Effect of humic substances on nutrient uptake by herbage and on production and nutritive value of herbage from sown grass pastures

The effect of humic substances on the nutrient uptake, herbage production and nutritive value of herbage from sown grass pastures was studied in six field experiments. Commercial humic substances were applied in combination with mineral fertilizer or slurry, either as a solution (HF liquid; 8·3 kg humic substances ha⁻¹) or incorporated into the mineral fertilizer (HF incorporated; 3·6 to 6·4 kg humic substances ha⁻¹). A series of cuts, ranging from two to five cuts, was taken during the growing season. The general response in herbage production to application of humic substances was an increase in herbage mass of dry matter (DM) at the first cut although this was only significant in two experiments for the HF incorporated treatment. Total herbage production of DM over the growing season, however, was similar for treatments with or without application of humic substances. The overall effect of HF incorporated and HF liquid on the herbage mass of DM at the first cut across the experiments was calculated using a meta-analysis technique and it was shown that there was a significant proportional increase of 0·14 ( P  <   0·05) with the HF incorporated treatment and a non-significant increase of 0·08 with the HF liquid treatment compared to the control treatment. The nutritive value of the herbage at the first cut was similar across all treatments. In general nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake at the first grass cut was higher after application of humic substances but only in one experiment was this increase statistically significant.     

臂形草属牧草海南西部区域试验

在海南西部对刚果臂形草、杂交臂形草、热研14号网脉臂形草、热研6号珊状臂形草等4种臂形草属牧草进行区域性试验。结果表明：在干草产量方面,刚果臂形草和杂交臂形草的干草产量均高于热研6号珊状臂形草和热研14号网脉臂形草;在适应性方面,4种牧草表现都较好,尤其是热研14号网脉臂形表现出很强的抗旱性;在营养价值方面,杂交臂形草的粗蛋白含量最高,而热研6号珊状臂形草的粗蛋白含量最低。     

Morphology,tannin concentration and forage value of 15 Swiss accessions of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) as influenced by harvest time and cultivation site

Fifteen accessions of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) were characterized for morphological and phenological traits at Reckenholz in the Swiss lowlands (Experiment 1). The effects of accession, harvest time and site on dry‐matter yield, condensed tannin (CT) concentration and forage value (Experiment 2) were determined at three sites in Switzerland varying in altitude from 440 to 559 m. Three to four harvests were taken in the first year after establishment (second year of stand) with harvests 1 and 2 chemically analysed. From the characterization in Experiment 1, a clear grouping of single flowering (Communis) and multiple flowering (Bifera) accessions emerged. Additionally, within the Communis accessions, distinct groupings were identified (historical landraces and newly collected ecotypes) based on morphological characteristics. Experiment 2 showed that Communis and Bifera accessions had a similar chemical composition in the first harvest. In the second harvest, Communis accessions were higher in crude protein and CT and lower in neutral and acid detergent fibre concentrations than Bifera accessions. Total dry‐matter yields were higher for Bifera accessions. Among the Communis accessions, ecotypes had consistently higher CT concentrations than landraces. In vitro organic matter digestibility did not significantly differ among accessions. There were clear effects of harvest time and site for most variables, with clear harvest time × sainfoin group interaction but no site × sainfoin group interactions. The results clearly demonstrate that historical landraces and newly collected ecotypes expand the range of available genetic variation for sainfoin breeding.     

Residual fertilizer effects on dry-matter yield and nutritive value of Mediterranean pastures

Five pastures in an Mediterranean environment in southern Italy were fertilized for 6 years (1993–1998) with nitrogen (N) fertilizer, phosphorus (P) fertilizer and two levels low (L) and high (H) of combined nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (N‐P), and compared with a no‐fertilizer control treatment, and the effects on soil variables, dry matter (DM) yield of herbage and floristic composition of the pastures measured. From 1998–2002, half of each plot was fertilized with the same treatments (continued treatment) while the other half received no fertilizer (discontinued treatment). In the year 2001–2002, the plots on the discontinued fertilizer treatments and the plots on the control treatment were used to evaluate the residual effects of the fertilizer treatments. The P and N‐P fertilizer continued and discontinued treatments, in comparison to the control treatment, had a higher content of available P₂O₅ in the soil while under the N fertilizer treatment it decreased. The N and P fertilizer treatments and the residual effects of these treatments led to higher DM yields and proportions of Gramineae and Leguminosae, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, differences in the nutritive value of the herbage and floristic composition were observed between the N‐P fertilizer treatments and the control treatment. The residual effect of the N, P and N‐P fertilizer treatments increased DM yield proportionately by 0.063, 0.385 and 0.404, respectively, and reduced the crude protein content of the herbage. The residual effects of the fertilizer treatments on milk forage units (MFU) were 261 for N, 1107 for P and 1003 MFU ha^?1 for N–P fertilizer treatments. Among fertilizers, the residual effect of the N‐P fertilizer treatment promoted an increase in DM yield but produced little variation in floristic composition of the pasture. In general, the fertilizer treatments increased DM yield and nutritive value of herbage and reduced floristic composition in pastures on these Mediterranean sites.     

氮磷钾肥对超级杂交水稻Q优6号干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响

以超级杂交稻Q优6号为材料,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥对水稻干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量、有效穗数、每穗粒数逐步提高,而结实率下降,各生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累量均在最高施氮水平下为最大值;随着施磷量的增加,水稻产量、有效穗数和千粒重略微增加,而各生育时期LAI呈先增后减趋势,拔节期干物质积累量逐步提高;随着施钾量的增加,水稻产量、LAI逐步提高,而干物质积累量呈先增后减趋势;随着氮、磷、钾肥施用量的增加,水稻养分总吸收量和每100 kg籽粒养分需求量提高,养分收获指数、养分吸收利用率和养分农学利用率呈下降趋势。     

不同氮利用率粳稻品种的碳氮积累与转运特征及其生理机制

【目的】探明不同氮利用率水稻品种的氮素积累与转运特征及其机制。【方法】2个氮高效品种(武运粳30号和连粳7号)和2个氮低效品种(扬粳4038和宁粳1号)种植于大田,设置2个施氮量：全生育期不施氮(0N)和全生育期施氮180kg/hm²(180N),比较分析了不同氮利用率粳稻品种干物质生产、氮素积累与转运差异及其机制。【结果】与氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种具有较高的产量、氮肥利用率、总颖花量和结实率,较高的花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量,分蘖至穗分化始期和抽穗至成熟期较高的净同化率和作物生长率,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的籽粒库活性、籽粒中脱落酸与1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸含量的比值和茎鞘中较高的非结构性碳水化合物的转运和蔗糖合成相关酶活性以及蔗糖转运蛋白基因的表达量,抽穗后较高的氮转运、氮素吸收量,灌浆期较高的比叶氮含量、叶片中细胞分裂素含量、氮代谢酶活性以及氮素转运相关基因的表达量。【结论】氮高效品种穗分化前和抽穗后较高的物质生产效率以及灌浆期较高的碳氮转运与积累是产量和氮肥利用率协同提高的重要机制。     

施硅量对旱作水稻产量和干物质积累的影响

【目的】明确直接播种雨养为主的旱作水稻的硅肥最佳施用量并揭示硅肥增加产量的机制。【方法】以绥粳18为材料进行两年大田试验,设计0、15、30、45、60和75 kg/hm ²的有效硅用量(用Si₀、Si₁₅、Si₃₀、Si₄₅、Si₆₀和Si₇₅表示),研究不同硅肥用量对旱作水稻生理指标、干物质转运和产量构成因素的影响。【结果】施加硅肥显著增加了旱作水稻的产量,二次回归方程分析表明施用有效硅量47.68 kg/hm ²可获得最大理论产量,当有效硅用量为30~47.68 kg/hm ²时,硅肥显著提高了根系活力、叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数,协调了茎叶干物质向穗部的转移,延缓了后期叶片的衰老,每穗粒数提高了23.62%~24.63%,千粒重提高了8.94%~10.08%,优化了穗粒结构进而增产38.42%~110.20%;有效硅施用量为47.68~75 kg/hm ²时,生育后期加快了茎叶干物质向穗部转移,加速了叶片衰老,不利于籽粒的持续性灌浆,影响了每平方米穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重进而影响产量。【结论】对于绥粳18而言,适宜吉林省中部地区旱作水稻高产高效的最佳有效硅肥施用量为30~47.68 kg/hm ²。     

Observations on the incidence of tuber growth cracking in relation to weather patterns

Summary The natural incidence of growth cracking in tubers of the cultivars Guardian and Record in relation to weather conditions and patterns of tuber growth in 1983–1985 was investigated by harvesting tubers three times per week throughout each growing season. The incidence of cracking in tubers of Record was greatest in 1983 and 1984, and was associated with re-wetting of soil after prolonged dry periods. In Guardian, the incidence of cracking in tubers was greatest in 1985 and was associated with wet soil conditions and rapid tuber growth. Two forms of growth cracking can occur: the one associated with rewetting of soil after tuber growth has stopped, the other with rapid tuber growth and high turgor. This report reconciles the findings of two earlier reports on growth cracking and the underlying causes of the disorder are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung In Versuchen, mit denen das natürliche Auftreten von Wachstumsrissen in Bezug zur Witterung untersucht werden sollte, wurden Knollen von zwei anf?lligen Sorten, Guardian und Record, w?hrend der Zeit des Knollenwachstums dreimal w?chentlich geerntet und der Umfang und die Schwere der Risse gewertet. In den beiden warmen (Abb. 1) und trockenen (Abb. 2) Jahren 1983 und 1984 war das Auftreten von Wachstumsrissen an den Knollen der Sorte Guardian nur gering (Abb. 3), und es gab keine Beziehung zu irgendwelchen besonderen Witterungsverh?ltnissen. In den gleichen Jahren waren bei der Sorte Record 4% bzw. 12% der geernteten Knollen rissig (Abb. 3). Die Wachstumsrisse bei Record wurden in Verbindung gebracht mit der Wiederbefeuchtung des Bodens nach l?ngerer Trockenheit. Die Ermittlungen des Knollenertrages (Abb. 5) und der Knollentrockenmasse wiesen darauf hin, dass das Reissen dem Ende des Knollenwachstums folgte und verbunden sein kann mit einem schnellen Anstieg des Wassergehaltes der Knolle. In der Wachstumsperiode 1985 (Abbildungen 1 und 2) war das Auftreten der Wachstumsrisse bei der Sorte Record gering und nicht an besondere Witterungsverh?ltnisse gebunden. Im Gegensatz dazu traten bei Guardian bemerkenswert h?ufig Risse auf, 14% der geernteten Knollen waren gerissen (Abb. 3). Die Wachstumsrisse bei Guardian standen in Verbindung mit nassen B?den und einer Periode sehr schnellen Knollenwachstums. Die Wachstumsrisse bei Guardian schienen das Ergebnis eines überm?ssigen hydrostatischen Druckes in schnell wachsenden Knollen zu sein. Es gab zwei verschiedenen Formen von Wachstumsrissen (Abb. 4), wovon jede typisch war für eine der untersuchten Sorten. Dieser Bericht best?tigt die Ergebnisse früherer Berichte über Wachstumsrisse, und es werden die dieser Sch?digung zugrunde liegenden Ursachen diskutiert.

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Résumé Dans des expérimentations destinées à observer l'incidence naturelle des craquelures de croissance et à établir un rapport entre celles-ci et les conditions climatiques, des tubercules de deux cultivars sensibles, Guardian et Record ont été prélevés trois fois par semaine pendant toute la période de grossissement des tubercules. L'incidence et la sévérité des craquelures ont été enregistrées. En 1983 et 1984, en périodes de croissance à la fois chaudes (figure 1) et sèches (figure 2), l'incidence des craquelures sur les tubercules de Guardian était basse (figure 3) et n'était pas en relation avec un modèle climatique particulier sur Record, les mêmes années, respectivement 4% et 12% des tubercules prélevés étaient craquelés (figure 3). Les craquelures de croissance sur Record étaient associées à une réhumectation du sol après des périodes de sécheresse prolongées. Les déterminations de rendement (figure 5) et de teneur en matière sèche des tubercules montraient que les craquelures faisaient suite à l'arrêt de croissance des tubercules et pouvaient être associées à une augmentation rapide de la teneur en eau des tubercules. En 1985, en période de croissance humide (figure 1 et 2) l'incidence des craquelures de croissance sur Record était basse (figure 3) et n'était pas en relation avec des modèles climatiques particuliers. Par contre, il y avait une occurrence marquée de craquelures sur Guardian: 14% des tubercules prélevés étaient craquelés (figure 3). Les craquelures de croissance sur Guardian étaient associées à des sols humides et à une période de très rapide croissance des tubercules. Elles semblaient être le résultat d'une pression hydrostatique excessive dans les tubercules ayant grossi trop rapidement. Il y a eu deux formes distinctes de craquelures de croissance (figure 4), typiquement liées à la variété étudiée. Ces travaux complètent les résultats des premiers rapports sur les craquelures de croissance et les causes sous-jacentes de confusion sont discutées.

     

Does post‐grazing sward height influence sward characteristics,seasonal herbage dry‐matter production and herbage quality?

Extending the grazing season through the production and utilization of high‐quality forage is a key objective in grassland‐based dairy production systems. Grazing swards to a low post‐grazing sward height (PGSH) is a strategy for improving grass utilization. A grazing experiment conducted in Ireland investigated immediate and subsequent effects of PGSH on sward production, utilization and structural characteristics. Swards were grazed to 2·7 cm (severe; S1) or 3·5 cm (moderate; M1) from 10 February to 18 April 2010 (Period 1; P1). From 19 April, each P1 paddock was halved and grazed to either 3·8 cm (S2) or 4·8 cm (M2), until 30 October (Period 2; P2). The first grazing rotation was +7 d on S1 swards compared with M1 swards (45 d), due to greater herbage utilization (+0·22). Herbage production during P1 was not affected by PGSH but a severe PGSH during this period reduced subsequent herbage production: 13·9 (S1) vs. 15·5 t dry matter (DM) ha^?1 (M1) by the end of the study. Leaf proportion was increased (+0·10) on S2 swards compared with M2 swards, but M2 swards produced 1·2 t DM ha^?1 more herbage during P2. Despite the relatively lower level of sward utilization obtained from moderate grazing in P1 (3·5 cm) and P2 (4·5–5·0 cm), such levels of PGSH increased DM production while maintaining sward quality, compared with severe grazing (2·7 cm in P1 and 3·5–4·0 cm in P2).     

幼龄胡椒养分测定与施肥的研究

通过对1-3龄幼龄胡椒干物质产量和N、P、K、Ca、Mg等养分测定,得出幼龄胡椒养分需求量范围,初步提出施肥量参考值。     

纳米镁对水稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]探明纳米镁和离子镁对水稻产量、产量形成和氮素吸收利用的影响.[方法]以南粳9108为试验对象,设置了3个氮水平(0、180、270 kg/hm2)下不施镁肥和施用纳米镁或离子镁的盆栽试验.[结果]相同氮肥施用水平下,施用纳米镁和离子镁处理的水稻籽粒产量较不施镁处理均有所提高,且施用纳米镁处理的籽粒产量均高于施用...     

基本苗配置与施肥水平对印刷播种机插杂交稻产量和干物质生产的影响

为了探究湖南地区机插杂交稻在不同基本苗配置与施肥量下的产量与干物质生产表现,2016年在湖南宁乡以杂交稻品种隆两优1212和隆两优华占为材料,进行了大田试验。试验设置了3个施肥水平(500、900、1400kg/hm~2)和4个基本苗组合(28.6万丛/hm~2+单本/丛、23.5万丛/hm~2+单本/丛、23.5万丛/hm~2+双本/丛、19.0万丛/hm~2+双本/丛)。试验结果表明,施肥量对产量的影响显著,基本苗配置以及基本苗配置与施肥量的互作对产量影响不显著。随着施肥量的增加,产量和干物质生产显著增加,氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥偏生产力显著下降。综合考虑产量与成本,900~1 400 kg/hm~2施肥量与23.5~28.6万丛/hm~2+单本/丛的基本苗配置比较适合湖南地区杂交稻机插秧的发展。     

不同施氮条件下咖啡果干物质积累、产量及氮肥利用率

为探明咖啡适宜施氮量,以中粒种咖啡主栽品种 24-2 为试材,研究施氮量对咖啡果干物质积累、产量及氮肥 利用率的影响。结果表明：施氮有利于咖啡果干物质积累,特别是在果实干物质积累贡献较大的果实膨大期和成熟期; 中氮（N560）和高氮（N760）处理果实干物质积累量较未施氮（CK）处理在开花坐果期、果实膨大期、成熟期分别 增加 30.60%和 35.91%、45.25%和 49.37%、49.13%和 56.64%,随施氮量增加各处理积累量呈增加趋势。氮肥用量过高 不利于提高咖啡氮肥利用率,各处理以 N560 的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥生理利用率最高,较 N760 处理分 别高 9.76%、18.18%和 7.34%。因此,N560 处理是兼顾产量和氮肥利用率的较优处理,本研究结果为海南中等肥力咖 啡种植区的氮肥施用提供理论依据。