光对入侵性植物黄顶菊种子萌发及植株生长的影响

入侵性杂草黄顶菊原产南美,2003年在我国河北省衡水湖首次报道。采用室内控制试验,对光与黄顶菊种子发芽及植株生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明：黄顶菊种子属光敏型,种子需要光刺激才能发芽。但其萌发对光强要求不严,1 000 lx光照强度30 ℃培养6、12 h和24 h转入暗培养,5 d后黄顶菊种子发芽率分别为67.0%、88.0%和95.8%。黄顶菊种子出苗与光照关系密切,播种在土壤表面、0.5 cm和1 cm深土层的种子出苗率分别为96.0%、8.0%和0。随光照强度减弱,植株的生物量及繁殖力显著降低。黄顶菊在35%自然光强下生长时其生物量、结实数比自然光强下分别降低55.0%和55.6%。上述结果为预测黄顶菊的适生区域及制订有效的防除策略提供了科学依据。     

Impacts of snow on seed germination are independent of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics in a temperate desert of Central Asia

Seed germination profoundly impacts plant community composition within the plant life cycle. Snow is an important source of water for seed germination in the temperate deserts of Central Asia. Understanding how seed germination responds to variations in snow cover in relation to seed traits and plant ecological characteristics can help predict plant community sustainability and stability in Central Asia under a scenario climate change. This study investigated the seed germination of 35 plant species common to the Gurbantunggut Desert in Central Asia under the three snow treatments: (1) snow addition; (2) ambient snow; and (3) snow removal. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to assess interactions among the impacts of snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics on seed germination. Phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS) model was used to test the relationships between seed traits and seed germination. The results demonstrated that snow variations had no significant impacts on seed germination overall. Seed germination under the snow addition treatment was similar with that under the ambient snow treatment, irrespective of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Snow removal only had negative impacts on seed germination for certain groups of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Seed mass positively affected seed germination, showing a linear increase of arcsin square root-transformed seed germination with log-transformed seed mass. Seed shape also profoundly impacted seed germination, with a higher germination percentage for elongated and flat seeds. Seed germination differed under different plant life forms, with semi-shrub species showing a significantly higher germination percentage. Most importantly, although snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics had no interactive effects on seed germination overall, some negative impacts from the snow removal treatment were detected when seeds were categorized on the basis of seed mass and shape. This result suggests that variations of snow cover may change plant community composition in this temperate desert due to their impacts on seed germination.     

滴灌定额对棉花株型、产量及纤维品质的影响

在膜下滴灌条件下,以新陆早45号为试验材料,设5个滴灌定额处理（W₁：600 m³·hm^-2,W₂：540 m³·hm^-2;W₃：480 m³·hm^-2,W₄：420 m³·hm^-2,W₅：360 m³·hm^-2）,研究棉花农艺性状、成铃模式、产量及纤维品质对滴灌定额的响应。结果表明：随滴灌定额的减少,棉花株高表现为W₂>W₁>W₃>W₄>W₅,果枝台数和蕾花铃总数（8月10日）均以W₁处理最大,分别为9台和13.8个,W₅处理最小,分别为8.75台和10.2个,其中W₁与W₂处理上、中、下部铃数及铃重均无显著差异。棉花籽棉和皮棉产量均以W₁处理最高,达到6 431 kg·hm^-2和2 520 kg·hm^-2,但与W₂处理间均无显著差异。棉纤维长度、整齐度、断裂比在W₁和W₂处理间无显著差异,W₃、W₄、W₅处理棉纤维长度、整齐度较W₁处理分别低0.4、1.1、1.6 mm和0.5%、0.7%、0.9%。因此,控制滴灌定额在540 m³·hm^-2,可在不显著降低棉花产量和纤维品质的前提下,提高水资源利用效率。     

Studies on amoebae and cysts associated with the isolation of Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea in vitro

New evidence is presented to support the contention that the amoeba/cyst colonies isolated from surface-sterilized Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea -infected potato tubers and spore balls have a saprophytic phase but are contaminants and not S. subterranea. Amoebae isolated from infected tissues and spore balls formed colonies associated with bacteria on 1% water agar at 18°C and encysted after 5–7 days. These cysts were morphologically distinct from the resting spores of S. subterranea and were formed singly or in a layer, unlike the spore ball (cystosorus) of S. subterranea . Amoebae, cysts and mixtures of amoebae and cysts in primary, secondary and tertiary subcultures failed to infect tomato roots. PCR amplification of DNA from amoebae, cysts and spore balls using the S. subterranea -specific primer pair SsF/R generated a 434-bp product from S. subterranea spore balls only and not from amoebae or cysts. When an amoeba/cyst-specific primer pair AmF/R was designed and used for PCR amplification, a single 411-bp product was generated from DNA of amoebae and cysts, but not from DNA of S. subterranea spore balls. These results are discussed in relation to earlier reports claiming the successful isolation of S. subterranea and other plasmodiophorids in vitro .     

胶质芽孢杆菌Bacillus mucilaginosus的分离及对荒漠沙中棉花种子发芽的影响

对采集的土壤样品中解钾菌进行分离与鉴定,再以荒漠沙为土壤基质,加入含菌量为0、0.16、0.48、0.80、1.20、1.60(×108/CFU·m L-1)的菌液进行发芽试验,研究了解钾菌对棉花种子的发芽率、幼苗的鲜重、芽长和根长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,分离出的解钾菌为胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)。当沙漠土壤中加入不同含菌量的菌液后:棉花种子发芽时间提前0~24 h,发芽率随着菌含量的增加呈先增大后减少的趋势,当菌含量为0.8×108CFU·m L-1时发芽率最高为70.29%;茎的长度增加0.5~1.2 cm,主根的长度缩短0.20~0.65 cm,但促进了侧根的生长,幼苗的鲜重提高了0.0662~0.1582 g;幼苗中的相关酶和丙二醛含量分别有不同程度的增加和减少。     

Effect of phosphate‐based seed priming on strigolactone production and Striga hermonthica infection in cereals

Strigolactones, plant‐secreted underground signalling molecules, play an important role in agricultural ecosystems, because they mediate the interaction of crops with symbiotic AM fungi and parasitic weeds like Striga hermonthica. Cereal host plants secret these signalling molecules particularly under nutrient‐deficient conditions and especially when phosphate (P) is limiting. The objective of the present study was to see the potential of P seed priming for S. hermonthica management in cereals in relation to strigolactone production. It has been demonstrated that P fertiliser application down‐regulates the production of these signalling molecules in the rhizosphere, which results in lower S. hermonthica infection of cereals. The laboratory study showed maximum production of strigolactones from dry and water‐soaked seeds, while seed soaking in P solution reduced their production. Similarly, maximum S. hermonthica infection was observed under control treatments with dry sowing or water soaking, while P seed soaking decreased S. hermonthica germination, emergence and dry biomass in all cereal crops. Our study shows that P seed priming resulted in lower exudation of strigolactones, which induced less S. hermonthica seeds germination and hence may lead to lower S. hermonthica infection. P‐based seed priming could prove to be an effective and affordable strategy to reduce S. hermonthica infection in cereals. Further research for practical field application is needed.     

长白山植物群落谱系结构及环境因子对其的影响

以往在长白山植物群落生态学的研究中极少考虑物种间的亲缘关系。由物种亲缘关系所度量的群落谱系结构可以反映进化与生态过程对群落结构的影响,因而可以从全新的角度来了解群落构建的成因。文中研究以长白山76块样地为基础,分析了群落的谱系结构以及环境因子对其所造成的影响,结果显示:各样地、各群落类型均表现出一定的谱系结构,表明长白山植物群落构建过程主要是受生态位机制的作用;海拔、林分郁闭度、坡度及土壤腐殖质厚度与谱系结构存在显著的相关性。进一步将群落谱系结构结合环境因子的分布状态进行分析可以推测,环境压力作为生境过滤的形式是高山苔原以及岳桦林群落构建的最主要驱动力;干扰与环境压力对低海拔阔叶林群落构建起到重要作用;环境压力的缺失使得竞争作用放大,这成为决定阔叶红松林群落结构的主要方面。     

The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

不同植物生长调节剂对新疆棉花干物质积累、产量和品质的影响

通过大田试验研究了3种不同的植物生长调节剂及其施用方法对棉花干物质积累特性以及品质和产量的影响效应.试验设计为叶面喷施缩节胺、随水滴施多效唑、随水滴施促根剂和随水滴施多效唑+促根剂.结果表明:不同的化控处理棉株干物质积累均随生育期延长而持续增加,动态变化可用"S"曲线方程拟合.干物质积累速率呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在出...     

几种植物诱导剂对烤烟抗病性、农艺性状及产量品质的影响

以‘云烟87’为供试品种,研究了11种植物诱导剂对烤烟病毒病的防控作用以及对烟株的农艺性状和烟叶产量品质的影响。结果显示,阿泰灵、碧护、烟望素和抗病丰等4种药剂对病毒病的相对防效超过35%,其余7种植物诱导剂对病毒的防效稍差。各种植物诱导剂均在一定程度上促进了烟株生长,烤烟农艺性状指标均有所提高,烤后烟叶外观质量总体较好,部分诱导剂能够提高烟叶上中等烟比例和产量,提高了收购均价和产值。同时,烟叶成分有所改变,除融地美、阿泰灵外,其余9种植物诱导剂处理后中部叶片烟碱含量均低于清水对照,其中彩特美细胞酶叶面营养剂处理的中部叶片烟碱含量最低,为3.27%,糖碱比均优于清水对照,烟叶的钾、氯含量均较适宜。研究结果表明,对烤烟喷施植物诱导剂能够抗病、增产、改善品质。     

The influence of the soil management systems on aboveground and seed bank weed communities in olive orchards

The biodiversity of farmed landscapes is, in the context of agricultural intensification, a key aspect with regard to improving the sustainability of agroecosystems. Olive groves are undergoing rapid changes because of the spread of intensive farming systems, which may have negative environmental impacts. This paper reports a survey on the aboveground flora and seed banks in five olive groves located in Andalusia (Southern Spain). In this study, the following three management systems have been compared: no‐tillage, with the mowing of spontaneous weedy vegetation; no‐tillage, with the mowing of planted cover crops (Poaceae); and conventional tillage practices. Results showed that coverage and an abundance of vegetation are favored by spontaneous weedy vegetation with mowing management, while the richness of aboveground species was affected by landscape diversity and the presence of edges, which increases the richness and diversity of aboveground flora species in olive groves. Seed bank composition showed a low relationship with aboveground flora in the three cover crop management systems. The multivariate analysis performed pointed to those seed species that have a major influence on the aboveground flora communities of each of the three agricultural systems. The seed bank was clearly impoverished in terms of both abundance and species richness after the long‐term conventional tillage practices. We conclude that the intensive long‐term conventional tillage dramatically reduces weed communities in olive orchards and the subsequent ecosystem services provided by them.     

不同措施对碱化土壤培肥及水稻植株养分吸收的影响

为探明在盐碱胁迫条件下水稻植株对氮磷钾养分吸收的影响,研究了宁夏前进农场碱化土壤在不同施肥措施下的培肥效果及不同施肥措施对水稻氮磷钾养分吸收的影响.结果表明:无论耕地、荒地,土壤pH值、全盐含量在收获后均有不同程度的降低,土壤碱解氮含量在收获后分别上升了67.2％和24.5％;速效磷含量在收获后分别降低了3.6％和52...     

豫西旱地烟薯间作模式下不同株距对烤烟生长及产量质量的影响

为探索适宜豫西旱地烤烟高质量发展的烟薯产业综合体模式，以烤烟‘LY1306’和鲜食甘薯‘普薯32’为材料，采用田间试验研究“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式下烤烟不同株距（65、60 cm和55 cm）配置对烟株生长及产量质量的影响。结果表明：在烟株移栽后90 d，与烤烟单作相比，烤烟株距为65 cm时，烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高5.09%~5.12%和5.17%~8.17%，叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）提高4.90%~6.81%，净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）分别提高16.39%~21.50%、23.82%~27.72%和36.21%~45.31%，土传根茎病害发病率降低74.38%~78.42%；烤烟株距为60 cm时，烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高3.71%~4.79%和4.69%~7.61%，SPAD值提高3.80%~5.55%，P_n、G_s和T_r分别提高14.03%~19.77%、15.68%~22.49%和29.83%~35.78%，土传根茎病害发病率降低75.30%~78.11%；两种株距下烤后烟叶内在化学成分配比较烤烟单作更为合理。随着烤烟株距的减小，间作处理的土地当量比（LER）、总产值及烤烟感官评吸总分表现为先增加后减小；当烤烟株距为60 cm时，烟薯间作的总产值在2021年和2022年分别达82 855.40 CNY·hm^-2和81 654.55 CNY·hm^-2，较烤烟单作提高15.85%和22.43%。综上，豫西旱地采用“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式的LER>1，具有间作优势，且烤烟株距调整为60 cm时（烤烟单作株距65 cm），烟株生长较好，产量质量指标最优，综合效益最大。     

短脚锦鸡儿灌丛对植物群落和土壤微生物群落的促进效应研究

以内蒙古荒漠区短脚锦鸡儿灌木为研究对象,采用野外调查法分析灌丛对植物群落的影响,采用传统培养法,结合分子鉴定法分析灌丛对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)灌丛内植物群落多度和总生物量显著大于灌丛外,但是物种丰度和Shannon-Wiener指数灌丛内外无显著差异;(2)随土壤深度的增加,表层土与深层土的土壤可培养细菌丰度和真菌多度差异不显著,其余土壤微生物群落多样性特征均表现为:表层土显著大于深层土;(3)灌丛对土壤微生物群落具有正效应,且表层土正效应最大;(4)灌丛对植物群落的促进作用大于对土壤微生物群落的作用。     

小麦矮秆基因Rht-8对株高和其它农艺性状的遗传效应

分析矮秆基因Rht-8的遗传力及其对小麦株高及相关农艺性状的影响。利用三个小麦品种晋麦47、西峰20、丰产3号分别与Rht-8的供体亲本济宁13杂交,以其F₂分离群体分析Rht-8的遗传效应。结果表明,丰产3号和济宁13后代的遗传力最高（74.32％）,西峰20、晋麦47与济宁13后代的遗传力分别为69.49%、67.60%。Rht-8在西峰20和济宁13的F₂中具有较强的效应,株高和穗下节分别降低了30.26％和19.20％。在丰产3号和晋麦47与济宁13的F₂中,株高和穗下节分别降低了27.14%和26.15%、14.86 %和14.59%。Rht-8减少了有效分蘖个数,对其他性状则无明显的不利影响。相关性分析表明株高与分蘖数显著正相关（r为0.415,0.355,0.489）,与穗下节显著正相关（r为0.408,0.450,0.500）;株高与穗长、每穗小穗数、穗粒数没有显著相关性。