清塘净对鱼类等生物的毒性研究

清塘净对鱼类等水生生物具有较强的毒性，对鲤鱼、草鱼、鳝鱼、泥鳅。大型、田螺和钉螺的９６ｈＬ９０分别为０．３８、０．４１、３．３９、３．０４、０．５２、２．３３和１．２７ｐｐｍ；浓度４ｐｐｍ具有明显的消毒灭茵作用；应用Ａｍｅｓ试验、黄鳝微核试验和白鲢染色体畸变试验结果表明，清塘净浓度１．５ｐｐｍ对鱼类不产生诱变效应。     

伊犁河流域鱼类生物完整性指数构建初探

为了评价伊犁河流域的健康状况,应用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)建立了伊犁河流域河流生态系统健康评价体系。2012年-2014年在伊犁河流域设置了6个采样断面,进行鱼类资源调查。从36个候选指标中筛选了8个核心指标用于构建伊犁河流域F-IBI评价体系。通过分析评价,结果显示有1个采样断面处于极好的健康状态,3个处于好的健康状态,2个处于一般状态。伊犁河流域生态系统健康整体上处于好的水平。基于FIBI体系的健康评价结果与其他方法评价结果基本一致,这表明构建的F-IBI体系对伊犁河流域的健康状况评估具有良好的适用性,可作为伊犁河流域水环境监测的一种有效手段。     

我国鱼类生物多样性保护策略

我国水生生态系统、鱼类物种多样性水平高,目前对重要养殖鱼类的种质资源进行了系统的调查研究发现,尚有大量野生种质资源未开展保护。水环境变化、外来物种入侵、过度捕捞等对鱼类资源造成严重威胁。针对我国鱼类生物多样性保护和管理存在的主要问题,提出了我国鱼类生物多样性保护工作的对策与措施。     

鱼类生物能量学研究进展

近年,鱼类生物能量学方面的研究空前活跃。一方面通过研究摄食水平、温度、盐度、体重等因素对鱼类生长的影响,建立能量收支方程和能量分配模型,为改革水产养殖生产工艺和调整管理技术提供有用的技术参数;另一方面,可以评估鱼类种群在整个生态系统中的作用。研究鱼类能量收支,建立能量分配模型,预测水域生产力,是水生生物研究中的热门课题之一。本文就鱼类生物能量学研究进展作扼要的概述。     

石油对鱼类等水生生物的毒性

石油对鱼类等水生生物有较强的毒性，保护水产品食用质量的石油类渔业水质基准应定为：0．01mg／L；保护海水和淡水鱼类与其它水生生物的石油类渔业水质基准应定为；0．05mg／L。     

鱼类、水生生物配子及胚胎低温冷冻保存研究进展

自从五十年代初Blaxter开始大西洋鲜鱼精巢短期冷冻保存研究以来，国外的鱼类精子超低温冷冻保存研究已取得了很大进展，正在从最初的基础理论研究和方法探索向实用技术研究转变。但是，鱼类的卵子和胚胎研究进展就远不如精子。目前绝大部分工作都停留在解决冷冻过程中各技术环节的处理及冷冻机理的研究阶段。许多学者为了解决这些问题，把研究方向转向了体积较小的各种水生生物配子，以求从中找出解决问题的办法。我们通过计算机检索，对所查到的文献资料（特别是1090年之后的资料）进行了系统的归类整理，拟就国外在这方面所取得的最新研…     

黄河口及其邻近水域鱼类生物完整性评价

根据2013—2014年在黄河口及其邻近海域进行的鱼类资源底拖网调查数据,并结合20世纪80年代和90年代的历史资料,依照黄河口水域鱼类区域组成特征,从鱼类种类组成、繁殖共位体、鱼类耐受性和营养结构等方面提出了12个评价指标,初步构建了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性指数评价指标体系,并制定了评价标准,根据不同年代数据之间的差距分3个层次赋值打分,研究了黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性及其年代际变化。结果表明,20世纪80年代初期黄河口水域鱼类生物完整性表现为"极好"水平;90年代处于"差"水平;2013年处于"极差"的水平。与20世纪80年代初期相比,黄河口及其邻近水域的鱼类生物完整性呈下降趋势,人为因素对生态环境干扰较大,过度捕捞等造成黄河口水域鱼类种类减少甚至消失,黄河口水域生态健康状况下降。     

太湖鱼类生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

2018年冬季(12月)在太湖设置24个采样点,用网目12cm、7cm和3cm的浮、半沉和沉刺网和网目1.6cm的地笼相结合采集鱼类样本,参考历年渔业监测结果,选取4个参照点,筛选5大类27个候选参数,构建太湖鱼类生物完整性指数体系(Fish Index of Biotic Integrity,F-IBI),评价太湖水质状况。在太湖共采集鱼类1765尾,1门1纲6目8科28属37种,总重94017.7g。2018年冬季太湖鱼类的优势种类为刀鲚Coilia ectenes taihuensis,优势度为43.23%,重量优势种类为鲤Cyprinus carpio,优势度为37.57%。该体系包括鱼类总物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、肉食性鱼类个体百分比、鱼类总个体数、产粘性卵鱼类物种数百分比、借助贝类产卵鱼类物种数百分比、中等耐污鱼类个体百分比,共7个参数。等级和评分为:"优",F-IBI≥4.36;"良",4.36F-IBI≥3.27;"中",3.27F-IBI≥2.18;"一般",2.18F-IBI≥1.09;"差",F-IBI1.09。结果显示:西部湖区和湖心区为"一般";南部湖区和梅梁湾为"中";竺山湾为"中"～"优";东部湖区和贡湖湾为"良"～"优"。F-IBI结果与水生态健康指数(M-IBI)、物理生境指数(PHI)的相关性好,而与水质参数的相关性不高,这表示鱼类为湖泊顶级生物类群,活动能力强,其状况反映出水体物理、化学、生物等多种环境要素的综合结果,建议M-IBI将F-IBI纳入,以丰富水生态健康体系。     

应用鱼类生物完整性指数评价黑水河河流健康状况

黑水河为金沙江下游一级支流,是白鹤滩库区干流鱼类的重要替代生境和优先保护支流。为评价黑水河河流健康状况,于2018年11月至2019年9月在黑水河23个采样点开展了4次鱼类资源调查,共采集到鱼类45种,隶属于4目10科33属。以黑水河河口、水文站上游和825回水点作为参照点,经过分布范围、判别能力及相关性分析等指标构建黑水河鱼类生物完整性指数（F-IBI）评价体系。使用1、3、5赋值法和比值法计算各采样点的IBI分值以评价各采样点健康状况,结果显示,1、3、5赋值法和比值法的结果虽然不完全相同,但趋势是一致的。黑水河大部分采样点的健康状况处于“较差”和“一般”水平。Pearson相关性分析结果显示：F-IBI分值与海拔呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。丰度生物量比较曲线显示,黑水河鱼类群落结构整体上受到中度干扰。评价结果与河流实际情况相符合,可为黑水河的环境保护和监测提供科学依据。     

在不同贮藏温度下鲢肌肉鲜度的变化

以总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)作为肌肉鲜度的评定指标,研究在冷藏(4℃)和冷冻(-18℃)条件下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)背部和腹部肌肉鲜度的变化情况。结果表明,在贮存过程中,鲢背部和腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均符合一级反应动力学模型;随着温度的升高,反应速率加快;在4℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为27～38 h,二级鲜度为51～65 h,到81～88 h腐败变质;在-18℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为11～18 d,二级鲜度为36～43 d,到73～77 d腐败变质;在同一贮存时间,腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均高于背部;并且,鲢肌肉的TVB-N与TBA呈极显著(P<0.01)的正相关关系。     

Preliminary Studies on Spanish Mackerel Fresh-Keeping Method in High-Voltage Electric Field

An innovative fresh-keeping method for aquatic products is presented in this article. Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) were treated with a high-voltage electric field (HVEF) at different voltages and times and then stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. Bacteria count, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), sensory index, proximate composition, and pH were measured to evaluate the fresh-keeping effect of the proposed method. Results indicate that HVEF can restrain bacteria growth, reduce TVB-N, and delay sensory score decline; and that 45 kV for 20 min is the optimal treatment parameter of HVEF for extending Spanish mackerel shelf life. Results also suggest a potential application for HVEF treatment in aquatic products preservation.     

The Effect of Detergents on Solubilization and Activity of the Lipid Peroxidative Enzyme System from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)

Sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) membranes from flounder muscle were solubilized using different ionic and nonionic detergents (Tween-20, Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or sodium desoxycholate). The recoveries of protein and NADH-dependent lipid peroxidative enzyme activity for different detergent treated SR preparations were compared. Triton X-100 was the least detrimental to the activity of the solubilized enzymes system. With Triton X-100, we were able to solubilize 85% of the SR protein and 97% of the phospholipid. Upon removal of the detergent, 98% of the peroxidative activity was recovered.     

Kinetics of Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen and Trimethylamine Formation in Stored Rohu (Labeo rohita) Fish

Fish freshness estimation has been mostly studied in terms of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) determination and partially addresses the kinetics, which limits its practical utility. In this study, TVB-N and TMA-N content of Rohu stored under limited refrigerated (5 and 0°C) and frozen (?5°C) conditions for 42 days showed an increasing trend, respectively. TVB-N and TMA-N formation in stored Rohu was higher at higher temperature and their initial and final values were found 4.57 ± 0.321, 0.14 ± 0.047 mg/100g and 46.56 ± 0.994, 3.24 ± 0.112 mg/100g, respectively. The volatile formations in Rohu at ?5°C were slow, as the frozen storage arrests the enzymatic and microbial activities in comparison to 0°C and above. The kinetics of TVB-N and TMA-N were investigated using zero, first, and nth-order reaction model. First-order kinetics exhibited the best fit model for TVB-N (R² = 0.98; χ² = 0.045), whereas TMA-N formation showed nth-order kinetics (n = ?0.4608, R² = 0.96, χ² = 0.028) as best fit model. The first-order kinetic reaction contributed activation energy of 58.16 kJ/mol for TVB-N and 10.86 kJ/mol for TMA-N. TVB-N and TMA-N formations were influenced by storage temperature and duration as expected. Kinetic parameters were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by storage temperatures.     

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in the prediction of chemical characteristics of minced raw fish

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to predict chemical composition in minced raw fish samples used to make fishmeal. The coefficients of determination (R²_calibration) and standard error in cross validation (SECV) were 0.99 (3.86) and 0.96 (8.01) in g kg^–1 for moisture and oil, respectively. Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) gave R²_calibration and SECV of 0.96 (3.51) in mg g^–1. Temperature also was predicted by NIRS, yielding R²_calibration: 0.98 and SECV: 1.07 °C. We conclude that NIRS can be used successfully to assess the chemical composition and storage conditions in minced raw fish used by the fishmeal industry.     

咸鱼中的挥发性风味成分

为了探明咸鱼挥发性气味特征物质,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱联用分析技术,对柳叶鱼、红牙、小黄鱼以及带鱼等4种常见鱼的咸鱼进行萃取和分离鉴定。结果表明,这4种咸鱼的挥发性风味成分的组成和种类各不相同,分别得到105种、89种、88种以及72种挥发性风味物质(匹配度超过80%),以醛类、醇类以及烃类物质为主,总量分别占了这4种鱼的49.99%、53.09%、60.54%以及86.18%。研究表明,咸鱼的特征香气以鱼腥味、青草味-脂肪味为主;咸鱼特征风味物质是3-甲基丁醛、己醛、(z)-4-庚醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基丁醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、庚醇、三甲胺。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对海水鱼塘生态因子的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在鱼类养殖池塘中的生态作用,采用直接往养殖水体中投放该制剂的方法,研究分析微生物数量及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌,实验池数量为0.35×10~3~1.45×10~3cfu/m L,对照池为0.04×10~3~0.08×10~3cfu/m L;浮游植物生物量,实验池为0.094~1.521 mg/L,对照池为0.103~0.763 mg/L,实验池中枯草芽孢杆菌数量和浮游植物生物量均高于对照组。试验鱼塘中枯草芽孢杆菌与硅藻数量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.844(P0.05);当溶氧≥6 mg/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌与亚硝酸盐氮含量呈显著负相关,相关系数-0.915(P0.05)。溶氧过低(2 mg/L)时,枯草芽孢杆菌对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮没有明显的降解作用;溶氧≥6 mg/L时,对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮的降解作用明显。研究表明,投放适量浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效改善养殖水体状况,对水质起到进一步净化作用。     

Studies on the Development and Quality of Fish Chiffon Cake and its Storage Stability

Thirty percent flour was substituted with dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and unicorn leatherjacket (Aluterus monoceros) paste in a cake recipe to evaluate the quality and shelf life of fish chiffon cakes stored at 4℃ and 25℃. Proximate composition, free amino acid (FAA), aerobic plate count (APC), total volatile basic nitrogen (T-VBN), and texture profile and sensory evaluation of fish chiffon cakes were conducted. Fish paste addition increases proteins. Cakes made with dolphinfish paste had the highest FAA content, followed by the cake made with unicorn leatherjacket. Histidine is the predominant FAA in dolphinfish chiffon cake, and it is significantly higher than the other two cakes. T-VBN values and APC increased with the addition of fish paste and was lower than the upper limit of acceptable fish products during storage period. The hardness of the two fish cakes was slightly lower than the control after 1 and 2 days storage at 25℃ or 3 and 5 days storage at 4℃ and increased during storage. Sensory evaluation showed no significant differences among the ordinary cake and two fish chiffon cakes for odor, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability. Therefore, incorporation of white fish meat is feasible for chiffon cake.     

两种常见淡水鱼在高温储存过程中挥发性盐基总氮和生物胺的含量变化

实验检测了条和红鳍红鲌在30℃下贮存48 h内每隔6 h的挥发性盐基总氮(TVBN)和9种生物胺(尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪胺、5-羟色胺、亚精胺、精胺、多巴胺和章鱼胺)含量的变化,并对TVBN和生物胺含量与时间的相关性进行分析,以期为淡水水产品类饵料安全投喂和人类食品安全提供基础资料。结果显示,两种鱼在相同贮存条件下TVBN和生物胺含量均存在一定差异。其中,TVBN含量均随着贮存时间的延长而逐渐增加且与时间存在明显的相关性。红鳍红鲌除在42 h时TVBN含量低于■条外,其他时间均高于■条。在30℃贮存下,■条和红鳍红鲌的TVBN含量均在12 h时超过30 mg/100 g,因此,这两种鱼在12 h后不推荐食用。尸胺、腐胺、酪胺和组胺是这两种鱼主要的生物胺类型,且有随贮存时间延长含量显著增高的趋势,并与时间呈显著性相关,可推荐用于评价此两种水产品食用安全的生物胺类型。除此之外,在可测到的生物胺中,红鳍红鲌的尸胺和组胺含量明显高于■条,且红鳍红鲌体内的5-羟色胺与时间也呈显著性相关。     

Influence of fish food and faecal pellets on short‐term oxygen uptake,ammonium flux and acid volatile sulphide accumulation in sediments impacted by fish farming and non‐impacted sediments

Sediment cores were taken from impacted and non‐impacted areas and subjected to different incubations: (i) uninoculated, (ii) inoculated with fish feed and (iii) inoculated with gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) faeces. After inoculation (or not), the cores were incubated for 8 h and the following biogeochemical fluxes were determined: sediment oxygen uptake (SOU), total ammonia nitrogen flux (TAN_f) and the production of acid volatile sulphides (AVS‐S_p). The results showed that the impacted sediments had a more pronounced benthic metabolism than non‐impacted sediments. Correlations between the variables and factorial analysis showed that oxygen consumption caused by the organic enrichment appeared as the trigger for subsequent biogeochemical alterations. The addition of faeces led to proportionally higher benthic rates of SOU, TAN_f and AVS‐S_p than those obtained in the feed incubations. Although the feed is relatively sterile and does not create an oxygen demand until colonized by bacteria, the faeces are already richly colonized with fish gut bacteria and could start to consume oxygen without the lag phase experienced in the incubations with feed. The TAN_f values measured after the addition of feed or faeces seem to be more related to the leaching velocity of TAN than with the benthic flux, given the short incubation time.