First record of the Q biotype of the sweetpotato whitefly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>, in Guatemala

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) adults and immatures were collected from poinsettia plants at two commercial production greenhouses in Guatemala during an invited tour to observe IPM practices within the facilities. Despite extensive scouting, only low numbers of insects were collected from vegetable, weed and wild ornamentals species located close to these facilities. Prior to molecular and biochemical analyses, whitefly immatures were initially identified as B. tabaci using morphological characters of the pupae to distinguish them from the greenhouse whitefly. The biotype status of adults and immatures was then established using esterase isozyme patterns and MTCO1 sequencing. The Q biotype was the only biotype found on commercially grown poinsettia plants. The previously recorded B biotype was observed outside the greenhouse facilities on Lactuca spp., Hibiscus spp. and Euphorbia spp. (wild poinsettia). The New World biotype was observed on wild poinsettia and field-grown beans (Phaseolus spp.). This is the first report of the Q biotype in Guatemala, and serves notice of the need for greater vigilance in the management of whiteflies on poinsettia mother stock used as a source of cuttings for export to the USA.     

Modelling the establishment,spread and distribution shifts of pests

Abstract

During the last century increasing human trade networks have interacted with other global changes – such as land use and climate change – to accelerate the range expansion of pest species worldwide. In this special issue, we present a series of articles that model the risk of establishment and spread of non-native harmful species, as well as shifts in the distribution of native pest species. We also provide a state-of the art review of the available literature on species distribution models for pests, weeds, and pathogens. Recent advances in modelling approaches have allowed us to significantly improve our abilities to predict changes in species distribution, and these tools have been widely used to enhance biosecurity planning and pest management. We expect that this special issue contributes toward and integration of the scientific knowledge and the development of novel approaches to model pest species distribution, as well as to better understand the factors that influence their expansion in the context of a rapidly changing world.     

Effects of grassland management on the community structure,aboveground biomass and stability of a temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia,China

Plant community structure responds strongly to anthropogenic disturbances, which greatly influence community stability. The changes in community structure, aboveground biomass(AGB), biodiversity and community stability associated with different management practices were studied with a three-year field investigation in a temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. The species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, evenness, plant functional type abundance, AGB, temporal community stability, summed covariance, scaling coefficient and dominant species stability were compared among areas subjected to long-term reservation(R), long-term grazing(G), mowing since enclosure in 2008(M) and grazing enclosure since 2008(E). Site R had higher perennial grass abundance and lower species richness than sites G, M and E, although the AGB was not significantly different among the four sites. The species structure varied from a single dominant species at site R to multiple dominant species at sites G, M and E. The long-term reservation grassland had lower biodiversity but higher stability, whereas the enclosed grassland with/without mowing had higher biodiversity but lower stability. Different stability mechanisms, such as the compensatory dynamics, mean-variance scaling and dominant species stability were examined. Results showed that community stability was most closely related to the relative stability of the dominant species, which supports the biomass ratio hypothesis proposed by Grime.     

宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期寄生蜂调查

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是十字花科蔬菜最重要的世界性害虫,保护和利用寄生性天敌是控制小菜蛾的重要手段。为有效控制小菜蛾在蔬菜上的为害,减少农药用量,作者于2007年4月至2009年1月对宁波地区小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期主要寄生性天敌种类及其田间自然被寄生率进行了调查。结果表明,宁波地区十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾幼虫期和蛹期共有8种原寄生蜂（菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis、螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus、颈双缘姬蜂Diadromus col-laris、东方长颊姬蜂Macromalon orientale、棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae、无脊大腿小蜂Brachymeria excarinata、齿唇姬蜂Campoletissp.、弯尾姬蜂Diadegmasp.）、1种兼性寄生蜂（菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii）和5种重寄生蜂（盘背菱室姬蜂Mesochorus discitergus、粘虫广肩小蜂Eurytoma verticillata、稻灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis oryzae、绒茧灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena和啮小蜂Tetrastichussp.）,其中优势种为菜蛾啮小蜂和菜蛾盘绒茧蜂,分别占62.23%和31.19%,同时,小菜蛾幼虫期田间自然被寄生率普遍高于蛹期。另外,菜地蔬菜品种的多样性有利于寄生蜂的保护和利用。     

安徽省合肥市大蜀山风景区植物根际螺旋线虫种类记述

利用Cobb过筛法分离合肥市大蜀山植物根际螺旋线虫属线虫,在光学显微镜下用de Man法观察并测计形态特征,比对相关文献资料,将大蜀山螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus spp.鉴定为阿布拿马螺旋线虫H.abunaamai、非洲螺旋线虫H.africanus、H.mucronatus和假强壮螺旋线虫H.pseudorobustus,除假强壮螺旋线虫外,均为安徽省首次记录,H.africanus和H.mucronatus为国内首次记录。     

云南昆明地区常见农田杂草种类组成与原产地研究

探讨云南省昆明地区常见农田杂草种类组成及外来入侵杂草的来源,为农田杂草防控提供理论依据。昆明地区常见农田杂草分属34科共计151种;优势科的现象十分明显,其中菊科(Compositae)占31种,禾本科(Gramineae)占22种,十字花科(Cruciferae)占10种。在所调查的151种杂草植物中,外来杂草有48种,其中菊科外来杂草植物有13种;48种外来杂草植物中,来自美洲大陆的外来杂草共占28种,来自非洲大陆的外来杂草植物占3种,来自欧洲大陆的外来杂草占10种。昆明地区常见的农田杂草以菊科、禾本科、十字花科、蓼科杂草植物为主,占调查总杂草种数的47.1%;昆明地区常见农田外来杂草以菊科、苋科、禾本科杂草植物为主,占总调查外来杂草种数的45.8%;昆明地区常见农田外来杂草以来自美洲大陆地区的草本植物为主,占总外来杂草植物种数的58.3%。因此,在农业生产中,要加强对菊科、苋科、禾本科杂草植物的监管及有效防控;在引进外来植物物种时,要对来自美洲的植物特别是菊科植物加强风险评估及鉴定。     

雷州半岛空中昆虫群落结构特征

为明确东亚迁飞场重要通道—雷州半岛空中昆虫的群落结构特征,于2022年在雷州半岛设立探照灯对夜间昆虫进行诱集及种群动态监测,并采用Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分析物种多样性。结果表明,诱集昆虫隶属于12目61科126属146种,其中鳞翅目、鞘翅目和半翅目昆虫是诱集量和物种丰富度最多的3大类群,分别占所有诱集昆虫总数的72.37%、11.18%和6.58%。诱集昆虫不仅包括草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda、劳氏黏虫Leucania loreyi和斜纹夜蛾S. litura等多种重要的迁飞性害虫,还包括中华草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis、黄蜻Pantala flavescens和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis等迁飞性天敌昆虫。空中昆虫的诱集高峰期主要在6—9月。诱集昆虫的Margalef丰富度指数平均数为6.60,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均数为2.68。表明雷州半岛空中昆虫群落物种丰富度和多样性均较高,并证实许多重大农业害虫在迁飞过程中途经雷州半岛。     

新疆禾本科植物新资料

文中报道了禾本科(Gramineae)植物在新疆的新分布记录1属1种,分别是新记录分布属:锋芒草属(Tragus Hall.),新记录分布种:锋芒草(Tragus racemosus(L.)All.)。     

浙江杭州地区蝶类资源及区系分析

杭州地区有蝶类113种,隶属于12科76属。其中古北东洋共有种48种,东洋种42种,古北种17种,广布种5种。区系分析结果表明,杭州地区蝴类以古北东洋共有种和东洋种为主要成份,属东洋区系范畴,并具有由东洋区向古北区过渡的特征。与江、浙其他地区的蝶类资源进行相似度分析,杭州地区与宁波地区的蝶类资源相似度最高。     

广东烟粉虱传双生病毒的发生种类、分布及动态

为了监测烟粉虱传双生病毒在广东的发生与扩散动态, 2003年-2021年, 本课题组对全省烟粉虱传双生病毒进行了长期调查与监测。结果表明, 在广东省广州、湛江、惠州等14市均有烟粉虱传双生病毒病的发生, 危害的寄主植物有番茄、南瓜、甘薯等24种, 其中番茄黄化曲叶病发生和危害尤为严重, 广泛分布于全省各地;从14市采集的病样中共鉴定出烟粉虱传双生病毒21种, 其中广东番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus, TYLCGdV)、广东番茄曲叶病毒(tomato leaf curl Guangdong virus, ToLCGdV)、黄蝉曲叶病毒(Allamanda leaf curl virus, AllLCV)、广东雾水葛花叶病毒(Pouzolzia mosaic Guangdong virus, PouMGDV)、十萼茄黄花叶病毒(Lycianthes yellow mosaic virus, LyYMV) 5种病毒为新种;同时, 发现危害不同寄主的病毒种类存在差异, 危害同一作物的病毒种类也存在动态变化。本文明确了广东烟粉虱传双生病毒分布广、种类多、危害重, 为全省烟粉虱传双生病毒病的防控提供了科学依据。     

采自哈纳斯的新疆新记录的地衣

报道了１９９６年７月在哈纳斯自然保护区及其附近所采到的新疆新记录地衣１２种，其中１种１属为地知地衣，另１１种隶属于１１个属，６科。     

Identification and characterization of Botrytis medusae,a novel cryptic species causing grey mould on wine grapes in Australia

In a collection of 735 Botrytis isolates sampled from Australian wine grape-growing regions, a single isolate from clade I and group I (based on Bc-hch RFLP analysis) was found. As many Botrytis species are known to live sympatrically, it was hypothesized that this isolate might be a new Botrytis species. After phenotypic and molecular assays supported this hypothesis, the species was designated B. medusae. Phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear genes G3PDH, HSP60, RPB2, NEP1 and NEP2 consistently placed B. medusae in an early-diverging clade I Botrytis spp. lineage. Botrytis medusae produced white aerial mycelium, grew faster at 30 °C and produced long-branched conidiophore extensions, compared with B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea. Botrytis medusae was only able to infect wounded grape leaves and was significantly less virulent on wounded leaves and berries than B. cinerea. Botrytis medusae also lacked villiform appendages on the conidial surface and long conidiophores, which are defining features of B. sinoviticola and B. californica, respectively. Identification and characterization of new cryptic Botrytis species living in sympatry on grapevines could potentially provide information to assist disease management strategies for B. cinerea.     

山东省德州市棉田杂草种类及其发生规律研究

为明确山东省德州市棉田杂草发生、危害状况,于2013年对德州地区棉田杂草种类、出土规律及其群落自然消长动态进行了调查。结果表明：山东省德州市棉田杂草有19种,隶属于13个科,其中禾本科杂草的发生种类最多,而牛筋草、鳢肠和马唐的发生数量最为显著;田间共有3个杂草出土高峰,分别集中在5月中旬、6月底和8月中旬,前两个出土高峰中杂草的出土量较大;自然混生杂草群落内的总杂草数量在6月底达到峰值且在棉花整个生长季节内呈单峰变化。     

阜新矿区孙家湾矸石山阴坡物种多样性研究

采用野外调查和统计分析相结合的方法,对孙家湾矸石山阴坡不同排矸年限地段物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:在不同排矸年限地段,物种组成变化较大,由排矸初期的5科5种发展为后期的7科23种,并由一年生草本群落逐渐演变为榆树群落。物种综合多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数与排矸年限呈显著的正相关关系,而A latalo均匀度指数与排矸年限呈显著的负相关。     

东南亚寡鬃实蝇(Triphridae,Dacinae,Dacus)记述

本文整理了东南亚有分布的寡鬃实蝇属实蝇共48种,分属5亚属,包括其中文名称、学名和地理分布,对无中文名称的32种实蝇给予了中文命名,编制该48种实蝇检索表。并对云南边境诱捕获得的2种寡鬃实蝇进行描述和提供特征图。     

中国狭螨属种类记述(真螨目:粉螨科)

狭螨属在国内仅知 3个种 ,本文记述该 3种的一般形态特征、在国内的分布、寄主或栖场所等 ,并列出 2种成螨的检索表     

新疆列当种类、危害与防治现状

列当是一种根部全寄生恶性杂草,影响作物生长,对农业生产造成了巨大破坏。目前,列当防治措施主要包括轮作、种植诱捕作物、化学防治等,但尚无适用于大部分地区及作物的有效防治措施。本文综述了新疆列当种类、寄生特点、危害和目前采取的防治措施,并对列当的萌发刺激物、防治机理和化学除草剂在大田应用提出展望,以期为新疆相关防治工作提供参考。     

Insect pollinators of the invasive plant, Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae), in Iowa, USA

Invasive species often require mutualistic relationships to successfully invade new environments. Insect pollination is an example of a mutualism that is required for seed-set in the invasive species, Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Rosaceae), an obligate outcrosser. To determine the insect pollinators visiting R. multiflora flowers in Iowa, USA, we collected insects on yellow sticky traps placed on plants during the period of blooming and visually observed insects visiting the flowers. The common insect orders that were collected on the sticky traps included Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, and Thysanoptera. Many of the insects found on the sticky cards were known to feed on pollen. However, we did not collect Apidae (bumble bees and honey bees) on the sticky cards. We observed Bombus spp. and Apis mellifera foraging on the flowers. Syrphid flies were the most commonly observed taxa visiting the flowers. Our results indicate that R. multiflora is utilizing common generalist insect pollinators in Iowa and that pollination is not a limiting factor for this invasive species.     

Evidence for recent evolution in an invasive species,Microstegium vimineum,Japanese stiltgrass

The establishment and spread of invasive plants are often associated with a ‘general‐purpose genotype’, with a corresponding high degree of phenotypic plasticity when introduced to a new environment. Evolutionary potential of invasive species following introduction should also be considered, however, as such changes can facilitate rapid range expansion. In this study, we utilised seed from three geographically distinct mid‐Atlantic populations of an invasive species, Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stiltgrass), to assess whether populations varied in their biomass and reproductive responses to light and nitrogen under neutral glasshouse conditions. To assess evolutionary adaptation, we quantified and correlated the abiotic environment from each collection location with the final biomass and seed production of that population under common glasshouse conditions. For M. vimineum, growth and reproductive responses to a common set of abiotic parameters (e.g. light) under these conditions indicated considerable phenotypic variation between and within populations. Interestingly, the degree of variation of seed production and final biomass among populations in the glasshouse was strongly correlated with growing season length and cumulative degree days recorded near each population location. These latter data indicated that M. vimineum, introduced into this region <100 years ago, may be undergoing adaptive evolution. Although additional populations of M. vimineum need to be examined, this study suggests that local evolutionary adaptation may be occurring rapidly and could, potentially, be an important aspect in the establishment and spread of this invasive species.