转型中的亚洲林业

在过去的20年里,亚洲林业经历了引人注目的转型,包括从计划经济到市场经济的转变,从天然林供给木材到人工林供给木材的转变,木材替代品与非木质林产品的增加,地方分权与当地群众的参与,生态时代的发展与生态系统管理。在促进亚洲可持续森林资源管理中,市场工具、社区参与和环境服务都得到了应用。亚洲林业的转型表现出多样化,其森林、社会与环境之间的联系是丰富多彩的。     

转型中的亚洲林业(续一)

在过去的20年里,亚洲林业经历了引人注目的转型,包括从计划经济到市场经济的转变,从天然林供给木材到人工林供给木材的转变,木材替代品与非木质林产品的增加,地方分权与当地群众的参与,生态时代的发展与生态系统管理。在促进亚洲可持续森林资源管理中,市场工具、社区参与和环境服务都得到了应用。亚洲林业的转型表现出多样化,其森林、社会与环境之间的联系是丰富多彩的。     

林业经济供给侧改革对木材进口的影响与对策

有效强化林业经济的供给侧改革,能够从根本上解决林业资源利用率偏低、属地管理薄弱等问题,并对高度依赖木材进口的木材加工企业产生积极影响。论述了林业经济供给侧改革内容及特点,分析了林业经济供给侧改革的优势,探讨了林业经济供给侧改革对木材进口的潜在影响,进而从3个方面提出了强化林业经济供给侧改革对木材进口促进作用的必要措施。     

资产选择的立木供给理论

一、前言用近代经济学的观点,在理论上研究立木供给问题的先驱者有岸根卓郎、半田良一、野村勇教授等。他们的立木供给理论是在木材供需矛盾突出、木材价格高涨的50年代相继发表的。但时至今日,经过近30年,林业状况发生了很大的变化,由于进口材增加,木材价格低落,农山村的劳动力不足以及高龄化等,日本林业的形势极其严峻。林业经营者的立木供给行为受其影响也发生了很大变化,即存在着这样一种倾向:立木即使到了伐期也不采伐,在观察木材价格动向的同时,把立木作为资产保存起来。因此,基于林业经营者的此类经济行为,以新的观点探讨立木供给问题,建立更接近于现实的立木供给理论已十分必要。本文将从这些观点出发来探讨资产选择的立木供给问题,     

发展木材工业,促进林业可持续发展

本文从发展木材工业的七个不同层面,论述了木材工业发展与生态建设和林业可持续发展的关系,指出发展木材工业与生态建设和林业可持续发展是相互依存、相互促进的,不仅可增加林产品供给,还可大量节约木材,保护森林资源,推动林木培育,增加森林资源,有力地支持生态建设,促进林业可持续发展.     

关于国有林场转型的思考

在我国林业发展建设以木材生产为主向生态建设为主转变中，内蒙古大兴安岭林区木材产量逐渐调减到“天保”工程实施前产量的40％，采伐方式也由过去主伐产量占90％调减到70％，过去林场的数量和职能也随着新时期林业发展的需要而转变，目前，内蒙古大兴安岭林区的林场、经营所，已由“天保”工程实施前的148个撤并转型到121个，基本满足生态建设为主的需要。     

完善会计核算体系 促进生态林业发屡

随着人们列可持续发展认识的提高，林业从“木材利用”转变为“生态利用”已成为人们的共识，生态林业已成为我国林业发展的必然趋势。我国林业环境改变之后，林业会计应如何参与森林资源的经营管护，全面反映森林资源资产的增减变动情况，如何促进森林资源的经济、生态和社会效益之间的深层融合与协调发展，彻底改革传统的重采轻育、     

完善会计核算体系促进生态林业发展

随着人们对可持续发展认识的提高,林业从"木材利用"转变为"生态利用"已成为人们的共识,生态林业已成为我国林业发展的必然趋势.我国林业环境改变之后,林业会计应如何参与森林资源的经营管护,全面反映森林资源资产的增减变动情况,如何促进森林资源的经济、生态和社会效益之间的深层融合与协调发展,彻底改革传统的重采轻育、采育分离的林业会计核算体系,构建新的适应我国林业新环境的林业会计核算体系,成为摆在我国林业会计理论与实践工作者面前的一项崭新而又严峻的课题.     

林业经济学领域的拓展(续)

(接第2期)林业政策分析和制度经济学林业政策目标就是在森林和制度不断变化的环境中,实现复杂的经济、社会和政治目标之间的平衡。因此,政策模型往往是由许多变动因素组成,这些变动因素存在于各种林业法规中,而且还在不同主题(包括林业供给、木材销售和定价、森林税费、国际贸易、森林管理标准、碳汇、热带森林滥伐、林权、产权和政策改革等方面)的政策讨论中出现。尽管我们难以全面的回顾与这些主题相关的论著,但总体而言,这些论著不是以新古典经济学工具为基础,就是以制度经济学为基础。新古典经济学工具已经被用于分析木材供给、木材定价…     

永丰县林业生态建设对策

林业建设正处于转型发展的关键时期,正从以木材生产为主向以生态建设为主转变。集体林权制度改革调动了全社会的造林积极性,激活了林业生产力。然而,2008年初的特大冰雪冻害给永丰县林区致命打击,森林生态系统遭受严重破坏,林业生态建设面临多种新问题。在分析永丰县林业生态建设现状及其影响因素的基础上,提出应对策略。     

Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna, south China

1 Introduction The tropical area of southern China is climatically and biogeographically located at the northern edge of tropical Asia, including southeastern Xizang (Tibet, lower valleys of the southern Himalayas), southern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southern Taiwan and Hainan Island. The largest tropical area still covered by forests is in southern Yunnan. Tropical forests of southern Yunnan were little known until the late 1950s because of poor access except for some brief descrip-…     

Disturbance ecology benchmarks for Schima–Castanopsis forests in the central Himalayas

Roughly 2.8 billion people burn wood for basic energy needs, and traditional wood-fuel represents ~55% of global wood harvest. With increasing anthropogenic disturbance of natural forests, the “stability/fragility” paradigm of forest ecology is gradually being replaced by a “disturbance/recovery” paradigm. In order to understand effects of human-induced disturbances on natural forest ecosystems, and to plan for recovery of disturbed forests, appropriate metrics become necessary. Such metrics will aid in assessment and management of forests for carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem health, and sustainability of natural resources. Such metrics are especially needed in “wood-fuel hotspots” of the world where over 275 million people live and harvest wood-fuel unsustainably. In this article, I provide metrics of human-induced disturbance in Nepal’s Schima–Castanopsis dominated forests and show relationships of disturbance intensity with forest structure and composition, site productivity potential, natural regeneration, and tree species diversity. Benchmark data were collected from survey of two protected reference forests and compared against three other forests representing a disturbance gradient. The Schima–Castanopsis association is a common dominant forest type in the warm temperate zone of the central Himalayas, and the findings from this study should have wider application.     

Tropical Forest Management in the Asia-Pacific Region

Tropical deforestation in the Asia-Pacific Region has accelerated in Lhe last decade, seriously depleting the forest resource base. Most forest loss results from agricultural clearing, but is generally preceded by forest degradation from destructive logging (Southeast Asia) or overuse of forest resources (South Asia). Tropical forests are highly variable, requiring a system of classification to guide management objectives; one such system is ecological life zone mapping. Forestry operations should reflect the need for both conservation and production. Most Asia-Pacific forests are managed on variations of a selection system. Logging damage is the most important forestry-sector threat to commercial forestry, reducing both future timber production and the availability of non-timber products. The short duration of logging concession agreements, nontransferability of concession contracts, and undervaluation of forest resources all contribute to forest "mining" practices. Alternative forest management methods exist: logging damage can be substantially reduced at little or no additional cost; small-scale mobile sawmills can increase local incomes while reducing the need for skidding; and Assisted Natural Regeneration can facilitate the reforestation of denuded lands. The best hope for sustainable use of forest resources lies with those who must live with the consequences of forest mismanagement. Local involvement in foresy planning, implementation and enforcement is essential. Successful forest management projects depend on the judgement of field-based personnel familiar with the forests, cultures and institutions of each country, working in cooperation with local forestry experts and forest-dependent people.     

绵阳官溪河流域防护林林木分化及异常木分布格局

对绵阳官溪河流域常见的几种防护林类型林木分化及异常木分布格局进行了研究。结果表明，防护林林木分化的结果以小径木占优势，尤以直径1cm～6cm的个体最多，占林分总个体数的60％以上。桤柏混交林、柏木纯林、松栎混交林、松柏混交林和松柏栎混交林的林木株数按径阶的分布表现出左偏态分布，直径大小的变异性较低；与之相比。栎黄荆次生灌丛和马尾松林不呈偏正态分布，直径大小的变异性较高。异常木直径主要分布在1cm～10cm范围内，其中倾斜木和倒伏木超过了异常木总数的50％，枯立木和濒死木中，马尾松林和松柏栎混交林较其它防护林类型少。异常木的分布格局除松柏栎混交林呈随机分布外，其余的皆呈聚集分布，但聚集强度不大。异常木聚集强度的大小与取样面积大小的关系表现为：Kuno．E．聚集度指标值（G）随取样面积的增大，由小变大，而Lloyd．M．平均拥挤度值（m^＊）则由大变小。     

Research needs for restoring tropical forests in Southeast Asia for wildlife conservation: framework species selection and seed propagation

Some governments in Southeast Asia, such as those of Thailand and Vietnam have clear policies to restore large areas of degraded land to native forest. However, knowledge needed for the success of these ambitious programmes is still inadequate, and considerable further research is required. Furthermore, very little literature is available to conservation practitioners about the restoration of tropical forests for biodiversity conservation. This paper introduces the framework species method of forest restoration, which is being developed to restore forests in Thailand. The paper examines the potential for adoption of this technique in different forest types across the Southeast Asia region, and identifies priorities for future research needed before the method can be widely implemented. These include the identification of forest types, the selection of candidate framework species, maintenance of genetic diversity, and development of methods of seed collection and germination.     

The role of biodiversity in Asian forests

Biodiversity in Asia is reviewed here from both scientific and socio-economic perspectives. Biodiversity in Asia has been very high, for historical and climatic reasons; however, this situation has been changing rapidly, due to population growth and economic development. The forest biodiversity in this region has both global and local value, yet it is seriously threatened. As natural capital, biodiversity functions in a variety of ways: production and regulation functions have global value, while habitat and information functions have social and cultural value, as well as local importance. Sustainable forest management is dependent on the regulatory functions of the ecosystem and biodiversity. Sometimes the functions of forests or biodiversity make conflict. Moreover, biodiversity has an information function related to sustainability via local knowledge and culture. Levin’s (1999) proposals are helpful as a conceptual framework for developing sustainable management for Asian forests.     

Competing Visions: Domestic Forests, Politics and Forest Policy in the Central Western Ghats of South India

Rural people in developing countries including India continue to access a number of types of ‘forests’ to meet specific needs such as fuelwood, fodder, food, non-timber forest produce and timber for both subsistence and income generation. While a plethora of terms exist to describe the types of forests that rural people use—such as farm forests, social forests, community forests and small-scale forests—the expression domestic forest has recently been proposed. Domestic forest is a term aimed at capturing the diversity of forests transformed and managed by rural communities and a way to introduce a new scientific domain that recognises that production and conservation can be reconciled and that local communities can be effective managers. This paper argues in the context of the central Western Ghats of south India that while the domestic forest concept is a useful umbrella term to capture the diversity of forests used by rural people, these domestic forests are often not autonomous local forests but sites of contestation between local actors and the state forest bureaucracy. Hence, a paradigm shift within the forest bureaucracy will only occur if the scientific forestry community questions its own normative views on forest management and sees forest policy as a means to recognise local claims and support existing practices of forest dependent communities.     

柬埔寨吴哥植物资源调查研究

柬埔寨位于东南亚中南半岛南部,覆盖大面积热带雨林,是个美丽富饶的国家,被称为"富贵真腊"。通过参考有关资料和实地勘察,调查柬埔寨吴哥的植物资源种类。结果表明:柬埔寨的植物资源丰富、种类繁多且分布广泛,约有1.5万种;山区分布着常绿阔叶林和松林,北部平原有龙脑香林,东部平原有草地和落叶林,沿海分布着红树林。分析吴哥的植物调查情况,提出应进行合理开发和生态保护。