金黄色葡萄球菌苗不同免疫部位免疫效果试验

用临床奶牛乳房炎患牛乳汁分离的金黄色葡萄球菌制成弗氏佐剂的灭活苗,分别于后海穴、肌肉、皮下对家兔、奶牛免疫,观察不同免疫部位对家兔、奶牛免疫功能的影响.定期做ELISA实验测血抗,对家兔免疫后攻毒测其白细胞数和淋巴细胞数变化,及疫苗对家兔的保护力,结果穴位免疫组血清抗体滴度增长较快且能较长时间维持较高抗体滴度,三组比较攻毒后白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、淋巴细胞百分比,穴位免疫组均高于皮下、肌肉组,较对照组差异显著.对奶牛免疫后测其血清抗体和乳汁中体细胞数变化,结果注射疫苗后乳汁中体细胞数都有所下降,后海穴组较其它组下降较快,幅度较大.试验表明后海穴接种效果优于常规部位免疫接种效果,是疫苗免疫较为理想的免疫部位.     

人参皂甙Rb1的免疫佐剂作用

分别将人参皂甙Rbl(人参主要成分之一)以及氢氧化铝胶作为佐荆和金黄色葡萄球菌菌体抗原混合免疫豚鼠，观察免疫前后血清抗体滴度变化；并用Rbl和奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗混合免疫奶牛，观察免疫前后血清抗体滴度变化，以及血液淋巴细胞在刀豆蛋白A(ConA)、美洲商陆(PWM)和金黄色葡萄球菌抗原刺激下的体外细胞增殖反应。结果表明，Rbl和抗原混合物免疫动物后，未见任何不良反应；Rbl组豚鼠血清抗体滴度比对照组和氢氧化铝胶佐剂组滴度增加快，幅度显著增高；Rbl组奶牛血清抗体滴度比对照组奶牛显著增加，ConA、PWM和金黄色葡萄球菌抗原诱导的血液淋巴细胞体外细胞增殖反应比对照组显著提高。因此，Rbl是一种有效的免疫佐剂。     

车前草多糖对雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响

为研究车前草多糖对雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响,将350只雏鸡随机分为7组,于8日龄、22日龄进行新城疫疫苗首免和二免,同时给予车前草多糖,并以黄芪多糖和铝胶盐佐剂作为对照,分别在首免后第7、14天,二免后第7、14、21天进行血清抗体效价和淋巴细胞增殖率的测定,于二免后第21天用新城疫病毒进行攻毒,连续观察10d内鸡的发病及死亡情况。结果显示,车前草多糖能显著提高雏鸡新城疫疫苗的免疫抗体效价、增强雏鸡的淋巴细胞增值率,与黄芪多糖的作用无显著性差异(P0.05),但车前草多糖提高抗体效价作用较黄芪多糖、铝胶盐佐剂的维持时间长;在新城疫病毒攻毒后10 d,未免疫组雏鸡全部死亡,车前草多糖高、中剂量组的攻毒保护率为100%,车前草多糖低剂量和黄芪多糖的保护率为90%,而铝胶佐剂和ND疫苗免疫组的保护率仅为70%。试验结果表明,车前草多糖能提高新城疫疫苗的抗体效价水平和增强T淋巴细胞的增殖率。     

金黄色葡萄球菌CP8-FnBPB-ClfA偶联蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的免疫效果研究

为研究金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)CP8-Fn BPB-Clf A偶联物对S.aureus性奶牛乳房炎的免疫保护效果,本研究将脂质体、氢氧化铝(ALUM)或大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B(LTB)作为佐剂与纯化的CP8-Fn BPB-Clf A混合分别免疫泌乳期奶牛,通过检测乳汁中体细胞数(SCC)、监测血清中Ig G、Ig A及乳汁中Ig G水平,对免疫效果进行评价。结果显示,通过ALUM佐剂乳化后的CP8-Fn BPB-Clf A免疫泌乳期奶牛,其血清及乳汁中抗体水平最高,持续时间最长,并且乳汁中SCC下降幅度最大。本研究结果表明,CP8-Fn BPB-Clf A经ALUM乳化后免疫奶牛,能够有效降低奶牛乳汁中的SCC,激发奶牛免疫反应。     

不同油佐剂ND-AI二联苗及ND-IB-EDS三联苗比较试验

对用两种不同油佐剂(10号白油佐剂及NL白油佐剂)制备出的鸡新城疫(ND)-H9亚型禽流感(AI(H9))型二联灭活疫苗及鸡新城疫(ND)-传染性支气管炎(IB)-减蛋综合征(EDS)三联灭活疫苗进行了物理性状、安全性及效力比较试验。结果显示,这两种不同油佐剂制备出的二联苗及三联苗均为乳白色,剂型为油包水型,性状稳定,NL油佐剂疫苗的黏度低于10号白油佐剂疫苗;用两种油佐剂疫苗接种SPF鸡后,均未出现任何局部及全身不良反应;NL白油佐剂疫苗诱导产生的ND、IB、AI(H9)及EDS HI抗体滴度均高于10号白油佐剂疫苗,提高幅度为0.2 log2～2.2 log2;NDV及AIV(H9)强毒攻击后,两种不同油佐剂疫苗免疫组鸡均10/10保护,NDV攻毒对照组全部死亡,AIV(H9)攻毒对照组鸡分毒全部呈病毒阳性。     

苦马豆素人工抗原免疫对饲喂小花棘豆家兔血清免疫和生化指标的影响

用小花棘豆饲喂经苦马豆素人工抗原免疫接种过的家兔,通过检测家兔的血清学和免疫学指标,探讨苦马豆素人工抗原免疫接种对动物机体的保护作用.将30只家兔随机分为免疫对照组、免疫攻毒组、攻毒对照组和正常对照组,免疫组家兔接种苦马豆素人工抗原,攻毒组家兔按干重拌料饲喂10 g/(kg·d)小花棘豆草粉,检测血清抗体效价、相关生化指标和苦马豆素含量的变化以及E玫瑰花环率的变化.结果表明,免疫组家兔均有抗苦马豆素抗体产生,免疫攻毒组家兔较攻毒对照组家兔血清酶活性异常变化延缓,苦马豆素含量降低,E-玫瑰花环率升高.说明苦马豆素人工抗原能够有效预防小花棘豆对家兔造成的损伤,有一定的利用前景.     

水貂阿留申病免疫原性研究

本实验研究依据阿留申病毒(ADV)的特点,研制了四种不同类型的免疫生物制剂,并分别对临床健康的阿留申病对流免疫电泳(AD.CIEP)阴性水貂接种,攻毒后进行循环免疫复合物(CIC)和抗体(Ab)滴度检测,安死后检查病理组织学变化。本实验结果表明:四种不同类型的生物制剂,其免疫应答反应有显著不同;而同种类型免疫生物制剂,由于剂型、接种剂量不同,其免疫效果亦有明显差异。实验得出,白油佐剂ADV—G亚单位疫苗和白油佐剂(846)抗原的免疫效果好,是用于免疫预防水貂AD有希望的免疫生物制剂。     

“兔瘟”疫苗中不同佐剂对免疫效果的影响

利用“兔瘟”病毒枣(?)毒株(RVZ85)制备的不含佐剂疫苗,甘油佐剂疫苗、氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗和矿物油佐剂疫苗免疫接种易感家兔,定期测 HI 抗体效价并进行人工攻毒试验.结果证明,不含佐剂的疫苗产生的保护力最早,免疫后三天即4/4保护.用四种疫苗免疫接种后一年内,对攻毒的保护率均为100%.四种疫苗中,以矿物油佐剂疫苗免疫兔的HI抗体效价最高,氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗次之,甘油佐剂疫苗及不含佐剂疫苗的HI效价较低。氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗在室温保存8.5个月,免疫兔4/4保护;室温保存14个月.免疫兔2/3保护:4℃保存14个月,免疫兔4/4保护.     

CpG寡核苷酸增强鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效力的研究

为了探讨CpG寡核苷酸（CpG oligonucleotide,CpG ODN）对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效力的影响,将CpG2007与鸡淋巴细胞共孵育,测定淋巴细胞增殖率,结果发现CpG2007对鸡淋巴细胞具有显著的刺激活性。将CpG2007与不同浓度的新城疫抗原混合,制备灭活疫苗,免疫健康雏鸡。分别于免疫后不同时间采血,测定抗体效价和细胞因子表达量,并进行攻毒保护试验。结果发现,添加CpG ODN佐剂的试验组均比对应相同抗原剂量的免疫对照组的抗体水平高,产生抗体速度快;抗原剂量降低10倍的佐剂试验组与高抗原剂量免疫对照组抗体水平和攻毒保护率均相当,表明CpG ODN能显著增强新城疫疫苗的免疫效力,能促进机体产生更强烈的免疫应答,是有效的疫苗佐剂候选物质。     

SW-BSA人工抗原疫苗对家兔的免疫效果

SW-BSA人工合成抗原与白油制成疫苗免疫家兔,饲喂甘肃棘豆后制备免疫血清,分别进行间接ELISA试验、SW浓度的测定、血清生化指标测定试验,并进行组织病理学检查。结果表明,免疫攻毒组家兔的临床中毒症状比攻毒对照组出现时间延迟30d,血清中SW浓度比攻毒对照组延缓21d达到较高水平,血清中AST、ALP、LDH、BUN活性比攻毒对照组延缓31d达到较高值,ALT的活性与攻毒对照组相比没有显著差异,血清α-甘露糖甙酶活性比攻毒对照组延缓28d下降到较低值。攻毒组家兔各器官组织的病理变化主要是以细胞呈现急性中毒性缺血缺氧和空泡变性为特点。结论得出SW-BSA人工合成抗原疫苗对攻毒家兔有一定的保护作用。     

猪囊虫病基因工程疫苗的体液与细胞免疫反应

为了探讨以 Ｉ Ｓ Ｃ Ｏ Ｍ 作佐剂的猪囊虫病基因工程疫苗的免疫机理,对其诱导的体液免疫与细胞免疫反应进行了测定。用上述疫苗免疫 ９ 头试验猪,采用间接 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 检测体液免疫反应及通过淋巴细胞转化试验、 Ａ Ｎ Ａ Ｅ染色试验、 Ｅ玫瑰花环形成试验等检测细胞免疫反应;用该疫苗和铝胶苗分别免疫昆明小鼠各 ２０ 只,分别检测体液免疫反应和 Ｔ 淋巴细胞抑制／杀伤亚群的动态变化。体液免疫的检测结果显示,免疫后 ７ 天即出现抗体,２１ 天后抗体全部转阳,持续的时间不少于 １９３ 天,效价明显高于铝胶苗;细胞免疫检测结果显示,免疫猪外周血 Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率、 Ａ Ｎ Ａ Ｅ＋ 细胞和粗粒型 Ａ Ｎ Ａ Ｅ＋ 细胞、 Ｅ Ｒ Ｆ Ｃ和 Ｅａ Ｒ Ｆ Ｃ细胞显著升高,免疫小鼠 Ｔ淋巴细胞抑制／杀伤亚群显著升高;与铝胶苗及对照组比较,差异极显著。以上结果表明猪囊虫病基因工程疫苗可同时激发动物的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应,增强了机体的免疫调节功能及杀伤性 Ｔ 淋巴细胞功能。     

Activation of the resident microbial flora as a possibility for the improvement of humoral antibody potentials]

The effect of a parenteral application of an adjuvant (Propionibacterium acnes) and an adjuvant/antigen combination (Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I/Al(OH)3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Al(OH)3 respectively, was tested with regard to the improvement of antibacterial resistance. Parameter was the humoral antibody production (IgG) of rabbits against six facultative pathogen bacterial species (St. aureus, Sc. faecium, Bac. cereus, P. multocida, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa) and against sheep rod blood cell membranes. The three methods of treatment led to a significant enhancement of IgG-antibodies against the particular homologous antigen. In addition to this specific reaction the application of adjuvant/antigen combinations provoked a significant enhancement of antibodies also against heterologous antigens (P. multocida, Bac. cereus, sheep red blood cell membranes). The application of P. acnes had no distinct effect on the antibody titer against the different antigen preparations. In order to analyse the immune response qualitatively, a greater part of serum samples was examined by immuno blot technique. The number of partial antigens recognized by the sera increased during the experiments but the rise did generally not relate to developments of antibody titers. Nevertheless, the Ps. aeruginosa/Al(OH)3-treatment seemed to improve the ability of sera to detect antigenic determinants of heterologous bacterial species.     

Adjuvant effect of ginseng extracts on the immune responses to immunisation against Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cattle

A crude ginseng extract (GS) and the purified ginsenoside R(b1) (R(b1)) were evaluated for their adjuvant effects in dairy cattle at immunisation with ovalbumin (OVA) and/or a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin used for prevention of bovine mastitis. To evaluate a suitable dose of GS as an adjuvant, 36 lactating cows were randomly divided into six groups. The cows were inoculated twice intramuscularly with a 2-week interval, with saline solution, OVA in saline, or OVA in combination with 4, 16 or 64 mg GS, or Al(OH)(3). The level of specific antibodies to OVA in serum and milk whey was measured before immunisations and 1-5 weeks after the second immunisation. The antibody response in serum was significantly higher in animals immunised with OVA and GS than in animals immunised with OVA alone. A significant increase in milk antibody titres compared with OVA only was only found 2 weeks after the second immunisation in the group immunised with OVA and 4 mg GS. In the second part of the study, 18 heifers were randomly divided into three groups and were immunised twice intramuscularly with a two week interval, with the S. aureus bacterin (control), or with the bacterin in combination with 4 mg GS or 1mg R(b1). The specific antibody response to S. aureus and the lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation with PWM, concanavalin A (Con A) or a specific S. aureus antigen was evaluated in blood samples taken before and after immunisations as specified above. Addition of R(b1) resulted both in significantly higher antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation in response to PWM, Con A and S. aureus antigens than in the control group. Addition of GS induced a significantly higher lymphocyte proliferation in response to PWM and Con A than the control, but had no additional effect on the antibody production. In conclusion, both GS and R(b1) were safe adjuvants, and R(b1) had the strongest adjuvant effects, when used for immunisation against S. aureus in dairy cattle. Field trials are warranted to test the ability of GS and R(b1) to enhance the efficacy of mastitis vaccines in protection against intramammary infections.     

Antibody responses of sheep vaccinated with foot rot vaccines

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) were used to investigate antibody responses of sheep vaccinated with a double adjuvanted or single adjuvanted commercial foot rot vaccine. ELISA detected an antibody response of greater magnitude to the double adjuvant vaccine compared with the single adjuvant vaccine. Sera from sheep vaccinated with double adjuvant vaccine recognised at least six antigens of Bacteroides nodosus in crossed IEP while sera from the single adjuvant vaccinated sheep recognised one antigen. The use of non-denatured antigens of B nodosus in ELISA and crossed IEP enabled quantitative comparisons of antibody responses to the different foot rot vaccines to be made.     

Immune responses in rats and cattle to primary infections with Fasciola hepatica

Antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses to fluke antigens were compared in rats and cattle following infection with Fasciola hepatica. Antibody responses differed between rats and cattle in that rats responded more quickly and with a greater rate of synthesis over the first three weeks of infection than did cattle. Lymphocyte proliferative responses developed and disappeared at similar times in both cattle and rats, being detectable early in infection, but returning to background levels by week 6 after infection. The presence of antibody but not of lymphocyte proliferative responses correlated with the timing of the development of resistance in cattle and rats as described by others. Sensitisation by intraperitoneal injection of fluke antigens in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) induced antibody production but not lymphocyte proliferative responses in both rats and cattle. Serum antibodies continued to rise after oral infection of sensitised animals although this was much more marked in the cattle than in the rats. On the other hand lymphocyte proliferative responses were absent when sensitised cattle were infected, while the findings with rats were much more variable. Cattle sensitised by intraperitoneal injection of fluke antigens in FIA were not protected against subsequent infection with F hepatica.     

Effect of a trivalent vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis lymphocyte subpopulations, antibody production, and neutrophil phagocytosis

The effect of a novel bovine mastitis trivalent vaccine, containing Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide type 5 (T5), 8 (T8), and 336 (T336), on lymphocyte subpopulations, antibody production, and neutrophil phagocytosis was evaluated. Twenty pregnant heifers were immunized with either the trivalent alone, trivalent emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FICA), trivalent in aluminum hydroxide, or adjuvant only (FICA). Immunization was done 30 d before the expected calving date followed by 2 boosts in a 2-week interval. Compared to FICA, serum antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgG2 were significantly increased in all the vaccinated groups before parturition and sustained until 3 wk postpartum. In comparison with the trivalent alone, formulation with either adjuvant enhanced production of IgG2, but not IgG1. Immune sera, which contained the highest amount of antibodies, slightly increased neutrophil phagocytosis to the 3 serotypes of killed S. aureus, but most of the differences were not significant due to large variation between the cows. The percentage of CD4+ lymphocyte was significantly higher in vaccinated groups than that of FICA 4 wk after the primary immunization. In comparison with FICA, cows inoculated with trivalent vaccine and adjuvants had an increased percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes at 2 time points, 2 wk before and after calving. Our results indicated that the whole cell trivalent vaccine, with or without adjuvants, is able to elicit antibody responses specific to the 3 capsular polysaccharide antigens. The increase of T8-specific IgG2 was more noticeable when the vaccine was emulsified with adjuvants.     

Enhancing immune responses to inactivated foot-and-mouth virus vaccine by a polysaccharide adjuvant of aqueous extracts from Artemisia rupestris L.

BackgroundNew-generation adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines can improve the efficacy of existing vaccines. Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide possesses better promoting effects.ObjectivesIn this study, the aqueous extract from Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR), an immunoregulatory crude polysaccharide, was utilized as the adjuvant of inactivated FMDV vaccine to explore their immune regulation roles.MethodsThe mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with different vaccine formulations containing inactivated FMDV antigen adjuvanted with three doses (low, medium, and high) of AEAR or AEAR with ISA-206 adjuvant for 2 times respectively in 1 and 14 days. The variations of antibody level, lymphocyte count, and cytokine secretion in 14 to 42 days after first vaccination were monitored. Then cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody duration were measured after the second vaccination.ResultsAEAR significantly induced FMDV-specific antibody titers and lymphocyte activation. AEAR at a medium dose stimulated Th1/Th2-type response through interleukin-4 and interferon-γ secreted by CD4⁺ T cells. Effective T lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated by AEAR. Importantly, the efficient CTL response was remarkably provoked by AEAR. Furthermore, AEAR at a low dose and ISA-206 adjuvant also synergistically promoted immune responses more significantly in immunized mice than those injected with only ISA-206 adjuvant and the stable antibody duration without body weight loss was 6 months.ConclusionsThese findings suggested that AEAR had potential utility as a polysaccharide adjuvant for FMDV vaccines.     

Effects of autogenous toxoid-bacterin in lactating cows with Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis

To evaluate clinical effects of autogenous toxoid-bacterin treatment for Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in lactating cows, 22 cows which had at least one S. aureus infected quarter were selected from among cows at a S. aureus prevalent dairy farm. Eleven cows were injected with their own autogenous toxoid-bacterin and the others were maintained as non-injected control. In the toxoid-bacterin injected group, 27% of infected quarters were cured during the 12-week trial, compared to 5% in the control group. New intramammary infections with S. aureus were only detected in 3 quarters of the control group. Mean IgG antibody titer against S. aureus somatic antigens and alpha-toxin in serum and milk were significantly increased in the toxoid-bacterin injected group (p<0.05) and remained higher than those of the control group which showed no significant changes (p<0.05). In contrast to the control group, from 3 weeks after the second injection of the toxoid-bacterin injected group, mean S. aureus cfu/ml in milk samples from injected quarters with S. aureus was significantly decreased until the end of the study (p<0.05). In the toxoid-bacterin injected group, significant decreases of mean SCC were detected from milk samples from infected quarters with S. aureus from week 7 to week 10 (p<0.05). These data show that autogenous toxoid-bacterin treatment against S. aureus subclinical mastitis in lactating cows may increase the cure rate of the infections, reduce the severity of the infections and also prevent occurrence of the new infections.     

Effect of transcutaneous immunization with co-administered antigen and cholera toxin on systemic and mucosal antibody responses in sheep

Direct application of antigens to skin together with an adjuvant, a procedure called transcutaneous immunization (TCI), can induce systemic immune responses in mice, humans, cats and dogs. In previous studies we found that cholera toxin (CT) applied topically on unbroken skin induces systemic antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses in sheep. The current study examined whether concurrent administration of CT and tetanus toxoid (TT) delivered transcutaneously could induce specific antibody responses to both antigens in sheep. Antibodies to both TT and CT were induced by TCI although antibody titres in serum to TT were higher in sheep receiving TT plus alum by intramuscular injection (n=5) than TT plus CT by TCI (n=5). The ratio of IgG1/IgG2 antibody to TT in serum was near unity, and the route of immunization, TCI versus injection, did not influence this ratio. In contrast, the ratio of IgG1/IgG2 antibody differed significantly between the two antigens, TT and CT, delivered by TCI, with a higher proportion of IgG1 antibody in serum to CT than TT. Antibody to TT was detected in lung washes from TCI and injection groups, with IgG1 predominating over IgG2 in both groups. IgA antibodies to CT and TT were detected in sera of CT and TT-immunized groups respectively but in lung washes IgA antibody to TT was detected only in the injection group. Results show that TCI induced systemic antibody responses to CT and the co-administered antigen TT, whereas no evidence was obtained for mucosal IgA responses following TCI.