辽宁省百合属植物物候期观察

观测了百合属植物的萌芽期、展叶始期、现蕾期、花蕾变色期、初花期、盛花期、果熟期和枯萎期出现的时间,并对观测结果进行相关分析和主成分分析。结果表明:各种源的物候期存在较大差异,其中以初花期差异最大,展叶始期差异最小;各种源生长期长短的主要影响因素是生长后期各物候的差异程度;伴随着萌发期和展叶始期的提前,现蕾期、花蕾变色期、初花期和盛花期出现的时间会延后,即过于追求百合的营养生长,会使其生殖生长延后。     

北京地区66个甜樱桃品种花期调查和S基因型列表

总结了北京地区2008—2022年66个甜樱桃品种花期的调查结果，在此期间，同一品种花期因春季气温的不同而有明显的变化，初花期最早的年份是2020年，最晚的是2010年，相差21～23 d。大部分品种多数年份初花期均在4月上旬。初花期和盛花期间隔相对稳定，基本为1～2 d，花期长度因品种和年份而异，相差2～5 d。以2018—2020年3年的数据为基准，对66个甜樱桃品种的初花期进行了排序，罗亚明（Minie Royal）最早，黑金（Black Gold）最晚。从开花最早的品种初花期到最晚的品种末花期共持续了26 d，各品种花期长度为11～14 d。此外整理了这些品种的S基因型，以供科研生产中授粉品种选择和搭配时参考。     

生长调节剂对红富士苹果花芽抗寒性及物候期的影响

秋季对红富士苹果树喷施植物生长调节剂,翌年春季测定花芽电导率、脯氨酸、丙二醛和观测物候期,结果表明：脯氨酸含量均比对照高1～2倍,电解质透出率与脯氨酸含量呈极显著负相关关系（r=0．9265）;生长调节剂能够降低苹果花芽内丙二醛含量,并与电导率一致,且两者指标高度正相关（r=0．8614）,能够稳定膜结构,减轻膜受伤害的程度。单喷2000mg／L青鲜素延迟初花期和盛花期6d和5d;复配剂100mg／L赤霉素＋1500mg／L青鲜素则分别延迟7d和6d。     

露地和日光温室甜樱桃花芽发育特征及胚珠多糖定位观察

通过观察‘早红宝石’从萌动期至谢花期的花芽发育特征及胚珠多糖定位,进一步探讨高温造成甜樱桃胚囊败育原因。结果表明,在同一物候期,露地、温室、破眠剂处理的花芽发育特征及胚珠淀粉粒定位一致;在同一物候期,温室‘早红宝石’胚珠淀粉粒数量多于露地和破眠剂处理的,分布区域也大于后两者;破眠剂处理的花后2 d胚珠淀粉粒数量多于对照,分布区域也增加。分析认为,温度是决定甜樱桃花芽发育进程、胚珠多糖数量及分布的重要因素。高温加速花芽发育,却抑制胚珠多糖水解,难以满足胚珠、胚囊快速发育对碳水化合物的需求,最终胚囊败育。破眠剂可提早花芽发育进程,有效提高胚囊发育质量,其生物学效应类似于某种高温逆境逃避机制。     

单氰胺对甜樱桃休眠解除及开花过程树体碳氮营养的影响

【目的】探讨单氰胺对甜樱桃休眠解除与开花的影响。【方法】以甜樱桃‘萨米脱’为试材,对喷施单氰胺后‘萨米脱’的物候期、碳水化合物含量、氮素营养等变化进行研究。【结果】单氰胺的施用引起‘萨米脱’休眠解除提早约半个月,萌芽提早11 d,花期提前5 d,且花期持续缩短2 d,更重要的是坐果率增加了11.6%。单氰胺的施用促进了甜樱桃‘萨米脱’休眠解除过程中淀粉、蔗糖和山梨糖醇等含量的降低,葡萄糖、果糖和总氮的含量升高,抑制蛋白态氮的含量降低。【结论】单氰胺可以作为甜樱桃‘萨米脱’在冬季低温累积较低区域商业生产的一个重要手段。     

梨新品种的花粉量、花器特性、花芽率及开花物候期调查

20 0 0年以来 ,我市先后引进梨新品种 2 0多个 ,为了尽快了解不同品种的植物学特征 ,掌握其开花结果习性 ,我们从 2 0 0 2年开始 ,连续两年对不同品种梨的开花物候期 ,花器构造及成花坐果进行了详细观察 ,旨在为果品生产提供切实可行的依据。1　调查地点和方法1 .1　调查地点　在辛集市试炮营村的新品种苗圃实验场和新累头果园 ,调查 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年用 1 6年生鸭梨做砧木高接的 2 0个梨新品种。1 .2　调查方法　开花物候期观察花芽萌动期、初花期、盛花期 ,并记录相应的气温和单花序全部开放所需时间。观察不同品种每花序花朵数、每花…     

上海和烟台地区甜樱桃生物学特性及花芽分化进程研究

对上海和烟台地区栽培的甜樱桃品种红灯和先锋的对比研究表明,上海地区甜樱桃物候期早,花期持续时间延长。烟台地区红灯和先锋的果实发育期分别为38d和51d,而在上海地区分别仅为29d和45d。上海地区甜樱桃的花器外形正常的比例低于烟台,双雌蕊现象比例过高,自然授粉坐果率极低。甜樱桃在上海地区新梢生长量变大,树体徒长枝增多,花束状短枝比例下降;6a生树干径、树高、冠径分别达到14.2、435、450cm,明显高于烟台地区。石蜡切片观察发现,7月1日上海甜樱桃花芽有83.3%进入萼片原基分化期,早于烟台,但7月15日后分化进度变慢。烟台地区甜樱桃9月已经全部进入雌蕊原基分化期,而上海甜樱桃一直到10月5日前后才进入该时期。     

金太阳杏在青海的引种表现

青海省尖扎县农业技术推广中心于1999年从陕西引进山杏砧金太阳杏1年生苗木5000株,按照3m×2m行株距定植。栽培表现如下:1)植物学特性。树姿开张,树体较矮。多年生枝皮面粗糙;1年生枝红褐色,粗壮,节间短,平均长1.58cm;嫩梢红色。叶呈卵圆形,叶色深绿,叶面有光泽,叶先端突尖,叶缘锯齿中深而钝,较整齐,叶柄中粗,长3.04cm,红色;基部有4枚蜜腺,圆形。花芽肥大、饱满,复芽占95%以上。花蕾期花瓣红色,初花期先端粉红色,盛花期浅粉色。2)物候期。在尖扎县3月下旬萌芽,盛花期为4月15日前后,花期持续5～7天。花期比唐王川大接杏早2天,比苦瓜杏早3天。…     

春雪桃引种及早期丰产栽培技术

<正>春雪桃是美国选育的早熟桃新品种,由山东省果树研究所引进,费县2008年从淄博市引入。1生长结果特性1.1物候期花芽萌动期3月10～20日,盛花期4月10～18日,落花期4月16～21日     

甜樱桃不同砧穗组合成花调控关键基因表达差异研究

为了研究甜樱桃(Prunus avium)成花调控关键基因在不同砧穗组合中表达差异,以甜樱桃‘艳阳’(Sunburst)为接穗,‘ZY-1’(P.cerasus)、马哈利(P.mahaleb)和‘兰丁2号’(P.avium × P.pseudocerasus)为砧木的嫁接组合为试材,调查统计4年干龄不同砧穗组合的总花芽量及开花情况;克隆甜樱桃成花调控网络中EARLY FLOWERING 3(ELF3)、CONSTANS(CO)、FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)等9个关键作用基因,并利用实时荧光定量PCR对不同砧穗组合接穗的幼叶、叶芽、成龄叶、花芽、叶芽附近叶片叶柄及花芽附近叶片叶柄中这些基因的表达量鉴定。结果显示,艳阳/ZY-1、艳阳/马哈利和艳阳/兰丁2号组合的平均单株花芽量分别为279、288和317朵,不存在明显差异,但不同组合的花期却明显不同,当艳阳/马哈利有72%花芽处于开放期时,艳阳/兰丁2号的花开放比例只有7%,艳阳/ZY-1的花开放比例为49%;此外,PaELF3、PaCO、PaFT等9个成花关键基因,在同一时期不同砧穗组合的接穗组织中表达量存在差异,其中PaAP1在不同砧穗组合的花芽中表达模式与花期规律一致,表明PaAP1与樱桃花期调控密切相关。     

‘长富2号’苹果短枝幼果摘除对芽叶可溶性糖积累和成花相关基因表达的影响

以‘长富2号’苹果为材料,在盛花期后31d进行短枝摘果处理,研究处理后短枝顶芽生长状态、成花率以及短枝芽叶可溶性糖(蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖及山梨醇)的动态变化,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测顶芽糖代谢相关基因(MdSPS6、MdSUSY1、MdHXK1、MdSUT1)、MdTPS基因和成花相关基因(MdFT、MdFD、MdCO、MdSOC1、MdLFY、MdAP1)的表达模式。结果表明:摘果处理后,短枝顶芽长度、宽度及鲜样质量有一定的增加,次年成花率显著高于对照;短枝顶芽中蔗糖、果糖、山梨醇变化较为明显,在生理分化后期都显著高于对照,而葡萄糖含量变化较小;短枝叶片中,4种可溶性糖含量第1个高峰由盛花期后60 d提前至40 d;顶芽糖代谢相关基因及3个MdTPS基因(MdTPS1-1~MdTPS1-3)都响应摘果处理;MdFT、MdFD、MdCO、MdSOC1和MdLFY等的表达在盛花期后40 d均有显著的上调,其中MdLFY的变化最为明显,而MdAP1在整个生理分化期与对照无显著差异。     

日光温室甜樱桃生长发育节律研究

 甜樱桃在日光温室条件下, 自升温(植株通过休眠后, 揭开草帘让日光透过棚膜射入温室内使温度上升) 开始到开花约30 d , 花期持续10～14 d ; 开花后17～21 d 生理落果; 生理落果至果实着色29～43 d (年度间差异大) ; 着色到成熟约10 d。新梢呈典型“双S 型”生长, 第2 次旺长为补偿性旺长, 强度远大于第1 次, 新梢腋芽大量萌发, 节间较长。新根数量在揭膜后迅速下降, 与枝叶早衰相关, 新梢补偿性生长后又上升, 但强度远不及盖膜阶段。     

柑橘果实总钙、可溶性Ca~(2+)含量及Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性的季节性变化

以单性结实的龟井和自花结实的鄂柑1号柑橘品种为材料,对果实的整个发育期的子房(幼果)、果皮和果肉的总钙、可溶性Ca2+含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性进行了测定。结果表明龟井花前至花期子房总钙含量就已很高,花后趋下降,而鄂柑1号花前至花期子房总钙含量相对较低,花后有一显著上升;龟井可溶性Ca2+含量在花期及花后有一明显下降,而对应鄂柑1号在花后却有一显著上升;龟井花前至花期Ca2+-ATPase活性较高,花后下降,而对应鄂柑1号花前较低,花期即始上升;果实增大期内两品种果皮的总钙均趋上升,对应果肉总钙却趋下降;而果皮和果肉的可溶性Ca2+含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性在增大期内均有一明显增长过程或居相对较高水平。     

Hexanal and 1-MCP treatments for enhancing the shelf life and quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Sweet cherry has a short post-harvest shelf life and this greatly affects the consumer preference and export of fresh fruits. In this study, the effects of pre-harvest application of a hexanal formulation (enhanced freshness formulation, EFF) and post-harvest application of hexanal vapour and 1-MCP on quality parameters and shelf life of sweet cherry were investigated. Cherries subjected to pre-harvest spray with EFF had better color, brightness and firmness than unsprayed cherries even after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. These EFF-treated cherries also showed higher chroma values indicative of enhanced red color. Post-harvest application of either, hexanal vapour, 1-MCP, or a combination of both, enhanced the firmness of cherries. These treatments also resulted in higher levels of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. The levels of anthocyanins and phenolic components were either enhanced or maintained during the 30-day storage period. Our results suggest that a pre-harvest application of EFF combined with post-harvest treatment of hexanal and 1-MCP may enhance the quality and shelf life of sweet cherry.     

Honigbienen zur Bestäubung von verfrühten Süßkirschen im geschützten Anbau

The objective of the present work was to study ways of additional foraging of honey bees in a sustainable production of forced sweet cherries in a polytunnel in order to reduce any loss of bees and to substitute the annual re-introduction of new bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.) which are lost after use. Three honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) hives were employed during the three weeks flowering in April 2006 in a closed, unheated polytunnel to pollinate sweet cherry cvs ‘Burlat’, ‘Earlise’, ‘Samba’, ‘Souvenir des Charmes’ and an unnamed clone on dwarfing GiSelA 5 rootstock at Klein Altendorf research station near Bonn, Germany. The central position of hive A allowed the honey bees to collect pollen and nectar exclusively from the flowering sweet cherries in the tunnel. Hive B also inside the tunnel had apertures inside and outside the tunnel, while hive C outside the tunnel adjacent to its wall, had inside and outside apertures; honey bees from the latter two hives were allowed to forage both inside the tunnel or outside. Differences in air temperatures between the inside and outside the tunnel were no more than 5?°C due to effective ventilation. A portable gas heater for automated frost protection maintained the night temperature in the polytunnel in April above 0?°C. Measurements of the flight activity showed a close correlation with the ambient temperature at the respective hive location. The two bee hives A and B within the tunnel showed larger flight activities of an averaged 540 bees per hour compared with 180 bees per hour outside due to low spring temperatures. Honey bee population A in the centre of the tunnel declined after three weeks pollination to ca. 9,200 individuals and produced only 46?kg honey due to shortage in food reserves and intense flight activity. The outdoor bee population C with ca. 15,000 individuals yielded also only 49?kg honey due to lack of flight activity during the cold April 2006 compared with 68?kg honey from population B with ca. 16,000 individuals but continuous flight activity within the tunnel and additional foraging outside. Control bee hives D and E with ca. 22,000 individuals each, which had remained at the institute at Bonn, produced 82–93?kg honey during the same time. Cherry forcing resulted in a 12–18 days earlier flowering in April 2006 relative to the 12–16 days earlier harvest in June 2006. Large fluctuations in yield of 0.3–15.4?kg/tree were due to commensurate S-alleles causing intersterility, insufficient fertilisation and location of the cherry cultivars relative to each other and the bee hive.     

野生东北百合开花生物学研究

为探讨野生东北百合种群的开花、传粉及相对生殖成功率等方面的特征,试图从开花生物学角度研究东北百合的生殖生物学特性。结果表明:东北百合为总状花序,多具花3～6朵,单花花期6～8d,花粉在整个花期都存在活力,柱头在花开2～4d可授性最强;雌雄蕊同熟、开花特点保证了自花授粉的可行性,P/O值和OCI检测确定了其属于自花可孕型,研究地的东北百合的访花昆虫主要是菜粉蝶和碧凤蝶。野生东北百合相对生殖成功率比较低,2009、2010观察相对生殖成功率均低于6%,2010甚至低于1%。     

K+/H+逆向转运体基因PpeKEA在桃开花期的表达及对钾肥施用的响应

从‘霞晖8号’桃花中克隆并鉴定了6个K+/H+逆向转运体基因PpeKEA,在转录水平分析其在桃花发育不同时期的表达模式及对钾肥施用的响应,明确关键基因并验证其功能。结果表明,钾肥施用显著增强盛花期桃花的鲜样质量,提高花朵钾素富集水平。PpeKEA1 ~ PpeKEA6在桃花开放不同时期的表达水平存在差异,均在盛花期达到最高,其转录水平对施用钾肥的响应不同;PpeKEA1在整个桃花开放不同时期的表达量较高,钾肥处理显著增强其在花蕾膨胀期和初开期的表达并抑制其在败落期的表达量;表达载体pDR196-shortKEA1能赋予酵母菌感受态细胞AXT3突变体适应高钾环境而正常生长,说明PpeKEA1的C端区域具有调节桃花组织内K+转运和平衡的功能。本研究表明PpeKEA1是一个桃花开放过程中调节K+平衡的K+/H+逆向转运体,并可能在桃树钾素营养的动态平衡中起着重要作用。     

敌百虫对国光、金冠苹果疏除幼果的效应

敌百虫对国光、金冠苹果疏果效应的研究结果表明,国光盛花后10d 喷布1125mg·1~(-1)敌百虫或加20mg·1~(-1)NAA;金冠盛花后12d 喷布900mg·1~(-1)敌百虫或加10mg·1~(-1)NAA,疏除幼果效应显著.果实单果重、翌年花量增加;果实品质、经济效益提高;大小年幅度降低.     

吲熟酯对本地早柑桔疏果和果实品质的影响

在6年生枳砧本地早盛花后30天,树冠喷布50～400ppm吲熟酯(5-氯代吲唑-8-醋酸乙酯)的疏果率达6.2～30.6％,疏果程度与使用浓度呈线性正相关,果实提早9天着色,可溶性固形物增加0.6～1.0％,含酸量提高0.01～0.12％,增进了果实风味,同时果皮减薄 1～4 mm,可食率增加1～4％,其中以100ppm的效果最佳,200ppm次之。据100ppm处理果果汁测定还能增加氨基酸种类及与果实成熟密切相关的赖氨酸、脯氨酸和精氨酸的含量。盛花后60、80天喷布吲熟酯100ppm均有疏果的作用,但盛花后80天喷布疏果作用较低,两者的果实转色期仅提早5天左右,果实品质不及盛花后30天的各处理。从疏果程度与果实品质两方面考虑,生产上应选盛花后30天喷布吲熟酯100～200ppm为宜。     

Verfrühung von Süßkirschen unter geschlossener Folie

The sweet cherry cvs. ‘Burlat’, ‘Earlise’, ‘Samba’, ‘Souvenir’, and clone M, all with early ripening, large, dark, red-black fruit, were cultivated at a spacing of 3.80x1.75 m under complete rain cover in a whole orchard at the Klein-Altendorf Research Station near Bonn, Germany during April and May 2004. Under such cover, these sweet cherry trees flowered 6–13 days earlier and their fruit ripened 12–19 days earlier than those from uncovered control trees, indicating shorter or enhanced fruit development and maturation in up to 1 week. The cover proved insufficient for frost protection at night, despite increased daytime air and soil temperatures (by as much as 15°C and 5°C, respectively). Trickle irrigation was used to overcome loss of soil moisture due to the rain cover. Burlat leaves grown under this cover were thinner and softer and contained less chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll than the leaves of uncovered control trees, without limiting photosynthesis. In contrast, the chlorophyll content of clone M leaves grown under cover equalled that of uncovered controls. Three of the five cvs. employed developed fruit mass of 9–15 g (25–33 mm fruit diameter). Three-year-old sweet cherry trees on dwarfing GiSelA 5 rootstocks were more vigorous than those without cover and produced 3–4.5 kg fruit per tree. The cover had no adverse effect on fruit colouration. The cherries grown under cover were slightly smaller, softer, with attractive colouration, and tasted better due to increases in both sugar and acidity, with sugar:acid ratios of 25–30:1.