and Fe at pH 4.0 and 4.5 and initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of 10 mg C litre^?1 or 30 mg C litre^?1, respectively. At the combination of pH and DOC concentrations most realistic for the field situation, organic matter was retained in all horizons, the most being retained in the lower B horizon of the well‐developed soil and the least in the upper B horizon of the younger profile. Organic matter solubility seemed to be controlled mainly by precipitation as organo‐metal complexes and/or by adsorption on freshly precipitated solid Al‐ and Fe‐phases. In the lower B horizons, at pH 4.5, solubility of Al and Fe appeared to be controlled mainly by the equilibrium with secondary solid Al‐ and Fe‐phases. In the upper B horizons, the solubility of Al was controlled by adsorption processes, while Fe still precipitated as inorganic complexes as well as organic complexes in spite of the prevailing more acidic pH. Combined with a previous study of eluvial horizons from the same profiles, the results confirm the important role of organic matter in the transport of Al and Fe to create illuvial B horizons initially and subsequently deepening and differentiating them into Bh and Bs horizons.     

胶体态磷和溶解态磷在不同土壤磷饱和度稻田土壤中形态分布

Soil dissolved phosphorus (P) and colloidal P mobilization could be closely related to the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). Effects of a wide range of DPS on the distributions of dissolved P and colloidal P in a paddy soil profile were investigated in this study. Dissolved P and colloidal P in water-dispersible soil colloid suspension increased obviously with increasing DPS. The change point of DPS was at 0.12 by using a split-line model. Above the value, dissolved P (3.1 mg P kg-1 ) in soil profile would increase sharply and then transfer downward. Compared with dissolved P, colloidal P was the dominant fraction (78%-91%) of P in soil colloid suspension, and positively related to DPS without a significant change point. The high release of colloids in subsoils with low DPS was attributed to the low ionic strength and high pH value in subsoils. The DPS also had a significant and positive correlation with electrical conductivity (EC), but it showed a negative correlation with pH value. However, the concentration of colloidal P was not greatly correlated to the pH value, EC and optical density of the soil colloid suspension. The results indicated that DPS was an important factor that may affect the accumulation and mobilization of water-extractable colloidal P and dissolved P.     

Adsorption controls mobilization of colloids and leaching of dissolved phosphorus

Loss of phosphorus (P) from agriculture contributes to the eutrophication of surface waters. We have assessed the magnitude and controls of P leaching and the risk of colloid‐facilitated transport of P from sandy soils in Münster. Concentrations of soluble reactive P in drainage water and groundwater were monitored from 0.9 to 35 m depth. Total P concentrations, P saturation, and P sorption isotherms of soil samples were determined. Concentrations of dispersible soil P and colloidal P in drainage water and groundwater were investigated. The concentrations of soluble reactive P in drainage water and groundwater were close to background concentrations (< 20 µg P l^?1). Median concentrations in excess of 100 µg P l^?1 were found down to 5.6 m depth at one of four research sites and in the lower part of the aquifer. Experimentally determined equilibrium concentrations and the degree of P saturation were good predictors of P concentrations of drainage water. Large concentrations of dispersible P were released from soil with large concentrations of oxalate‐extractable P and addition of P induced further dispersion. Colloidal P was transported in a P‐rich subsoil when there was a large flow of water and after nitrate had been flushed from the soil profile and total solute concentrations were small. We conclude that the concentration of soluble reactive P in drainage water is controlled by rapid adsorption in the sandy soils. Subsurface transport of dissolved P contributes substantially to the loss of P from the soils we investigated. Accumulation of P in soils increases the risk of colloid‐facilitated leaching of P.     

褐土碳酸钙结核的胶体特性研究

碳酸钙是黄土母质发育土壤的重要胶结物质,对土壤团粒结构的形成具有重要作用。本文采集了碳酸盐褐土中的碳酸钙结核,采用物理分散法和化学分散法分别提取得到褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒和褐土碳酸钙结核胶体,并以工业纳米碳酸钙作为对照对其胶体特性进行研究。采用X射线衍射仪、zeta电位仪和动态光散射仪对褐土碳酸钙结核胶体和工业纳米碳酸钙的矿物组成、zeta电位和胶体稳定性进行了表征。结果表明：褐土碳酸钙结核胶体、褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒和工业纳米碳酸钙的初始颗粒直径分别为224.24、88.01和98.50nm,而褐土碳酸钙结核胶体和褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒的多分散度高于工业纳米碳酸钙。褐土碳酸钙结核胶体中方解石含量为70.3%,其次含有石英、长石和伊利石等矿物;褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒主要含有方解石和伊利石,含量分别为48%和45%。3种碳酸钙胶体表面均带负电荷,其zeta电位绝对值均随着溶液pH的增大而增大。褐土碳酸钙结核胶体在NaCl和CaCl₂溶液中的临界聚沉浓度分别为538.01mmol/L和2.08mmol/L,褐土碳酸钙结核纳米颗粒在NaCl和CaCl₂     

Effect of clay colloids on the zeta potential of Fe/Al oxide-coated quartz: a streaming potential study

Purpose

This study was conducted in order to examine the effect of colloidal particles on electrochemical properties of charged larger size materials.

Materials and methods

A self-made streaming potential apparatus was used to measure the zeta potentials of Fe/Al oxide-coated quartz. The effects of colloidal particles of kaolinite and montmorillonite on the electrochemical properties of Fe/Al oxide-coated quartz were investigated through comparing the difference in zeta potential of the coated quartz in electrolyte and clay suspension.

Results and discussion

The change of zeta potentials of the coated quartz, when clay suspensions flowed through, increased with the increasing concentrations of kaolinite and montmorillonite and degree of coating with Fe/Al oxides, and decreased with increased ionic strength of the suspensions. Electrostatic attraction between clay colloids and the coated quartz was the key factor influencing the interaction between the oppositely charged particles. The deposition of colloidal particles of kaolinite and montmorillonite on coated quartz and the overlapping of the diffuse layers of electrical double layers between the oppositely charged particles were responsible for the change in zeta potential of Fe/Al oxide-coated quartz. The relative contribution of the deposition of clay particles to the change in zeta potential was greater than that of the overlapping of diffuse layers.

Conclusions

When clay suspensions flowed through the saturated sand of Fe/Al oxide-coated quartz, both overlapping of diffuse layers between charged sand and clay particles and deposition of clay particles contributed to change of zeta potential of the coated quartz.

     

Increasing pH releases colloidal lead in a highly contaminated forest soil

Colloids can play an important role in the leaching of lead (Pb) in soils, and liming to increase pH may produce conditions conducive to colloid release. We studied the effect of pH and the role of counterion valency on the mobilization of Pb in two topsoil horizons of a former shooting range. In batch experiments, the release of both dissolved and colloidal Pb was studied at a pH range between 3 and 7. The pH was adjusted with solutions of nitric acid (pH 3) and KOH and Ca(OH)₂ (pH 4–7) and the chemical composition, size and charge of the mobilized colloids were determined. In the presence of the monovalent K⁺‐ion concentrations of colloidal and dissolved Pb increased markedly with increasing pH. Colloids were stabilized not only by electrostatic but also by steric repulsion. Organic colloids seem to dominate at low pH of the KOH‐treatment; at pH > 4 mineral particles were also dispersed. Even though the presence of the Ca²⁺ ion reduced the concentrations of colloidal Pb more than did the K⁺ ion, our results of the Ca(OH)₂ treatment show that the relevance of both colloidal and dissolved Pb increases at a pH of about 5.8. Risk assessment on limed sites should therefore take into account both dissolved and colloidal Pb in judging the likelihood of Pb leaching.     

Soil Colloidal P Release Potentials under Various Polyacrylamide Addition Levels

Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) can prevent soil erosion, but its effect on fine particulate phosphorus (P), such as colloidal P, has not been thoroughly examined. The effects of PAM on the release potentials of water‐dispersible colloids (WDC) and total P, molybdenum‐reactive P (MRP), and molybdenum‐unreactive P (MUP) in the colloidal and truly dissolved phases (i.e., TP_coll, MRP_coll, MUP_coll, TP_truly, MRP_truly, and MUP_truly) from six soils across South China were tested in this study. The results showed that the release potentials of TP_coll in the control treatments were 6·9–46·1 mg kg⁻¹ and generally highest in sandy loam soil. Following low (12·5 kg ha⁻¹), middle (25 kg ha⁻¹), and high (50 kg ha⁻¹) levels of PAM application, the release potential of TP_coll decreased by 41·7, 63·2, and 77·4% compared to the control group, respectively. Additionally, PAM may trigger MRP_coll and TP_truly releases in sandy loam and/or silt soils, and for most soils, MRP_truly and MUP_truly showed the highest release potentials at middle or high PAM levels. A significant PAM application level by soil site interaction for the release potentials of WDC and colloidal P was observed. Multiple linear regression showed that the PAM rate combined with soil sand content can successfully predict the release potentials of WDC (R² = 0·552, p  < 0·001) and TP_coll (R² = 0·738, p  < 0·001). Our results suggest that PAM can effectively reduce the loss of soil colloids and colloidal P, while its effects are related to both application level and soil texture. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磷-铅-柠檬酸在红壤胶体上相互作用机理初探

以红壤胶体为对象,通过等温平衡试验,研究了柠檬酸对红壤胶体吸附磷的影响,以及吸附磷和柠檬酸后弃去上清液(次级吸附)和保留上清液(共吸附)两种方式对红壤胶体固定铅的影响。结果表明,柠檬酸对红壤胶体磷吸附产生抑制作用,且随着柠檬酸浓度增加而抑制作用增强;用Langmuir方程拟合时,红壤胶体对磷的吸附反应常数K、最大吸附量X m均随柠檬酸初始浓度增加而降低。吸附磷和柠檬酸后,两种处理方式对铅的固定量影响有明显差异,总体上,次级吸附试验中铅的固定量低于共吸附;且两种方式中铅的固定量均随磷初始浓度及磷吸附量的增加而增加,随柠檬酸浓度升高而降低。共吸附中铅固定量在柠檬酸初始浓度为0.1 mmol L-1和磷初始浓度小于0.4 mmol L-1时达到较高值,说明在此浓度下磷和柠檬酸的共同存在促进了红壤胶体对铅的固定。     

Cyanides in a soil of a former coking plant site

Soils of former coking plant sites are frequently contaminated with cyanide, which mainly occurs as the pigment Berlin blue, Fe^III4 [Fe^IICN)₆]₃, and soluble iron cyanide complexes, Fe(CN)₆^3-/4?. Berlin blue is only slightly soluble under acidic conditions. The cyanide mobility in a strongly acid soil (pH about 3) of such a site was studied by assessing the distribution of cyanides in the soil and sediment and by conducting batch experiments at different pH levels. The soil is based on a disposal layer (0–32 cm) overlying sandy loess (32–145 cm) overlying glaciofluvial sand (145–250 cm) overlying marlstone (250–500 cm). Highest cyanide concentrations were found in the disposal layer (62–2865 mg CN^? kg^?1), medium concentrations in the sandy loess (16–29 mg CN^? kg^?1), concentrations of about 100 mg CN^? kg^?1 in the glaciofluvial sand and lowest concentrations in the marlstone (0.22–0.49 mg CN^?1 kg^?1). The surfaces of macropores, which occur in the sandy loess and finish in the glaciofluvial sand, are dark-blue dyed and have much higher cyanide concentrations than the surrounding bulk soil. Thus, the accumulation of cyanides in the sand layer may partly be the result of macropore flow. Batch experiments show a strong pH dependence of the solubility of cyanide in the soil as well as of Berlin blue which was found by Mössbauer spectroscopy to be the dominating or sole iron cyanide. The time necessary to transport the cyanides solely as hexacyanoferrate into the undisturbed horizons is estimated to 1000 yr. However, because Berlin blue is known to form colloids, we discuss the possibility of cyanide transport as colloid not requiring dissolution and reprecipitation. We postulate that colloidal Berlin blue transported by macropore flow is responsible for the high mobility of cyanides in this acid soil.     

Fertilizer‐use efficiency of different inorganic polyphosphate sources: effects on soil P availability and plant P acquisition during early growth of corn

Polyphosphate‐based fertilizers are worldwide in use, and their effect on crop yield is often reported to be similar to orthophosphate products, although some studies showed higher yields with polyphosphate applications. However, information on how these fertilizers may influence plant P acquisition is very limited. A pot experiment was carried out under controlled conditions with corn (Zea mays L.) growing on a sandy soil (pH 4.9) and a silty‐loam soil (pH 6.9) differing in P‐sorption properties. The objective was to evaluate phosphorus fertilizer–use efficiency (PFUE) of several polyphosphate (poly‐P) compounds (pyrophosphate [PP], tripolyphosphate [TP], and trimetaphosphate [TMP]) using orthophosphate (OP) as a reference. Focus was put on evaluating plant parameters involved in plant P acquisition, i.e., root length and P uptake per unit of root length. Furthermore, soil P availability was characterized by measuring ortho‐P and poly‐P concentrations in soil solution as well as in CAL (calcium‐acetate‐lactate) extracts. The P availability was differentially influenced by the different P sources and the different soils. In the silty‐loam soil, the application of poly‐P resulted in higher ortho‐P concentrations in soil solution. In the same soil, CAL‐extractable ortho‐P was similar for all P sources, whereas in the sandy soil, this parameter was higher after OP application. In the silty‐loam soil, poly‐P concentrations were very low in soil solution or in CAL extracts, whereas in the sandy soil, poly‐P concentrations were significantly higher. Phosphorus fertilizer–use efficiency was significantly higher for poly‐P treatments in the silty‐loam soil and were related to a higher root length since no differences in the P uptake per unit of root length among poly‐P and OP treatments were found. However, in the sandy soil, no differences in PFUE between OP and poly‐P treatments were observed. Therefore, PFUE of poly‐P compounds could be explained by better root growth, thereby improving plant P acquisition.     

Effect of Continuous Vegetable Cultivation on PhosphorusLevels of Fluvo-Aquic Soils

oil P status, inorganic P fractions, and P sorption properties were studied using sandy fluvo-aquic horticultural soils,which are high in organic matter content for vegetable production in comparison with a soil used for grain crop productionin Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. P fractions, Olsen-P, and OM were determined at different depths in the soilprofile and sorption isotherm experiments were performed. Most P in excess of plant requirements accumulated in thetopsoil and decreased with soil depth. Total P, inorganic P, and OM concentrations increased with continued horticulturaluse.Olsen-P concentrations in the 0-20 cm depth of horticultural soils were 9 to 25 times higher than those of the graincrop soil. A linear transformation of the Langmuir equation showed that the P adsorption maximum (491.3 mg P kg^-1)and the maximum phosphate buffering capacity (162.1 L kg^-1) for 80-100 cm were greater in the grain crop soil than thehorticultural soils. Thus, the most immediate concern with excess P were in areas where heavy P fertilizer was used forvegetable crops and where soil P sorption capacities were low due to sandy soils and high organic matter content.     

The effect of soil phosphorus on particulate phosphorus in land runoff

Accumulation of surplus phosphorus (P) in the soil and the resulting increased transport of P in land runoff contribute to freshwater eutrophication. The effects of increasing soil P (19–194 mg Olsen‐P (OP) kg⁻¹) on the concentrations of particulate P (PP), and sorption properties (Q_max, k and EPCo) of suspended solids (SS) in overland flow from 15 unreplicated field plots established on a dispersive arable soil were measured over three monitoring periods under natural rainfall. Concentrations of PP in plot runoff increased linearly at a rate of 2.6 μg litre⁻¹ per mg OP kg⁻¹ of soil, but this rate was approximately 50% of the rate of increase in dissolved P (< 0.45 μm). Concentrations of SS in runoff were similar across all plots and contained a greater P sorption capacity (mean + 57%) than the soil because of enrichment with fine silt and clay (0.45–20 μm). As soil P increased, the P enrichment ratio of the SS declined exponentially, and the values of P saturation (P_sat; 15–42%) and equilibrium P concentration (EPCo; 0.7–5.5 mg litre⁻¹) in the SS fell within narrower ranges compared with the soils (6–74% and 0.1–10 mg litre⁻¹, respectively). When OP was < 100 mg kg⁻¹, P_sat and EPCo values in the SS were smaller than those in the soil and vice‐versa, suggesting that eroding particles from soils with both average and high P fertility would release P on entering the local (Rosemaund) stream. Increasing soil OP from average to high P fertility increased the P content of the SS by approximately 10%, but had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the P_sat, or EPCo, of the SS. Management options to reduce soil P status as a means of reducing P losses in land runoff and minimizing eutrophication risk may therefore have more limited effect than is currently assumed in catchment management.     

Cadmium soil sorption at low concentrations: I. Effect of time,cadmium load,pH, and calcium

Sorption of Cd at low concentrations onto two Danish soils (loamy sand, sandy loam) was examined in terms of kinetics and governing factors. From an environmental point of view soil sorption of Cd is a fast process: More than 95% of the sorption takes place within 10 min, equilibrium is reached in 1 hr, and exposures up to 67 wk did not reveal any long term changes in Cd sorption capacities. The soils have very high affinity for Cd at pH = 6.00 (10^?3 M CaCl₂) exhibiting distribution coefficients in the order of 200 to 250 (soil Cd concentration/solute Cd concentration). However, the sorption isotherms describing the distribution of Cd between soil and solute are slightly curvelinear. In the pH-interval 4 to 7.7, the sorption capacity of the soil approximately increases 3 times for a pH increase of one unit. Increasing the Ca concentration from 10^?3 to 10^?2 M reduces the sorption capacity of the sandy loam to one third.     

Soil colloids-bound plasmid DNA: Effect on transformation of E. coli and resistance to DNase I degradation

The adsorption and binding of plasmid p34S DNA on four different colloidal fractions from a Brown soil and clay minerals in the presence of various Ca²⁺ concentrations, the ability of bound DNA to transform competent cells of CaCl₂-treated Escherichia coli, and the resistance of bound DNA to degradation by DNase I were studied. DNA adsorption on soil colloids and clay minerals was promoted in the presence of Ca²⁺. Kaolinite exhibited the highest adsorption affinity for DNA among the examined soil colloids and clay minerals. In comparison with organo-mineral complexes (organic clays) and fine clays (<0.2 μm), DNA was tightly adsorbed by H₂O₂-treated clays (inorganic clays) and coarse clays (0.2-2 μm). The transformation efficiency of bound DNA increased with increasing concentrations of Ca²⁺ at which soil colloid or clay mineral-DNA complexes were formed. DNA bound by kaolinite showed the lowest transformation efficiency, and especially no transformants were observed with kaolinite-DNA complex prepared at 5-100 mM Ca²⁺. Compared to organic clays and fine clays, DNA bound on inorganic clays and coarse clays showed a lower capacity to transform E. coli at different Ca²⁺ concentrations. The presence of soil colloids and minerals provided protection to DNA against degradation by DNase I. Montmorillonite, organic clays and fine clays showed stronger protective effects for DNA than inorganic clays and coarse clays. The protection mechanisms as well as the differences in transforming efficiency of plasmid DNA molecules bound on various soil colloidal particles are discussed. The information obtained in this study is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the horizontal dissemination of recombinant DNA and the fate of extracellular DNA in soil environments.     

连续种植蔬菜对潮土磷素水平的影响

Soil P status, inorganic P fractions, and P sorption properties were studied using sandy fluvo-aquic horticultural soils, which are high in organic matter content for vegetable production in comparison with a soil used for grain crop production in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. P fractions, Olsen-P, and OM were determined at different depths in the soil profile and sorption isotherm experiments were performed. Most P in excess of plant requirements accumulated in the topsoil and decreased with soil depth. Total P, inorganic P, and OM concentrations increased with continued horticultural use. Olsen-P concentrations in the 0-20 cm depth of horticultural soils were 9 to 25 times higher than those of the grain crop soil. A linear transformation of the Langmuir equation showed that the P adsorption maximum (491.3 mg P kg^-1) and the maximum phosphate buffering capacity (162.1 L kg^-1) for 80-100 cm were greater in the grain crop soil than the horticultural soils. Thus, the most immediate concern with excess P were in areas where heavy P fertilizer was used for vegetable crops and where soil P sorption capacities were low due to sandy soils and high organic matter content.     

Phosphorus forms in forest soil colloids as revealed by liquid‐state 31P‐NMR

Nanoparticles and colloids affect the storage and hence the availability of P in forest ecosystems. We investigated the fine colloids present in forest soils and their association with inorganic and organic P. To differentiate between the different P forms, we performed liquid‐state ³¹P‐nucelar magnetic resonance (³¹P‐NMR) measurements on forest bulk soil extracts, on colloid extracts and on the electrolyte phase of their soil suspensions. The ³¹P‐NMR spectra indicated that soil nanoparticles and colloids were more enriched with organic than with inorganic P forms compared to the electrolyte phase. The P concentration was enriched in the colloidal fraction in comparison to the bulk soil and the phosphate diesters were more dominant in the colloidal fraction when compared to the bulk soil. The colloidal P‐diester to P‐monoester ratios were 2 to 3 times higher in the colloidal fraction than in the bulk soil. In contrast, relatively large percentages of inorganic P were found in the electrolyte phase. Supplementary (not shown) Data are available at the JuSER Server (juser.fz‐juelich.de, reference number: FZJ‐2016‐01739) https://juser.fz‐juelich.de/record/283057 .     

Water flow paths in soil control element exports in an Andean tropical montane forest

We tested the hypothesis that concentrations of chemical constituents in stream water can be explained by the depth of water flow through soil. Therefore, we measured the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), NO₃‐N, NH₄‐N, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Al and Mn in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, litter leachate, mineral soil solution and stream water of three 8–13 ha catchments on steep slopes (1900–2200 m above sea level) of the south Ecuadorian Andes, from April 1998 to April 2003. Peak C (14–22 mg litre^?1), N (0.6–0.9 mg litre^?1), K (0.5–0.7 mg litre^?1), Ca (0.6–1.0 mg litre^?1), Mg (0.3–0.5 mg litre^?1), Al (110–390 μg litre^?1) and Mn (3.9–8.4 μg litre^?1) concentrations in stream water were associated with lateral flow (fast near‐surface flow in saturated topsoil) while the greatest P (0.1–0.3 mg litre^?1), S (0.3–0.7 mg litre^?1) and Na (3.0–6.0 mg litre^?1) concentrations occurred during low baseflow conditions. All elements had greater concentrations in the organic layer than in the mineral soil, but only C, N, K, Ca, Mg, Al and Mn were flushed out during lateral‐flow conditions. Phosphorus, S and Na, in contrast, were mainly released by weathering and (re‐)oxidation of sulphides in the subsoil. Baseflow accounted for 32% to 61% of P export, while > 50% of S was exported during intermediate flow conditions (i.e. lateral flow at the depth of several tens of cm in the mineral soil). Near‐surface water flow through C‐ and nutrient‐rich topsoil during rainstorms was the major export pathway for C, N, Al and Mn (contributing > 50% to the total export of these elements). Near‐surface flow also accounted for one‐third of total base metal export. Our results demonstrate that near‐surface flow related to storm events markedly affects the cycling of many nutrients in steep tropical montane forests.     

Impact of anthropogenic induced nitrogen input and liming on phosphorus leaching in forest soils

Phosphorus (P) is essential for sustainable forest growth, yet the impact of anthropogenic impacts on P leaching losses from forest soils is hardly known. We conducted an irrigation experiment with 128 mesocosms from three forest sites representing a gradient of resin extractable P of the A‐horizon. On each site we selected a Fagus sylvatica and a Picea abies managed subsite. We simulated ambient rain (AR), anthropogenic nitrogen input (NI) of 100 kg (ha · a)^?1 and forest liming (FL) with a dolomite input of 0.3 Mg (ha · a)^?1. Soil solution was extracted from the organic layer, 10 cm depth and 20 cm depth of the mesocosms, and analyzed for molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) and molybdate unreactive phosphorus (MUP). Additionally, we separated colloids from the soil solution using Asymmetric Field Flow Fractionation for assessing the colloidal fraction of total element concentrations. NI increased MRP and MUP concentrations for all plots with one exception, while FL decreased MRP and MUP with the exception of another plot. While the irrigation treatments had little impact on the P‐richest site, MRP and MUP concentrations changed strongly at the poorer sites. The colloidal fraction of P in the soil solution equaled 38–47% of the total P load. Nitrogen input and liming also affected the Fe, Al, Ca, and Corg contents of the colloidal fraction.