樟树人工林土壤呼吸的动态变化

以长沙市城市森林中的樟树人工林为研究对象,用LI-COR-6400-09测定樟树人工林生长期土壤呼吸的日变化、全年的季节变化,并分析其与土壤温度因子之间的关系.结果表明：土壤呼吸的日变化呈单峰曲线,最高值出现在15：00～20：00,最低值均出现在早晨5：00～6：00,与5cm处土壤温度变化相一致,呈显著正相关;季节变化呈不规则的曲线格局,年均土壤呼吸速率为443.52mg·m^-2h^-1,最大值为976.54mg·m^-2h^-1,出现在7月下旬5cm处土壤温度最高时,最小值为23.13mg·m^-2h^-1,出现在1月下旬5cm处土壤温度最低时;樟树人工林土壤呼吸的季节变化与土壤温度呈显著的指数相关,拟合方程为Rs=0.1598e0.1355t,R2=0.949,P〈0.000,土壤温度可以分别解释土壤呼吸变化的94.9%;土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值为3.88.     

上海典型城市草坪土壤呼吸特征

采用CFX-2开放式呼吸测定系统测定了上海城区百慕大、黑麦草-百慕大混播、结缕草和狗牙根4种典型草坪的土壤呼吸速率。结果表明：4种草坪的土壤呼吸速率均呈明显季节变化,最大值出现在7～8月,最小值出现在12～翌年1月;4种草坪土壤呼吸平均速率依次为百慕大草坪〈黑麦草-百慕大混播草坪〈结缕草草坪〈狗牙根草坪,其中百慕大草坪的土壤呼吸速率变化范围为0.13～2.25μmol·m-2·s-1,黑麦草-百慕大混播草坪为1.16～5.95μmol·m-2·s-1,结缕草草坪为0.93～8.27μmol·m-2·s-1,狗牙根草坪为1.21～9.27μmol·m-2·s-1;4种草坪的土壤呼吸速率与气温、5cm地温和10cm地温均呈极显著指数相关;百慕大草坪和黑麦草-百慕大混播草坪的日变化均呈单峰曲线,与气温、5cm地温和10cm地温的日变化趋势一致;4种草坪土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性指数即Q10值为1.60～2.66;除结缕草外,其他草坪的土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水率相关性不显著;草坪的呼吸特征与其生长习性直接相关,而冷暖季混播草坪Q10值小,对提高城市生态景观和环境质量有积极作用。     

长白山区水曲柳根呼吸的季节动态及影响因子

为了探讨林木呼吸的季节动态及影响因素,采用LI-COR-6400-06测定并研究长白山红松针阔混交林中天然水曲柳根系呼吸的季节变化规律,分析根系呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤全氮含量等因子的关系。结果表明:天然水曲柳不同径级根系呼吸速率在生长季节均有明显的季节动态,其中7月最高,10月最低,呈单峰曲线,呼吸速率在1.02～9.27μmol·g-1s-1之间;水曲柳根系呼吸速率与10cm深处土壤温度季节变化一致,二者呈显著指数相关(P<0.05);根系呼吸与土壤湿度呈二次曲线相关,即当土壤湿度在一定范围内时根系呼吸速率与其成正比,而当土壤湿度超过一定值时根系呼吸速率则与土壤湿度成反比;根系呼吸速率与土壤N含量呈线性相关,并且随树木年龄的增加呼吸速率下降;不同径级根系呼吸温度系数Q10值在2.21～2.71之间变化,且Q10值随根系径级增大而降低,表明细根对土壤温度的敏感性高于粗根。     

不同强度采伐5年后杉阔混交人工林土壤呼吸速率差异

【目的】比较不同采伐强度下闽北杉阔混交人工林土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率差异,揭示土壤总呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因子,以期为区域森林采伐对土壤呼吸速率的影响研究提供科学依据。【方法】以闽北杉阔混交人工林为研究对象,2011年8月实施了不同蓄积量采伐强度(中度择伐34.6%、强度择伐48.6%、极强度择伐67.6%、皆伐)作业试验,并与未采伐对照;2016年7月—2017年7月运用Li-8100 A土壤碳通量自动测量系统,对土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率、土壤5 cm深处的温度和湿度开展了为期1年的定位观测。【结果】未采伐和各种强度择伐5年后,土壤总呼吸速率最大值都出现在7月份,最小值出现在1—3月份;皆伐5年后,土壤总呼吸速率最大值出现在6月份,最小值出现在11月份;各种强度采伐林地的矿质土壤呼吸速率与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05);各种强度择伐林地的凋落物和根系呼吸速率都与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐林地的凋落物和根系呼吸速率都显著低于未采伐林地( P <0.05),分别比未采伐林地(1.45和1.11 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1 )减少了0.93和0.53 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1;各种强度择伐林地的土壤总呼吸速率与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐林地的土壤总呼吸速率显著低于未采伐林地( P <0.05),比未采伐林地(4.39 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1 )减少了1.64 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1;中度、强度和极强度择伐林地5 cm深处的土壤温度与未采伐林地没有显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐使林地土壤温度显著升高( P <0.05),比未采伐林地(18.52 ℃)增加了4.7 ℃;中度、强度择伐林地的5 cm深处土壤湿度与未采伐没有显著差异( P >0.05),而极强度择伐和皆伐使林地土壤湿度显著降低( P <0.05),分别比未采伐林地(30.67%)减少了2.17%和3.98%;土壤总呼吸速率的土壤温度指数模型拟合效果最优,能解释未采伐和各种强度择伐林地土壤总呼吸变化的77.8%~83.3%以及皆伐林地土壤呼吸变化的35.5%;未采伐、中度、强度和极强度择伐林地土壤总呼吸的温度敏感性参数Q 10 为1.77~2.72,皆伐林地的 Q 10 为1.49。【结论】不同强度采伐5年后,各种强度择伐林地土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率与未采伐林地没有显著差异;皆伐使凋落物呼吸速率、根系呼吸速率和土壤总呼吸速率都显著降低;各种强度择伐没有改变土壤总呼吸速率的季节变化规律,但皆伐使土壤总呼吸速率最大和最小出现时间有所提前;研究区土壤温度是土壤总呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因子。     

高浓度CO2下红松幼苗根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

本文于2003年5月至10月在长白山森林生态系统定位站内研究了高浓度CO2(500和700靘olmol-1)对红松幼苗土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献。经过4个生长季高浓度CO2的处理,利用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室对红松幼苗土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸进行了测定。为了区分根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献,本文采用了PVC管断根法,即每种处理下将三根PVC管插入土壤中30cm以切断根系,从而终止了植物冠层对根系碳水化合物的供应。分别于6月16日、8月20日和10月8日对管内外土壤呼吸进行了测定。结果表明大气和土壤5cm温度都存在明显的日变化,但不同处理之间没有显著差别(P>0.05)。土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸也有明显的日变化和季节变化。不同处理之间土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸差异显著(P<0.01)。6月16日、8月20日和10月8日不同处理下土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸的贡献的平均值分别为3.26、4.78和1.47靘olm-2s-1以及11.5%、43.1%和27.9%。图5表1参38。     

马尾松人工林根呼吸的季节变化及影响因子

2007年1月至2008年12月,以长沙天际岭国家森林公园马尾松群落为研究对象,采用挖壕法研究马尾松群落去除根系后土壤呼吸速率动态及其与土壤温、湿度的相关关系。结果表明:马尾松群落和去除根系处理的土壤呼吸年变化范围分别为0.29～3.19,0.25～2.33μmol·m-2s-1,年均分别为1.56,1.03μmol·m-2s-1。去除根系土壤呼吸速率比对照降低12.2%～55.1%,根呼吸年均贡献率为28.3%。马尾松群落和去除根系的土壤呼吸速率与5cm土壤温度之间均呈显著指数相关,温度敏感系数Q10值分别为2.10和1.82,估算出根呼吸的Q10值为2.94。马尾松群落和去除根系的土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度之间相关关系均不显著(P﹥0.05),但根呼吸与土壤湿度之间呈显著线性相关(P=0.023)。     

小兴安岭天然针阔混交林择伐后土壤呼吸动态变化

采用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统,针对小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场不同择伐强度的针阔混交林样地,测定林地生长季土壤呼吸速率以及10cm土深处的温度和湿度,探讨生长季土壤呼吸的日变化、季节变化和年通量。结果表明：土壤呼吸日变化动态与土壤温度日变化动态基本一致,呈明显的单峰曲线。采伐强度不同间接影响着土壤呼吸速率。研究表明：针阔混交林土壤呼吸速率均值在0．6—8．2μml·m^-2·s^-1之间,高于同纬度其他地区;雨季（6月、7月、8月、9月）土壤呼吸明显大于旱季（5月、10月、11月）;针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸不同月份通量值在1．68～18．82mol·m^-2之间,最大值和最小值分别出现在7月和11月。与北半球温带森林生态系统土壤呼吸变化趋势基本一致。2006年针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸通量为84．37mol·m^-2,与朝鲜半岛硬阔混交林土壤呼吸相似,但比一些热带地区的结果偏大。     

不同林龄的木麻黄林下土壤异养呼吸特征

以中国亚热带木麻黄沿海防护林为研究对象,在2006年5月-2007年4月,利用LI-8100土壤呼吸自动观测系统对不同林龄（幼林、中林、成林）木麻黄人工林生态系统的土壤异养呼吸特征进行了监测。结果表明,不同林龄木麻黄林地土壤异养呼吸季节动态均呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在6～7月份,最小值则出现在12～1月份。土壤温度和水分对土壤异养呼吸的季节变化存在显著影响,并有明显的交互作用,进行单因素方差分析发现,土壤异养呼吸季节变化与5cm深的土温存在着较好的指数相关关系（p〈0.05）,与土壤表层含水量存在较好的线性相关关系（p〈0.05）。双因素模型模拟结果显示,5cm土温和土壤表层含水量能够共同解释土壤异养呼吸变异的68.9%～91.9%（p〈0.05）。不同林龄下土壤异养呼吸速率差异显著（p〈0.05）,其平均土壤异养呼吸速率呈现为中林〉成林〉幼林。随着林龄的增大,土壤异养呼吸对土壤温度的敏感性增强。土壤异养呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献在幼林、中林、成林中分别达到71.89%、71.02%和73.53%。幼林、中林、成林样地土壤异养呼吸CO2年释放量分别为29.072、38.964和30.530t&#183;hm^-2&#183;a^-1。     

集约经营雷竹林土壤呼吸年动态变化规律及其影响因子

在浙江临安市雷竹主产区定位监测1年内土壤各组分呼吸动态。结果表明:雷竹林地土壤总呼吸速率、土壤生物异养呼吸速率及根系自养呼吸速率的年平均值分别为5.42,2.24和2.89μmolCO2·m-2s-1;1年中分别在2和7月出现土壤呼吸峰值;雷竹林地土壤年释放CO2量为73.40t·hm-2a-1,其中林地异养呼吸和自养呼吸分别占总呼吸的45.67%和54.33%;土壤呼吸、土壤生物异养呼吸和土壤根系自养呼吸均与土壤温度呈明显的指数关系,以土壤5cm深处温度为依据得到的温度系数(Q10值)分别为1.70,1.86和1.48,土壤总呼吸与土深5cm处土温、8:00气温、土壤水溶性有机碳含量和土壤总有机碳含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而土壤含水量、8:00大气相对湿度和土壤水溶性有机碳含量与土壤呼吸无显著相关性。     

择伐对生长季针阔混交林土壤分室呼吸的影响

采用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统和与之配套的土壤温度、湿度传感器,对小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场观测样地不同强度择伐后,测定林地生长季土壤分室呼吸速率以及10 cm土深处的温度和湿度,探讨生长季土壤各分室呼吸的年际变化.结果表明:枯枝落叶层土壤呼吸速率生长季平均值呈逐年增加的趋势,观测期内枯枝落叶层土壤呼吸速率均值与采伐强度呈二次相关的关系(R2=0.806);根系呼吸速率生长季平均值逐年变化较复杂,差异较大,观测期内根系呼吸速率均值与采伐强度亦呈二次相关的关系(R2=0.415);矿质土壤呼吸速率生长季平均值呈逐年增加的趋势,与采伐强度相关性不显著.土壤温度和湿度是影响土壤分室呼吸速率变化的2个重要因素.枯枝落叶层和矿质土壤层是控制择伐后林地土壤呼吸变化的关键组分.为降低择伐后林地CO2排放增加速率,应选用中小强度(52%以下)的择伐作业.     

The contribution of root respiration of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus koraiensis</Emphasis> seedlings to total soil respiration under elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations

The impacts of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (500 μmol·mol⁻¹ and 700 μmol·mol⁻¹) on total soil respiration and the contribution of root respiration ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were investigated from May to October in 2003 at the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin Province, China. After four growing seasons in top-open chambers exposed to elevated CO₂, the total soil respiration and roots respiration ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were measured by a Li-6400-09 soil CO₂ flux chamber. Three PVC cylinders in each chamber were inserted about 30 cm into the soil instantaneously to terminate the supply of current photosynthates from the tree canopy to roots for separating the root respiration from total soil respiration. Soil respirations both inside and outside of the cylinders were measured on June 16, August 20 and October 8, respectively. The results indicated that: there was a marked diurnal change in air temperature and soil temperature at depth of 5 cm on June 16, the maximum of soil temperature at depth of 5 cm lagged behind that of air temperature, no differences in temperature between treatments were found (P>0.05). The total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed showed strong diurnal and seasonal patterns. There was marked difference in total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed between treatments (P<0.01); Mean total soil respiration and contribution of root under different treatments were 3.26, 4.78 and 1.47 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹, 11.5%, 43.1% and 27.9% on June 16, August 20 and October 8, respectively. Foundation item: This study was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX1-SW-01) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30070158). Biography: LIU Ying (1976-), female, Ph. D. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

德国中部Soiling云杉-山毛榉混交林冠层组成对土壤CO2排放的影响

It was hypothesized that soil respiration can be affected by canopy composition. Hence, admixture of trees as a common forest management practice may cause significant change in the carbon cycling. This study was conducted in a mixed spruce-beech stand at Solling forest in central Germany to investigate the effect of canopy composition on soil respiration. The canopy cover was classified in four major canopy classes (pure beech, pure spruce, mixed and gap), and the area under each canopy class was identified as a sub-plot. Soil respiration in each sub-plot (n=4) was measured monthly from Jun 2005 to July 2006. Results show significant difference in annual soil respiration between the beech (359 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹ C) and gap (211 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹ C) sub-plots. The estimation of the total below-ground carbon allocation (TBCA) based on a model given by Raich and Nadelhoffer revealed considerably higher root CO₂ production in the beech sub-plot (231 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹ C) compare to the gap sub-plot (51 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹ C). The contribution of the root respiration to the total soil respiration was higher in the soil under the beech canopy (59%) compared with the soil in the gap (29%). The findings suggested that the condition under the beech canopy may cause more desirable micro-site for autotrophic respiration and consequently higher CO₂ release into the atmosphere.     

白桦光合特性的研究

测定了3年生白桦的光合与呼吸作用对温度,湿度以及CO2浓度的响应;还测定了光补偿点,光饱和点和CO2补偿点。结果表明:在目前的空气CO2浓度下,光合和呼吸作用的最适温度分别是24℃和30℃;当相对湿度是80%时,白桦能维持较强的光合作用;呼吸作用与相对湿度无明显的相关性;光补偿点和光饱和点分别是25 molm-2s-1和1375 祄olm-2s-1;CO2补偿点是180 礚L-1;白桦在CO2浓度为2400 礚L-1时仍有吸收潜力。图4参19。     

Photosynthetic induction responses of Pinus koraiensis seedlings grown in different light environments

The time processes of photosynthetic induction responses to various irradiances in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings grown in open-light environments and in understory of forest were studied in an area near the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Jilin Province, China from July 15 to August 5, 1997. The results showed that at 200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and 500 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD, the induction time for the photosynthetic rates of understory-grown seedlings to reach 50% and 90% steady-state net photosynthetic rates was longer than that of the open-grown seedlings. The induction responses of open-growth seedlings at 500 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD were slower than those at 200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD, but it was the very reverse for understory-growth seedlings, which indicates that the photosynthetic induction times of Korean pine seedlings grown in the understory depended on the sunfleck intensity. Biograph: ZHOU Yong-bin (1970-), female, associate professor of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Carbon fluxes and their response to environmental variables in a Dahurian larch forest ecosystem in northeast China

The Dahurian larch forest in northeast China is important due to its vastness and location within a transitional zone from boreal to temperate and at the southern distribution edge of the vast Siberian larch forest. The continuous carbon fluxes were measured from May 2004 to April 2005 in the Dahurian larch forest in Northeast China using an eddy covariance method. The results showed that the ecosystem released carbon in the dormant season from mid-October 2004 to April 2005, while it assimilated CO₂ from the atmosphere in the growing season from May to September 2004. The net carbon sequestration reached its peak of 112 g·m⁻²·month⁻¹ in June 2004 (simplified expression of g (carbon)·m⁻²·month⁻¹) and then gradually decreased. Annually, the larch forest was a carbon sink that sequestered carbon of 146 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹ (simplified expression of g (carbon)·m⁻²·a⁻¹) during the measurements. The photosynthetic process of the larch forest ecosystem was largely affected by the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and temperature. Under humid conditions (VPD < 1.0 kPa), the gross ecosystem production (GEP) increased with increasing temperature. But the net ecosystem production (NEP) showed almost no change with increasing temperature because the increment of GEP was counterbalanced by that of the ecosystem respiration. Under a dry environment (VPD > 1.0 kPa), the GEP decreased with the increasing VPD at a rate of 3.0 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹·kPa^-1 and the ecosystem respiration was also enhanced simultaneously due to the increase of air temperature, which was linearly correlated with the VPD. As a result, the net ecosystem carbon sequestration rapidly decreased with the increasing VPD at a rate of 5.2 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹·kPa⁻¹. Under humid conditions (VPD < 1.0 kPa), both the GEP and NEP were obviously restricted by the low air temperature but were insensitive to the high temperature because the observed high temperature value comes within the category of the optimum range.     

长白山典型阔叶红松林土壤二氧化碳排放通量

随着大气CO2浓度的升高,主要由其引起的温室效应与对生物新陈代谢的影响变得越来越显著。森林生态系统在全球碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。为了评估和理解森林土壤CO2通量及其随空气和土壤温度的季节和昼夜变化规律,我们在长白山北坡典型阔叶红松林内利用静态箱技术进行了原位观测。实验在整个生长季(6月初至9月末)昼夜进行,利用气相色谱进行气体分析。结果表明: 长白山阔叶红松林土壤是大气二氧化碳源,其CO2通量具有明显的季节和昼夜变化规律。通量的变化范围是(0.30-2.42)μmol穖-2穝-1,平均值为0.98μmol穖-2穝-1。土壤CO2排放的季节规律表明,土壤CO2通量的变化与气温和土壤温度的变化有关。CO2平均通量的最大值出现在7月((1.27±23%)μmol穖-2穝-1),最小值出现在9月((0.5±28%)μmol穖-2穝-1)。土壤CO2的昼夜波动与土壤温度变化有关,而在时间上滞后于温度的变化。森林下垫面土壤CO2通量与土壤温度显著相关,与6cm深度土层温度相关系数最大。基于气温和土壤温度计算的Q10值范围为2.09-3.40。图2表3参37。     

The effect of fire disturbance on short-term soil respiration in typical forest of Greater Xing’an Range,China

We investigated the effect of fire disturbance on short-term soil respiration in birch （Betula platyphylla Suk.） and larch （Larix gmelinii Rupr.） forests in Greater Xing’an range, northeastern China for further understanding of its effect on the carbon cycle in ecosystems. Our study show that post-fire soil respiration rates in B. platyphylla and L. gmelinii forests were reduced by 14%and 10%, respectively. In contrast, the soil heterotrophic respiration rates in the two types of forest were similar in post-fire and control plots. After fire, the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration was dramatically reduced. Variation in soil respiration rates was explained by soil moisture （W） and soil tem-perature （T） at a depth of 5 cm. Exponential regression fitted T and W models explained Rs rates in B. platyphylla control and post-fire plots （83.1% and 86.2%） and L. gmelinii control and post-fire plots （83.7%and 88.7%）. In addition, the short-term temperature coefficients in B.     

Soil CO2 evolution from Korean pine virgin forest at Changbai Mountain

The soil CO₂ evolution rate was measured in a virgin Korean pine forest. The results in June showed that the lowest value of evolution rate was 220 mg/(m²·h) and appeared at 6:00 a.m. The highest value was 460 mg/(m²·h) at 18:00. The rates of CO₂ evolution were related with soil temperature. On the basis of the constructed regression equation and the monthly average values of temperature, the magnitude of CO₂ evolution from Korean pine forest soil was 10.4 t/hm² during a growing season. This project was funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

采伐对幕布山区毛竹林土壤呼吸的影响

利用LI-COR-8100土壤CO2通量自动测量系统测定了湖北赤壁幕布山区采伐毛竹林土壤表面CO2通量及5 cm深度的土壤温度、湿度,研究了采伐对毛竹林土壤呼吸的影响,并用壕沟法区分各组分呼吸。结果表明:采伐显著增加了毛竹林的土壤温度,但对土壤湿度无显著影响;采伐能增加土壤呼吸、凋落物呼吸与矿质呼吸,但降低了根系呼吸;土壤总呼吸及组分呼吸与土壤温度呈指数相关(R2=32.63%84.50%),与土壤湿度呈线性相关(R2=40.60%93.50%),运用土壤温度、湿度复合模型能提高预测土壤呼吸的准确性(R2=41.40%96.20%)。采伐毛竹林土壤呼吸的增加主要因为采伐后土壤温度升高所致。