日粮离子平衡在奶牛生产中的重要性

奶牛日粮中离子平衡水平与动物的采食量及氨基酸的代谢等有密切的关系。在充分考虑日粮能量蛋白平衡、氨基酸平衡和钙磷平衡后,日粮中阴阳离子平衡(dietary cation anion banlance,DCAB)的重要性逐渐得到了研究者的重视。研究的最初阶段主要是针对日粮中阴阳离子浓度对产前或干乳期奶牛的生产健康的影响,随着反刍动物营养代谢理论和日粮平衡技术的深入,越来越多的研究者将目光放到了对泌乳期奶牛产奶数量和质量的研究上。奶牛日粮中的主要阳离子(Na 、K )和主要阴离子(Cl-、SO42-)之间的比例失调,会使血液中的pH升高或降低,严重时会使酸…     

阴阳离子平衡日粮在奶牛生产中的研究进展

近年来,随着动物营养学研究的深入,人们已经认识到阴阳离子平衡日粮（Dietary cation - anion balance, DCAB）在奶牛生产中的重要性。大量研究发现,DCBA对奶牛采食、健康、生产性能、矿物质代谢平衡等有不同程度影响。改变DCAB,可以调节机体多种功能,使之有利于奶牛的健康和生产。如果奶牛饲料中主要的阳离子（Na^＋、K^＋）和主要的阴离子（C1^-、SO4^2-）之间的比例失调,     

日粮离子平衡在奶牛生产中的重要牲

奶牛日粮中离子平衡水平与动物的采食量及氨基酸的代谢等有密切的关系。在充分考虑日粮能量蛋白平衡、氡基酸平衡和钙磷平衡后，日粮中阴阳离子平衡（dietary cation anion banlance．DCAB）的重要性逐渐得到了研究者的重视。研究的最初阶段主要是针对日粮中阴阳离子浓度对产前或干乳期奶牛的生产健康的影响．随着反刍动物营养代谢理论和日粮平衡技术的深入．     

日粮离子平衡对家禽生产的影响

日粮离子平衡对家禽生产的影响中国农业科学院饲料研究所王文君霍启光日粮离子平衡状况包含了两层含义，即日粮中各种离子的含量及这些离子间的比例关系。由于日粮离子构成直接影响机体的酸碱平衡，且各种离子在机体不同代谢水平上存在着复杂的协同或颉抗关系，近三、四十...     

日粮阴阳离子平衡与奶牛热应激的研究进展

奶牛对热应激的反应极为明显,奶牛的产奶最适宜的温度为5～10℃,当环境温度超过20℃时,奶牛产奶量有所下降,气温升到30℃时产奶量大幅度下降,超过35℃时产奶量急剧下降。特别是近两年全球气温升高,并且奶牛单产有较大幅度增加,使热应激对生产造成的影响更为严重。因此,缓解奶牛的热应激,提高奶牛的生产性能变得尤为重要。近年来通过调节奶牛的日粮改善热应激奶牛的生产性能更成为人们研究的焦点。近30年来,随着动物营养学的深入研究,人们认识到酸碱平衡对动物的重要性,它与动物的生产性能和健康密切相关。影响体内酸碱平衡的因素很多,饲料是…     

日粮阴阳离子平衡在奶牛生产中的应用

日粮阴阳离子平衡（DCAB）已成为奶牛营养学研究的一个新方向，它直接影响到奶牛业生产和经济效益。本文介绍了DCAB的概念和计算方法；DCAB对奶牛干物质采食量、饲料利用率、产奶性能、热应激及奶牛健康的影响；DCAB在奶牛日粮配合中的应用。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对奶牛生产的影响

随着动物营养学的深入研究，人们认识到酸碱平衡对反刍动物的重要性，体内酸碱平衡的失调将影响奶牛的健康和生产性能。影响体内酸碱平衡的因素很多，饲料是其中的主要因素。如果奶牛饲料中主要的阳离子（Na＋、K＋）和主要的阴离子（Cl－、SO２－４）之间的比例失调，就会使血液中的pH升高或降低，严重时会使酸碱平衡失调，影响奶牛的正常代谢活动和生产性能。在不同的泌乳阶段由于血液中pH、HCO－３浓度有差异，因此DCAB对奶牛的不同泌乳阶段影响不同，一般认为在泌乳前期、中期易发生酸中毒，在泌乳后期易发生碱中毒，所以大多数研…     

奶牛日粮的营养成分与平衡日粮的配制方法

本文对奶牛日粮的主要营养成分及如何配制平衡日粮进行了阐述,供广大同行参考。     

奶牛热应激及日粮阴阳离子平衡对其影响

日粮阴阳离子平衡(Dietary Cation Anion Balance,DCAB)已成为奶牛营养学研究的一个新方向,它直接影响到奶牛业的生产和经济效益。文中综述了热应激奶牛生产性能、繁殖性能和免疫机能等方面的变化以及DCAB对热应激奶牛的生产性能、机体酸碱平衡和奶牛健康的影响。     

Role of sulfur and chloride in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cattle

Ten Holstein cows averaging 120 d in lactation were arranged in replicated 5 x 5 Latin squares with 3-wk periods to evaluate the role of sulfur (S) in the dietary cation-anion balance equation. Diets were based on corn silage in Exp. 1 and sorghum silage in Exp. 2. Supplemental S and chloride (Cl) from the double sulfate of potassium and magnesium and CaCl2 were used to manipulate dietary cation-anion balance from 0 to +30 meq when expressed as meq [(Na + K)-(Cl + S)]/100 g diet DM and from +19 to +49 meq when expressed as meq [(Na + K)-Cl]/100 g diet DM. Blood pH was not affected by cation-anion balance, although both S and Cl supplementation tended to lower pH. Blood HCO3- and urine pH decreased and plasma calcium (Ca) and urinary Ca excretion increased as anion was added to the diet. Milk fat production tended to be increased by the low S supplementation. Dietary Cl and S had similar effects on acid-base status. Therefore, we suggest that S be included with Cl in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cows as follows: meq [(Na + K)-(Cl + S)]/100 g diet DM. Although response of acid-base status to S and Cl was similar, as more data comparing the acidogenicity of S vs Cl become available, it may be necessary to include a modifying coefficient for S in the equation to adjust for differences between S and Cl in acid-generating potential. This coefficient may be further dependent on the dietary source of S.     

奶牛采食量测定方法的研究进展

奶牛的采食量是指奶牛在单位时间内实际采食的饲草(料)数量。奶牛的采食过程是一个动态的过程,是由生物和非生物因素共同、相互的影响过程。准确地计算和测定奶牛的采食量,是制定奶牛良好营养方案的基础;是确定其补饲量的重要依据。研究奶牛的采食量对整个奶牛产业有重要的作用。文章对奶牛在自由进食状态下采食量的影响因素进行了阐述,并对其采食量的测定方法进行了深入的探讨和研究。     

纤维素酶对奶牛营养的研究进展

纤维素是植物细胞壁的组成成分 ,是一种有 β - 1,4 -葡萄糖苷键组成的多聚糖 ,随之也成了自然界中最丰富的多糖资源之一。纤维素酶是催化纤维素水解成较小的寡糖或者低聚糖的一种酶 ,它通过破坏纤维素内部的糖苷键而起作用 ,主要由各种各样的细菌和真菌 (包括需氧菌和厌氧菌 )等产生。纤维素酶具有高效性和安全性 ,是当前开发非常规饲料及提高现有常规饲料资源利用率和提高畜禽生产性能的重要途径之一。纤维素酶作为饲料添加剂 ,从作用机制和实际生产中看 ,都是良好的添加剂。为充分利用纤维素这一丰富的饲料资源 ,目前我国已利用微生物发酵法生产纤维素酶来降解纤维素 ,在技术研究开发方面已初见成效     

日粮离子平衡在动物生产中的应用

体液的酸碱平衡对动物生理活动和最佳生产性能的发挥十分重要,日粮电解质平衡直接参与机体酸碱平衡的维持与调节,从而对动物的健康和生产性能等产生重要影响。因此,根据不同动物品种、环境和季节等因素配制不同阴阳离子水平的日粮,在动物生产中具有重要意义。     

设计奶畜日粮的饲料营养学要点

充分发挥瘤胃微生物消化粗饲料和利用 NPN等的有益功能，并尽量避免微生物对高品质饲料的降解损失，保持瘤胃微生物与反刍动物本身消化代谢活动的协调统一，是设计奶畜日粮的基本出发点。该文从奶畜日粮结构、不同生产水平时日粮蛋白质来源、精粗饲料的饲喂状态、高效添加剂的选用等方面论述设计奶畜日粮的饲料营养学要点。     

家禽日粮电解质平衡研究进展

矿物元素在动物营养中处于重要地位。通过国内外众多学者的研究，人们已对多种矿物质元素，如常量元素钙、磷、钠、钾、氯等功能特性有了比较系统的了解，但对日粮不同矿物质离子的互作平衡间的研究还有待于进一步的发展和探索。     

奶牛低血钙症与阴阳离子平衡

低血钙症是经产奶牛围产期非常容易发生的代谢性疾病.据报道,美国7.2%的高产奶牛患有产后瘫痪(Jordan和Fouldraine,1993),芬兰9%的奶牛患有产后瘫痪(Forger,1999);60%的经产奶牛产犊后患有亚急性低血钙(Breed等,1992),患有产后瘫痪的奶牛,产奶量会降低14%(Block,1984)[1].同时患有低血钙症的奶牛还常常伴有其他产后疾病,如酮病、代偿性碱中毒、胎衣滞留、乳房炎和真胃移位等疾病.     

Tolerance of cattle to increased dietary sulfur and effect of dietary cation-anion balance

The objective of this study was to determine if dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) affects the concentration of S that can be tolerated by growing and finishing cattle without adversely affecting performance. Angus cross and Bradford steers (n=114; average initial BW=252.8 kg) were blocked by BW and breed, and randomly assigned within a block to treatment. The design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with S (from NH(4)SO(4)) supplemented at 0, 0.15, or 0.30% of DM, and NaHCO(3) added at 0 or 1.0% of DM. Each treatment consisted of 3 pens containing 5 steers and 1 pen containing 4 steers. Steers were used in an 84-d growing study followed by a finishing study. A corn silage-based diet was fed during the growing study and a corn-based diet was fed during the finishing study. Steers were not randomized between experiments. The analyzed concentrations of S in the growing diets were 0.12, 0.30, and 0.46%, whereas the analyzed concentrations of S in the finishing diets were 0.13, 0.31, and 0.46% for treatments supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.30% S, respectively. Increasing DCAB by approximately 15 mEq/100 g of DM, by the addition of NaHCO(3,) did not affect (P > 0.36) performance during the growing or finishing studies. During the growing study DMI was not affected (P=0.29) by dietary S. Steers fed diets containing 0.30% S had greater ADG (P=0.02) and G:F (P=0.01) than those receiving 0.46% S, but similar (P > 0.36) performance to steers fed 0.12% S. During the finishing study, steers fed diets containing 0.46% S had less ADG than steers fed 0.13 (P=0.004) or 0.31% S (P=0.07), whereas ADG did not differ (P=0.18) among steers fed 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers fed diets containing 0.31 (P=0.01) or 0.46% S (P=0.001) had less DMI than controls, but G:F was not affected (P=0.52) by S during the finishing study. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P > 0.18) among steers fed diets containing 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers receiving diets containing 0.46% S had decreased HCW (P=0.001), quality (P=0.02), and yield grades (P=0.04) than steers receiving 0.13% S. Plasma Cu concentrations on d 101 of the finishing phase and liver Cu concentrations at slaughter were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in control steers compared with those fed diets containing 0.31 or 0.46% S. This study indicates that steers fed growing diets can tolerate up to 0.46% S with minimum effects on performance. Finishing steers tolerated diets containing 0.31% S without adverse affects on ADG or G:F. However, 0.46% S greatly decreased ADG and DMI, and increasing DCAB did not prevent these depressions.     

奶牛围产期葡萄糖营养平衡及其调控研究进展

奶牛围产后期干物质采食量(DMI)下降明显,处于能量负平衡(NEB)状态,机体通过动员体脂满足胎儿、启动泌乳及维持的能量需要,其饲养管理关系到整个泌乳期的成败。脂类饲料中的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)易被氧化,通过增加脂类提高日粮能量浓度会加剧奶牛氧化应激。葡萄糖是反刍动物的重要能量来源,不仅参与细胞能量代谢过程,而且还是乳腺合成乳糖的前体物质,源于内源生成和肠道吸收。运用营养调控技术促进葡萄糖摄取,提高机体可利用葡萄糖水平,是解决NEB问题和降低氧化应激的有效策略。文章总结了反刍动物机体葡萄糖的来源及影响葡萄糖吸收的因素,并探讨提高围产期奶牛可利用葡萄糖水平的技术方案,以期为葡萄糖的合理供应提供依据。     

Energy balance and pulsatile LH secretion in early postpartum dairy cattle

The relationships between energy balance (EB), pulsatile LH secretion and circulating levels of insulin and various energy metabolites were assessed in ten lactating Holstein cows. Cows were blood sampled every 12 min via indwelling jugular catheters for 8 hr twice weekly beginning in the first week postpartum (PP) through first ovulation (1stOV). Days to negative EB nadir and days to 1stOV were highly correlated (P less than .02). LH pulse frequency (P less than .01), LH baseline (P less than .05) and mean LH (P less than .1) increased, while LH pulse amplitude tended to decrease when comparing the frequent sampling series immediately before and after the negative EB nadir. Plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, r = -.40, P less than .01), insulin (r = .38, P less than .01), glucose (r = .31, P less than .01) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = .19, P less than .06) were correlated with EB. For within animal comparisons, NEFA was significantly correlated (r = -.44 to -.89, P less than .05) with EB in 8 of 10 cows, but no other correlations were significant. Additionally, none of the metabolites nor insulin were significant in multiple regression models for 1stOV. Therefore, it appears that pulsatile LH secretion is suppressed until the negative EB nadir is reached, at which time LH pulse frequency increases stimulating 1stOV. Since NEFA and EB are directly related, NEFA may serve as a peripheral signal of EB to the central nervous system.