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1.
Ryan S. Bailey Linda S. Barter Bruno H. Pypendop 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):876-882
Objective
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine when administered as a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits.Study design
Experimental study.Animals
A total of six healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits.Methods
Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the anesthetic dose was reduced to 0.7 × MAC, and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (20 μg kg?1) was infused IV over 5 minutes. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 360 minutes following termination of the infusion. Samples were transferred into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and centrifuged immediately. The plasma was harvested and stored at –80 °C until analyzed. Concentrations of dexmedetomidine in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time and concentration data using nonlinear regression.Results
A three-compartment model best fit the data set. Median volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life were 3169 mL kg?1 (range, 2182–3859 mL kg?1) and 80 minutes (range, 72–88 minutes), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized, healthy, New Zealand White rabbits were characterized in this study. Data from this study can be used to determine dosing regimens for dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. 相似文献2.
Alessandro C. dos Santos Guerino B. Junior Daniane C. Zago Carla C. Zeppenfeld Daniela T. da Silva Berta M. Heinzmann Bernardo Baldisserotto Mauro A. da Cunha 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):106-113
Objectives
To document the time for anesthesia induction and recovery using different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Aloysia triphylla in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), and to determine whether the mechanism of action of either EO involves the benzodiazepine (BDZ) site of the GABAA receptor.Study design
Experimental study.Animals
A total of 144 silver catfish, length 7.5 ± 1.1 cm, weighing 3.95 ± 0.85 g.Methods
Essential oils were evaluated at concentrations of 25, 150 and 300 μL L?1, and also ethanol alone (seven groups, n = 6 per group). Induction of sedation or anesthesia and recovery were assessed. In a further six groups (n = 6 per group), fish were exposed to both EOs (25, 150 or 300 μL L?1) with diazepam 150 μm, and also diazepam (10 μm) alone. Flumazenil (5 or 10 μm) was added to the recovery water of fish exposed to diazepam (150 μm) or both EOs (150 and 300 μL L?1) (total of 10 groups = 60 fish).Results
Both EOs induced anesthesia at concentrations of 150 and 300 μL L?1, and sedation at 25 μL L?1. There was no significant difference between EOs for reaching deep anesthesia; there was a significantly longer recovery time for the EO of C. flexuosus. The addition of diazepam (150 μm) resulted in faster induction of anesthesia with both EOs, with no significant change in recovery times. Flumazenil (10 μm) reversed the diazepam-induced anesthesia, but not the anesthesia induced by EOs.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The EO of C. flexuosus induced effective sedation (25 μL L?1) and anesthesia (150 and 300 μL L?1) without short-term mortality. The modulation of the BDZ site of the GABAA receptor in the anesthetic action mechanism of both EOs was not demonstrated. 相似文献3.
Peter M. DiGeronimo Anderson F. da Cunha Bruno Pypendop João Brandão Rhett Stout Max Rinaldi Thomas N. Tully 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):287-294
Objective
To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of intravenous (IV) bupivacaine associated with a 50% probability of causing clinically relevant cardiovascular effects [defined as 30% change in heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP)] in chickens anesthetized with isoflurane.Study design
Randomized up-and-down study.Animals
A total of 14 Ross-708 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) weighing 1.70–2.75 kg.Methods
Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane. Monitoring included the electrocardiogram and invasive arterial pressures. Chickens were administered bupivacaine IV over 2 minutes using a dose based on the response of the previous animal. Dose was decreased when HR and/or MAP in the previous animal increased or decreased ≥30% after bupivacaine administration, or increased when HR or MAP changed <30%. The ED50 was defined as the dose resulting in ≥30% variation in HR or MAP in 50% of the population studied.Results
The IV ED50 of bupivacaine was 1.94 mg kg?1 using Dixon’s up-and-down method and 1.96 mg kg?1 by logistic regression.Conclusions and clinical relevance
These results suggest that 1.33 and 1.96 mg kg?1 of IV bupivacaine are associated with a respective 1 or 50% probability of a clinically significant change in MAP in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens. Identification of the cardiovascular changes associated with different doses of bupivacaine can be used as the basis for studies of therapeutic applications in the domestic chicken. Further studies are required to determine interspecies variation. 相似文献4.
Etiane M.H. Saccol Érika P. Londero Caroline A. Bressan Joseânia Salbego Luciane T. Gressler Lenise V.F. Silva Rosa H.V. Mourão Ricardo B. Oliveira Susana F. Llesuy Bernardo Baldisserotto Maria A. Pavanato 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):555-566
Objective
To investigate the effects of rapid anesthesia and long-term sedation with the essential oils (EOs) of Myrcia sylvatica (EOMS) and Curcuma longa (EOCL) on biochemical and oxidative parameters in matrinxã.Study design
Prospective, randomized, laboratory experiment.Animals
A total of 72 matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) adults weighing 404.8 ± 27.9 g were divided into eight groups of nine fish.Methods
Biochemical and oxidative effects were investigated in plasma and tissues of matrinxã subjected to rapid anesthesia (5 minutes) or long-term sedation (360 minutes, simulating the practice of transport) with EOMS (200 μL L?1 and 10 μL L?1, respectively) and EOCL (500 μL L?1 and 40 μL L?1, respectively).Results
Transport simulation without sedation or anesthesia increased lipid peroxidation levels in the gills and kidney of fish in the control group. Anesthesia and sedation with EOs decreased cortisol concentrations and increased lactate concentrations compared with controls. Lipid peroxidation was lower in the brain, gills, liver and kidney of sedated and anesthetized fish, than in the control group. Anesthesia with EOs increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase in the brain, and catalase in the liver and gills, compared with controls. Long-term sedation with EOs increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in the brain, catalase in the liver, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the gills and superoxide dismutase in the kidney. In general, nonprotein thiols content and total reactive antioxidant potential of tissues were higher after anesthesia and sedation with EOs compared with the control group.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The concentrations of EOMS and EOCL used were effective at preventing a stress response and excess of reactive oxygen species formation. For these reasons, these substances may be recommended for use in the transportation of fish to improve survival and animal welfare. 相似文献5.
Kaylee S. Bohaychuk-Preuss M. Valentina Carrozzo Tanya Duke-Novakovski 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):483-491
Objective
To record the cardiopulmonary effects of pleural CO2 positive pressure insufflation in anesthetized horses.Study design
Prospective study.Animals
Seven horses (mean ± standard deviation, 530.9 ± 68.1 kg) undergoing terminal surgery.Methods
Horses were sedated with xylazine. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine–propofol and maintained with isoflurane, positive pressure ventilation, detomidine infusion, and butorphanol with the horses in dorsal recumbency. Baseline measurements were cardiac output, heart rate, pulmonary and systemic arterial and right atrial blood pressures, body temperature, expired and inspired gas concentrations, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, and lactate concentrations. An 18 gauge 6.6 cm needle was inserted into the right pleural cavity midway between the sternum and dorsal midline in the sixth or seventh intercostal space for pleural pressure (PP) measurement. A 14 gauge 18 cm needle placed 5 cm below the previous needle allowed CO2 insufflation into the pleural cavity. All measurements were repeated after: needle insertion, at 2, 5, and 8 mmHg PPs, and after pleural gas removal (GR). Data were compared with baseline using one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Actual PPs were within 1.1 mmHg of the targeted PP. Pulmonary systolic and mean arterial pressures, alveolar dead space to tidal volume ratio, and isoflurane requirements increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Cardiac index decreased at 5 mmHg PP. Stroke index decreased at 2 mmHg PP to GR. PaO2 decreased at 5 mmHg PP to GR. PaCO2 increased at 8 mmHg PP and GR. Oxygen delivery decreased at 5 and 8 mmHg PP. Intrapulmonary shunt fraction and lactate concentration increased with GR.Conclusions and clinical relevance:
Severe adverse cardiopulmonary effects arise from CO2 positive pressure insufflation into the right hemithorax in dorsally recumbent isoflurane-anesthetized horses. PP should be ≤2 mmHg. 相似文献6.
Randolph L. Winter Ashley B. Saunders Sonya G. Gordon Jesse S. Buch Matthew W. Miller 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(2):124-131
Introduction
To determine the biologic variability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) in healthy dogs and dogs with various stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).Animals
Thirty-eight privately owned dogs: 28 with MMVD and 10 healthy controls.Materials and methods
Prospective clinical study with comprehensive evaluation used to group dogs as healthy or into three stages of MMVD based on current guidelines. NTproBNP was measured hourly, daily, and weekly. For each group, analytical (CVA), within-subject (CVI), and between-subject (CVG) coefficients of variability were calculated in addition to percent critical change value (CCV) and index of individuality (IoI).Results
For healthy dogs, calculated NTproBNP values were: CVA = 4.2%; CVI = 25.2%; CVG = 49.3%; IoI = 0.52, and CCV = 70.8%. For dogs with MMVD, calculated NTproBNP values were: CVA = 6.2%; CVI = 20.0%; CVG = 61.3%; IoI = 0.34, and CCV = 58.2%.Conclusions
Biologic variability affects NTproBNP concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD. Monitoring serial individual changes in NTproBNP may be clinically relevant in addition to using population-based reference ranges to determine changes in disease status. 相似文献7.
Rozana W. da Rocha André Escobar Bruno H. Pypendop Darcio Zangirolami Filho Roberto Thiesen Fábio N. Gava 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):546-554
Objective
To assess the temporal effects of a single fentanyl intravenous (IV) bolus on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in chickens and to evaluate the effects of this combination on heart rate (HR) and rhythm, systemic arterial pressures (sAP) and ventilation.Study design
Prospective experimental trial.Animals
Seventeen adult chickens weighing 1.8 ± 0.2 kg.Methods
Individual isoflurane MAC for 17 chickens was previously determined using the bracketing method. Chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane to evaluate the effects of a single IV fentanyl bolus (10 or 30 μg kg?1) on isoflurane MAC over time using the up-and-down method. Ventilation was controlled. The isoflurane MAC reduction was estimated by logistic regression at 5 and 15 minutes after fentanyl administration. In the second phase, seven chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane, and fentanyl was administered (30 μg kg?1) IV over 1 minute during spontaneous ventilation and HR and rhythm, sAP and ventilation variables were measured.Results
At 5 minutes after IV administration of fentanyl (10 or 30 μg kg?1), isoflurane MAC was significantly reduced by 17.6% (6.1–29.1%) [logistic regression estimate (95% Wald confidence interval)] and 42.6% (13.3–71.9%), respectively. Isoflurane MAC reduction at 15 minutes after IV administration of fentanyl (10 or 30 μg kg?1) was 6.2% (?0.6 to 12.9%) and 13.2% (?0.9 to 27.3%), respectively; however, this reduction was not significant. No clinically significant cardiopulmonary changes or arrhythmias were detected after the administration of fentanyl (30 μg kg?1).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Administration of a single fentanyl bolus induced a dose-dependent and short-lasting reduction in isoflurane MAC. The higher dose induced no significant cardiopulmonary depression in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens during spontaneous ventilation. In chickens anesthetized with isoflurane, the clinical usefulness of a single fentanyl bolus is limited by its short duration of effect. 相似文献8.
Josiane Lauper Vincent Marolf Olivier Levionnois Esther Schelling Mireille Meylan Claudia Spadavecchia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):281-286
Objective
To investigate whether an intravenous (IV) lidocaine bolus in calves premedicated with xylazine-butorphanol reduces the amount of ketamine required to allow endotracheal intubation.Study design
Randomized, prospective clinical study.Animals
In total, 41 calves scheduled for elective umbilical surgery.Methods
Calves were randomly assigned to one of two groups (L: lidocaine or S: saline). The calves were administered xylazine (0.07 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg?1) intramuscularly and 10 minutes later lidocaine (2 mg kg?1; group L) or saline (group S) IV over 1 minute. After 2 minutes, ketamine (2.5 mg kg?1) was injected IV. If the depth of anaesthesia was insufficient for intubation, additional ketamine (1 mg kg?1) was administered every minute until intubation was successful. The amount of ketamine required for intubation, respiratory rate, pulse rate, arterial pressures, the depth of sedation and conditions of endotracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia were compared between the two groups.Results
The calves in group L were sedated more deeply than those in group S; however, neither the median (range) amount of ketamine required for intubation, 3.5 (2.5–4.5) mg kg?1 and 3.5 (2.5–3.5) mg kg?1, respectively, nor the induction quality differed significantly between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
A bolus of lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) administered 10 minutes after xylazine-butorphanol in calves deepened the degree of sedation but did not decrease the requirement of ketamine for endotracheal intubation. No adverse effects were recorded in the physiological variables measured. 相似文献9.
Latifa Khenissi Gwen Covey-Crump Toby G. Knowles Joanna Murrell 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):452-460
Objective
To investigate whether the use of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) preserves body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg anaesthetised for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Study design
Prospective, randomised, clinical trial.Animals
Thirty-one client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to a treatment group [HME (n = 16) or no HME (n = 15)]. Dogs were pseudorandomised according to the premedication they were administered, either dexmedetomidine or no dexmedetomidine. Induction agents were not standardised. General anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane vaporised in 100% oxygen delivered using a T-piece and a fresh gas flow of 600 mL kg?1 minute?1. Rectal temperature was measured before premedication (T1), after induction (T2), before moving to the MRI unit (T3) and at the end of the MRI scan (T4). Ambient temperatures were measured in the induction room, outside and inside the MRI unit. Data were analysed using a general linear model with T4 as the outcome variable. Linear correlations were performed between T1, T2, T3 and T4, and variables that predicted T4 were investigated.Results
Sex, age and body mass were not significantly different between groups. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature between groups at any time point (group with HME at the end of MRI = 36.3 ± 1.1 °C; group with no HME at the end of MRI = 36.2 ± 1.4 °C) but at the end of the MRI, dogs administered dexmedetomidine (36.6 ± 0.7 °C) had a higher rectal temperature compared with dogs not administered dexmedetomidine (35.9 ± 1.6 °C) for premedication. Rectal temperature varied directly with ambient temperature in MRI scanning room and inversely with anaesthetic duration.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Using an HME did not alter body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg undergoing an MRI, but including dexmedetomidine in the premedication regimen seemed to preserve the body temperature during anaesthesia. 相似文献10.
Sarah E. Bigby Jennifer E. Carter Sébastien Bauquier Thierry Beths 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):905-909
Objective
The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs.Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Nine healthy, 6–8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement.Methods
All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg?1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg?1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate.Results
Sedation scores were 9 (7–10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0–2.3) mg kg?1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs. 相似文献11.
Patricia C. Duarte Cahuê F.R. Paz Alvaro P.L. Oliveira Thairê P. Maróstica Leticia O. Cota Rafael R. Faleiros 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):943-950
Objective
To investigate the nociceptive and clinical effects of buffering a lidocaine–epinephrine solution with sodium bicarbonate in caudal epidural block in mares.Study design
Prospective randomized controlled trial.Animals
Six mixed-breed mares weighing 350–440 kg.Methods
Each animal was administered two caudal epidural injections, 72 hours apart, using different solutions prepared immediately before injection. The control solution was 7 mL 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine hemitartrate (1:200,000) added to 3 mL sterile water for injection (pH 2.9). The alkalinized solution was 7 mL of lidocaine–epinephrine solution added to 2.3 mL sterile water for injection and 0.7 mL 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.4). Nociception was evaluated by response to skin pinching at 31 sites in the sacral region and around the perimeter of the anogenital area (distances of 10, 15 and 20 cm) before, and 5, 10 and 15 minutes after epidural injection, then every 15 minutes until the return of nociception in all evaluated sites. The onset and duration times, and intensity of ataxia (grades 0 to 3) were recorded. The paired t test was used to compare the onset and duration of anesthesia and ataxia (p < 0.05).Results
Alkalization of the solution resulted in significant decreases in the average time of onset of loss of nociception in the sacral region (40%) and around the perimeter of the anogenital area extending up to 5 cm (36%) and from 5 to 10 cm (32%) from the anus and vulva. Alkalization also decreased the average duration of ataxia (33%), without affecting the duration and extent of anesthesia or the degree of ataxia.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Alkalization of lidocaine–epinephrine solution is advantageous in shortening the duration of ataxia and hastening the onset of anesthesia in areas adjacent to the anogenital area, without reducing the duration of epidural anesthesia, in mares. 相似文献12.
Objective
To evaluate the ability of pulse wave transit time (PWTT) to detect changes in stroke volume (SV) and to estimate cardiac output (CO) compared with the thermodilution technique in isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs.Study design
Prospective, experimental study.Animals
Eight adult laboratory dogs.Methods
The dogs were anaesthetized with isoflurane and mechanically ventilated. Reference CO (TDCO) was measured via a pulmonary artery catheter using the thermodilution technique and reference SV (TDSV) was calculated. PWTT was calculated as the time from the electrocardiogram R-wave peak to the rise point of the pulse oximeter wave. Estimated CO (esCO) was derived from PWTT after calibration with arterial pulse pressure (both non-invasive and invasive methods) and TDCO. Haemodynamic changes were induced by administration of phenylephrine (vasoconstriction), high isoflurane (vasodilatation and negative inotropy) and dobutamine (vasodilatation and positive inotropy). Trending between percentage change in PWTT and TDSV was assessed using concordance analysis and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The agreement between esCO and TDCO was evaluated using the Bland–Altman method.Results
The direction of percentage change between consecutive PWTT and the corresponding TDSV showed a concordance rate of 95%, with correlation coefficients of ?0.86 (p < 0.001). Area under the ROC curve for the change in PWTT to detect 15% change in TDSV was 0.91 (p < 0.001). TDCO compared with esCO calibrated with invasive and non-invasive blood pressure showed a bias (precision of agreement) of 0.58 (1.54) and 0.57 (1.59) L minute?1 with a percentage error of ±61% and ±63%, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
In isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs, PWTT showed a good trending ability to detect 15% changes in SV. This technique is easy to use, inexpensive, non-invasive and could become routine anaesthetic monitoring. However, the agreement between absolute esCO and TDCO was unacceptable. 相似文献13.
Robert J. Brosnan Fabíola B. Fukushima Trung L. Pham 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):577-588
Objective
N-butane and n-pentane can both produce general anesthesia. Both compounds potentiate γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor function, but only butane inhibits N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. It was hypothesized that butane and pentane would exhibit anesthetic synergy due to their different actions on ligand-gated ion channels.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
A total of four Xenopus laevis frogs and 43 Sprague–Dawley rats.Methods
Alkane concentrations for all studies were determined via gas chromatography. Using a Xenopus oocyte expression model, standard two-electrode voltage clamp techniques were used to measure NMDA and GABAA receptor responses in vitro as a function of butane and pentane concentrations relevant to anesthesia. The minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) of butane and pentane were measured separately in rats, and then pentane MAC was measured during coadministration of 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 times MAC of butane. An isobole with 95% confidence intervals was constructed using regression analysis. A sum of butane and pentane that was statistically less than the lower-end confidence bound isobole indicated a synergistic interaction.Results
Both butane and pentane dose-dependently potentiated GABAA receptor currents over the study concentration range. Butane dose-dependently inhibited NMDA receptor currents, but pentane did not modulate NMDA receptors. Butane and pentane MAC in rats was 39.4 ± 0.7 and 13.7 ± 0.4 %, respectively. A small but significant (p < 0.03) synergistic anesthetic effect with pentane was observed during administration of either 0.50 or 0.75 × MAC butane.Conclusions
Butane and pentane show synergistic anesthetic effects in vivo consistent with their different in vitro receptor effects.Clinical relevance
Findings support the relevance of NMDA receptors in mediating anesthetic actions for some, but not all, inhaled agents. 相似文献14.
Yael Shilo-Benjamini Peter J. Pascoe Erik R. Wisner Nili Kahane Philip H. Kass David J. Maggs 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):925-932
Objective
To compare injectate distribution and likelihood of regional anesthesia to the orbit following retrobulbar (RB) or peribulbar (PB) injections in dog cadavers.Study design
Randomized, masked study.Animals
Twenty-four dog cadavers (aged 5.5–17 years, 2.0–36.3 kg).Methods
Orbits underwent one of three injection techniques with bupivacaine 0.5% and iohexol (1:1): ventrolateral RB injection (1–2 mL; 15 orbits), medial canthal PB injection (2–8 mL; PB-1; 16 orbits), or dorsomedial and ventrolateral PB injections (each 1–4 mL; PB-2; 16 orbits). The likelihood of successful regional anesthesia was estimated based on computed tomographic images scored for injectate volume of distribution at the base and within the extraocular muscle cone (EOMC), and injectate distribution around the optic nerve. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and after injections. Mixed-effects linear regression with post hoc Bonferroni contrast adjustments was performed. Significance was set at 0.05.Results
A difference in injectate volume of distribution within or at the base of the EOMC was not detected among groups. The median optic nerve circumference of injectate distribution was significantly higher in the RB injected group than in the PB-2 group. Injectate distribution following RB, PB-1 and PB-2 injections was graded as likely to provide regional anesthesia within the EOMC in 40%, 19% and 31% of eyes, and at the EOMC base in 60%, 63% and 50% of eyes, respectively. The probability of likelihood to provide regional anesthesia was lower in dogs of higher body weights. The IOP was significantly higher than baseline following PB-1 (18 ± 14 mmHg) and in comparison with RB (2 ± 3 mmHg), but not different from PB-2 injection (10 ± 11 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevance
None of the techniques reliably produced ‘successful’ injectate distribution based on this study's definitions; however, clinical assessment of anesthetic success is required. 相似文献15.
Tanya Duke-Novakovski Barbara Ambros Cindy Feng Anthony P. Carr 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):589-593
Objective
To determine the accuracy of high-definition oscillometry (HDO) for arterial pressure measurement during injectable or inhalation anesthesia in horses.Study design
Prospective, clinical study.Animals
Twenty-four horses anesthetized for procedures requiring lateral recumbency.Methods
Horses were premedicated with xylazine, and anesthesia induced with diazepam–ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with xylazine–ketamine–guaifenesin combination [TripleDrip (TD; n = 12) or isoflurane (ISO; n = 12)]. HDO was used to obtain systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, and heart rate (HR) using an 8-cm-wide cuff around the proximal tail. Invasive blood pressure (IBP), SAP, MAP, DAP and HR were recorded during HDO cycling. Bland–Altman analysis for repeated measures was used to compare HDO and IBP for all measurements. The generalized additive model was used to determine if means in the differences between HDO and IBP were similar between anesthetic protocols for all measurements.Results
There were >110 paired samples for each variable. There was no effect of anesthetic choice on HDO performance, but more variability was present in TD compared with ISO. Skewed data required log-transformation for statistical comparison. Using raw data and standard Bland–Altman analysis, HDO overestimated SAP (TD, 3.8 ± 28.3 mmHg; ISO, 3.5 ± 13.6 mmHg), MAP (TD, 4.0 ± 23.3 mmHg; ISO, 6.3 ± 10.0 mmHg) and DAP (TD, 4.0 ± 21.2 mmHg; ISO, 7.8 ± 13.6 mmHg). In TD, 26–40% HDO measurements were within 10 mmHg of IBP, compared with 60–74% in ISO. Differences between HDO and IBP for all measurements were similar between anesthetic protocols. The numerical difference between IBP and HDO measurements for SAP, MAP and DAP significantly decreased as cuff width:tail girth ratio increased toward 40%.Conclusion and clinical relevance
More variability in HDO occurred during TD. The cuff width:tail girth ratio is important for accuracy of HDO. 相似文献16.
17.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine whether lumbosacral epidural administration of magnesium sulphate added to ropivacaine prolongs and improves perioperative analgesia, without adverse effects on motor block duration or hind limb neurological function, in dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty.Study design
Investigator-blind, controlled, randomized, prospective clinical trial.Animals
A group of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty were allocated randomly to either group C (control, 1 mg kg?1epidural ropivacaine) or group M (magnesium, epidural injection of 1 mg kg?1 ropivacaine and 2 mg kg?1magnesium sulphate).Methods
All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intraoperatively, nociception was assessed based on changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure above baseline values. Postoperatively, pain was evaluated with a Sammarco pain score, a Glasgow pain scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Tarlov’s scale was used to quantify motor block. All dogs were evaluated at recovery and then 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours after that. Rescue analgesia was provided during surgery with fentanyl and, postoperatively, with buprenorphine. Groups were compared using one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance followed by the Holm–Sidak method for multiple comparison or nonparametric tests when appropriate.Results
The two treatment groups did not differ (p > 0.05) with respect to intraoperative physiological variables, rescue analgesia, postoperative pain scores (Sammarco q = 1.00; Glasgow q = 3.10; VAS q = 0.50) and duration of the motor block (Tarlov’s q = 2.40).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epidural magnesium to ropivacaine did not improve or prolong the analgesia provided by ropivacaine alone. Further studies are needed to determine whether an epidural magnesium dose of >2 mg kg?1 would exert better analgesia, without causing adverse effects, in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. 相似文献18.
MC Niimura del Barrio Rachel C. Bennett J.M. Lynne Hughes 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):473-482
Objective
Influence of detomidine or romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on plasma lactate concentration and isoflurane requirements in horses undergoing elective surgery.Study design
Prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 24 adult healthy horses.Methods
All horses were administered intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg?1) and either intravenous detomidine (0.02 mg kg?1) (group D), romifidine (0.08 mg kg?1) (group R) or xylazine (1.0 mg kg?1) (group C) prior to anaesthesia. Group D was administered detomidine CRI (10 μg kg?1 hour?1) in lactated Ringer's solution (LRS), group R romifidine CRI (40 μg kg?1 hour?1) in LRS and group C an equivalent amount of LRS intraoperatively. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Plasma lactate samples were taken prior to anaesthesia (baseline), intraoperatively (three samples at 30 minute intervals) and in recovery (at 10 minutes, once standing and 3 hours after end of anaesthesia). End-tidal isoflurane percentage (Fe′Iso) was analysed by allocating values into three periods: Prep (15 minutes after the start anaesthesia–start surgery); Surgery 1 (start surgery–30 minutes later); and Surgery 2 (end Surgery 1–end anaesthesia). A linear mixed model was used to analyse the data. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
There was a difference in plasma lactate between ‘baseline’ and ‘once standing’ in all three groups (p < 0.01); values did not differ significantly between groups. In groups D and R, Fe′Iso decreased significantly by 18% (to 1.03%) and by 15% (to 1.07%), respectively, during Surgery 2 compared with group C (1.26%); p < 0.006, p < 0.02, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intraoperative detomidine or romifidine CRI in horses did not result in a clinically significant increase in plasma lactate compared with control group. Detomidine and romifidine infusions decreased isoflurane requirements during surgery. 相似文献19.
Giulia Maria De Benedictis Mario Giorgi Alice Depase Virginia De Vito Giorgia della Rocca Luca Bellini 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1245-1252
Objective
To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of two doses of tramadol during isoflurane anaesthesia in sheep and their ability to prevent the cardiovascular response induced by surgical stimulation.Study design
Prospective randomized controlled study.Animals
A total of 12 healthy sheep (mean weight, 47.5 ± 7.9 kg) undergoing lumbar transpedicular intervertebral disk nucleotomy.Methods
Sheep were sedated with medetomidine, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane at 1.5 vol.%. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure were measured and sheep were randomly assigned an intravenous injection of tramadol (4 or 6 mg kg?1). Fentanyl was injected as rescue analgesic if cardiovascular parameters were increased more than 20% compared to baseline. If those variables were below 20% of baseline, the concentration of isoflurane was gradually decreased until parameters returned to the original value. Blood collections were performed at pre-assigned times, and concentrations of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol (M1) assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results
Time from premedication to anaesthesia induction, anaesthesia time, propofol dose and intraoperative body temperature were similar between doses. Cardiovascular variables remained between ±20% of baseline value, and no statistical difference was observed between treatments. Regardless of the dose of tramadol administered, arterial blood pressure was statistically higher than baseline 10 minutes after tramadol administration, but it gradually returned to previous values. A two-compartment model and a non-compartment model described the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and M1, respectively. Plasma concentrations of tramadol rapidly decreased in the first 2 hours for both doses with an elimination half-life of more than 40 minutes. The M1 maximum concentration was similar for both doses, and it was detected in plasma after 35 minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Both doses of tramadol provided adequate cardiovascular stability during spinal surgery in sheep. The pharmacokinetic variables may be used to plan the dosage regime during general anaesthesia. 相似文献20.
Tesh M. Smalle Marthinus J. Hartman Lynette Bester Roxanne K. Buck Geoffrey T. Fosgate Gareth E. Zeiler 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):427-434