Fermentation of poultry manure for poultry diets

1. The fermentation of poultry manure in an attempt to increase its value for poultry diets was studied.

2. Microbial strains for the efficient elimination of uric acid were isolated.

3. Suitable, cheap carbon sources (methanol, glycerol, glucose) were tested in attempts to increase cell yield.

4. These criteria were used to study the 41 bacterial and 8 yeast strains which were the most prolific on slants and which were isolated from experiments with a shaker. A strain was selected for experimentation with a fermentor.

5. Fermentor experiments were done on a laboratory scale (101) and in a non‐sterile semicontinuous system (150 1), cell mass production being similar in both systems.     

粟谷在家禽日粮中的应用

在配制家禽饲料时并不总是有玉米可供应用,或只能以高价购买玉米。这就向人们提出了一个问题,能否用人类不常食用的粟米替代玉米作为家禽日粮的能量饲料?     

非蛋白氮在家禽日粮中的应用

本文综述了家禽日粮中添加非蛋白氮(NPN)的效果,并分析影响使用效果的主要因素。家禽利用非蛋白氮的机理目前尚无定论,本文推测可能存在3种机制:利用非蛋白氮合成非必需氨基酸(NEAA)、代谢产物负反馈抑制原理和微生物转化利用。家禽日粮中添加非蛋白氮效果很不稳定,影响因素复杂,实际生产中难以把握,现阶段不宜推广使用。     

低蛋白日粮技术在禽类生产中的应用

本文就低蛋白日粮在禽类生产中的应用作一综述。     

家禽日粮中添加黑色小茴香和大蒜粉的研究

近年来,黑色小茴香（Nigella sativa L.）、大蒜粉在家禽饲料中的使用已得到相当大的重视,这主要是因为它们具有较高的营养和治疗价值。它们的作用方式和对家禽的健康和生产性能的作用是什么？     

Recycled dried poultry manure in chick starter diets

1. Dried poultry manure (DPM) collected from 1‐d to 3‐week‐old chicks, reared in electrical battery brooders, incorporated at a level of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% in a chick starter diet, was recycled four times.

2. There was a linear decrease in body weight and efficiency of food utilisation with each percentage increase in DPM.

3. The amount of dried droppings recovered as a percentage of food consumed was proportional to the amount of DPM included in the diet and remained fairly constant during the recycling.

4. Body weights and efficiency of food utilisation were substantially the same during the first three recycling periods but declined significantly during the fourth period.

5. Mortality was negligible and all chicks appeared healthy and vigorous.

6. Chicks fed on 10% DPM in an isocaloric and isonitrogenous (protein‐N) diet grew and utilised food as well as those fed on the basal diet; chicks fed on 20% DPM did not consume enough to meet their requirements.     

玉米DDGS的营养特性及在家禽日粮上的应用

玉米DDGS(玉米酒糟)是燃料乙醇厂用玉米籽实与精选酵母、酶等混合发酵生产燃料乙醇后,剩余的发酵残留物经干燥形成的产物.每100公斤玉米可以生产34.4kg乙醇和31.6kgDDGS.2006～2007年度美国DDGS产量约为700万t,预计到2010年美国DDGS产量将达到3000万t;我国2006年玉米DDGS的产量达到274万t,2007年的产量大约为354万t.     

蒙脱石在畜禽饲粮中的应用效果

蒙脱石(smectite,SM)是一种由颗粒极细的铝硅酸盐构成的层状黏土,具有吸附重金属、霉菌毒素、病原菌、细菌毒素和维护胃肠道黏膜及防治腹泻等功能.研究表明,SM能够缓解多种环境毒物对动物健康和生产造成的不利影响.饲粮中适量添加SM能提高畜禽生长和生产性能、提升畜产品品质、改善机体健康状况.文章简述SM的理化特性、主...     

Basis for regulation of selenium supplements in animal diets.

Selenium was discovered 174 yr ago but, until 1957, was given little notice by biologists or was vilified as an agent that caused toxicity in grazing ruminants and horses in the northern Great Plains. After its status as an essential nutrient was established, Se received intense scrutiny, and hundreds of papers have been published dealing with its metabolic functions and the consequences of a Se deficiency. Because regions of Se deficiency are so extensive in the United States, great efforts have been made to gain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for Se supplementation of animal diets. Initially, these efforts were thwarted by concern that Se might be carcinogenic. After this concern was resolved, researchers established supplemental Se levels that were efficacious, safe for animals, safe for humans that eat animal products, and protective of the environment. First approval of Se supplements was given in 1974 for supplementation of swine or growing chicken diets at .1 ppm. Supplements for turkey diets were approved at .2 ppm. Ultimately, in 1987, levels of supplemental Se in diets for chickens, turkeys, ducks, swine, sheep, and cattle were approved at .3 ppm. However, FDA regulations do not mention horses or zoo animals, and those who would ensure the welfare of these species by supplementing Se-deficient diets may be in violation of FDA interpretation of the law. In addition, the association of Se with death and deformities in aquatic birds at the Kesterson Reservoir in California has led to pressure on the FDA to reverse the 1987 amendments to the feed additive regulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

维生素A在家禽营养中的作用

养殖业中饲料大约占养殖业成本的50％—70％。经过20年的飞速发展,养禽业正步入稳产阶段,此阶段家禽企业制胜的关键一方面在于规模化经营(规模效益)和现代管理手段的实施,另一方面则来自于饲料成本的降低。VA自1947年首次人工合成以来,现已成为饲料行业中必不可少的原料,VA的价格高,占维生素成本比重较大,当今饲料和预混料生产厂家都十分注重畜禽日粮中VA的添加,企业找到VA的适宜添加量,既有利于节省成本,又能得到较好的生产效果。本文对VA在家禽营养中的作用进行了全面的论述,希望能引起家禽生产企业对VA使用的注意。     

The effects of withdrawal of vitamin and trace mineral supplements from layer diets on egg yield and trace mineral composition

1. This study was conducted as three trials. 2. In the first trial, zinc, manganese, copper and iron concentrations were determined in dietary raw materials collected from various regions of Turkey. 3. In the second trial, 200 Hisex Brown laying hens, 30 weeks of age, were divided into two groups. The first group served as controls and were fed on a standard commercial layer diet. The second group were fed on a commercial layer diet that was not supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins. Egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, food consumption and food efficiency of the birds in each group were determined. In the unsupplemented group, egg production (0.75 vs 0.83) and food intake (114 vs 122 g) were lower than the those of the control group (P < 0.05). Food efficiency was 2.42 (kg food/kg gain) in the group consuming the unsupplemented diet and 2.36 in the controls. 4. In the third trial, as in Trial 2, Hisex Brown laying hens, 62 weeks of age were used. In the unsupplemented group, the mean egg weight was significantly lower than that of controls (68.0 vs 69.6 g) (P < 0.01). 5. At the end of the second and third trials, egg samples collected from experimental groups were hard boiled in water. The levels of zinc, manganese, copper and iron in the egg yolk were determined. The zinc level of the egg yolk from the control group of second trial was higher (23.5 mg/kg) than those of the unsupplemented group (13.6 mg/kg).     

DDGS在家禽日粮中的应用与研究进展

<正>DDGS(Distiller's Dried Grainswith Solubles)是以谷物(主要是玉米)为原料干法生产燃料酒精的一种副产物。在燃料酒精生产过程中,淀粉发酵得到乙醇,     

蛋氨酸的生物学功能及其在鸡日粮中的应用

本文就蛋氨酸的生物学功能及其在鸡日粮中的应用作一综述。     

影响家禽维生素需要量的因素

导致家禽维生素需要量提高的因素导致家禽维生素需要量提高的因素很多，主要有以下几个方面，见表１。１．１饲料成分家禽日粮中天然维生素的含量因饲料不同而有很大的差异。不同日粮中某些维生素的含量变化很大。天然饲料中以结合形式存在的维生素通常不能被家禽利用，如：豆粕中烟酸的利用率为１００％，而小麦和高粱为０，玉米为０～３０％；玉米、棉仁粕和大豆粕中生物素的利用率估计为１００％，而其它饲料中则变异很大，如小麦中生物素的利用率只有５％；玉米中胆碱的可利用率为１００％，大豆粕仅为６０％～７５％。１．２应激、疾病…     

维生素在养鸡生产中的合理应用

维生素是动物维持生命和正常生长、发育必不可少的一种微量物质,缺乏任何一种维生素,都会造成某些物质代谢的障碍和紊乱,引     

维生素C和维生素E的抗鸡热应激作用

1　热应激对鸡的影响11　热应激　鸡作为恒温动物,仅在严格的环境温度范围内保持体温。10～32℃是鸡维持正常体温的环境温度范围,21～26℃是鸡生存的适宜环境温度,此时鸡用于维持体温所付出的代谢能最少;26～32℃是尚能维持正常体温的温度范围;高于32℃则是鸡生理功能趋于紊乱的温度范围,即出现热应激。12　鸡热应激时的组织、生理、生化及免疫反应121　呼吸频率提高,肺通气量加大,发生热喘息,ＣＯ2排出量增加,致使血液中ＣＯ2分压下降,ｐＨ值升高,严重时出现呼吸性碱中毒。122　心律加快,肝、肾、胃肠道血液流量相对减少,血钙、血钾、血磷…     

珍珠粟在畜禽饲料中的应用研究进展

珍珠粟作为一种重要的热带谷类作物而广泛地种植于半干旱地区,坑旱、耐瘠,其籽实蛋白质含量高,氨基酸组成合理,含抗营养因子少,作为玉米的替代品而广泛地应用于畜禽养殖业中,尤其在非反刍动物饲料中的应用效果较好。