Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1

Mononuclear phagocytes (microglia, macrophages, and macrophage-like giant cells) are the principal cellular targets for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the central nervous system (CNS). Since HIV-1 does not directly infect neurons, the causes for CNS dysfunction in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remain uncertain. HIV-1-infected human monocytoid cells, but not infected human lymphoid cells, released toxic agents that destroy chick and rat neurons in culture. These neurotoxins were small, heat-stable, protease-resistant molecules that act by way of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Macrophages and microglia infected with HIV-1 may produce neurologic disease through chronic secretion of neurotoxic factors.     

Virus-specific splicing inhibitor in extracts from cells infected with HIV-1

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in contrast with most other retroviruses, encodes trans-regulatory proteins for virus gene expression. It is shown in this study, by means of an in vitro splicing system, that nuclear extracts obtained from cells infected with HIV-1 contain a factor (or factors) that specifically inhibits splicing of a synthetic SP6/HIV pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)-containing donor and acceptor splice sites in the coding region for the envelope protein. It is also shown that the SP6/HIV pre-mRNA is not capable of assembly in a ribonucleoprotein complex, spliceosome, in extracts from infected cells. These findings raise the possibility that specific inhibition of pre-mRNA splicing in the envelope protein coding region by HIV-1 trans-regulatory factors might be one control mechanism for efficient production of structural viral proteins and virion assembly.     

The reservoir for HIV-1 in human peripheral blood is a T cell that maintains expression of CD4

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) selectively infects cells expressing the CD4 molecule, resulting in substantial quantitative and qualitative defects in CD4+ T lymphocyte function in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, only a very small number of cells in the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected individuals are expressing virus at any given time. Previous studies have demonstrated that in vitro infection of CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 results in downregulation of CD4 expression such that CD4 protein is no longer detectable on the surface of the infected cells. In the present study, highly purified subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AIDS patients were obtained and purified by fluorescence-automated cell sorting. They were examined with the methodologies of virus isolation by limiting dilution analysis, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and gene amplification. Within PBMCs, HIV-1 was expressed in vivo predominantly in the T cell subpopulation which, in contrast to the in vitro observations, continued to express CD4. The precursor frequency of these HIV-1-expressing cells was about 1/1000 CD4+ T cells. The CD4+ T cell population contained HIV-1 DNA in all HIV-1-infected individuals studied and the frequency in AIDS patients was at least 1/100 cells. This high level of infection may be the primary cause for the progressive decline in number and function of CD4+ T cells in patients with AIDS.     

Eya1-Six1信号在斑马鱼侧线神经丘毛细胞再生过程中的表达

机械感觉毛细胞对于脊椎动物的听力和平衡能力至关重要,低等脊椎动物毛细胞在遭受损伤后具有很强的再生能力。鱼类侧线神经丘毛细胞与内耳毛细胞具有相似的结构、功能、发育和再生过程。我们将受精后5~6 d的斑马鱼仔鱼置于400 μmol/L新霉素溶液中处理1 h破坏神经丘毛细胞。分别对处理后2、4、8、12及24 h的斑马鱼仔鱼进行组织学切片及功能基因eya1和six1b的整体原位杂交。组织学切片结果显示：对照组神经丘毛细胞与支持细胞形态及排布都很规则,毛细胞和支持细胞分别位于上层和下层;处理后2~4 h,上层毛细胞数量显著下降;处理后8~12 h,支持细胞和毛细胞之间界限模糊,部分支持细胞变长,且与基膜脱离;处理后24 h,部分神经丘内毛细胞及支持细胞数量、形态及排布接近对照组水平。整体原位杂交结果显示：eya1和six1b在对照组斑马鱼仔鱼整个神经丘都有表达;处理后4 h内神经丘中央毛细胞中eya1和six1b的表达量显著下降,周围的支持细胞中仍保持一定量的表达;这两个基因的表达量从处理后8 h起逐渐提高,在处理后12~24 h恢复甚至超过对照组。综上结果表明：神经丘毛细胞再生过程中可能有支持细胞的参与,且重启了神经丘毛细胞发育过程中的功能基因eya1和six1b。     

HIV-1 production from infected peripheral blood T cells after HTLV-I induced mitogenic stimulation

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) are two distinct human retroviruses that infect T cells. Recent epidemiologic studies have identified a cohort of individuals that are coinfected with both viruses. It is reported here that human peripheral blood leukocytes infected with HIV-1 in vitro can be induced to produce large quantities of HIV-1 after mitogenic stimulation by noninfectious HTLV-I virions. It is also shown that HTLV-I virions may exert this effect prior to, immediately following, or well after the cells are infected with HIV-1. These results provide further impetus for epidemiologic studies of dually infected individuals to determine whether HTLV-I may act as a cofactor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).     

Introduction of a normal human chromosome 11 into a Wilms' tumor cell line controls its tumorigenic expression

The development of Wilms' tumor, a pediatric nephroblastoma, has been associated with a deletion in the p13 region of chromosome 11. The structure and function or functions of this deleted genetic material are unknown. The role of this deletion in the process of malignant transformation was investigated by introducing a normal human chromosome 11 into a Wilms' tumor cell line by means of the microcell transfer technique. These variant cells, derived by microcell hybridization, expressed similar transformed traits in culture as the parental cell line. Furthermore, expression of several proto-oncogenes by the parental cells was unaffected by the introduction of this chromosome. However, the ability of these cells to form tumors in nude mice was completely suppressed. Transfer of other chromosomes, namely X and 13, had no effect on the tumorigenicity of the Wilms' tumor cells. These studies provide support for the existence of genetic information on chromosome 11 which can control the malignant expression of Wilms' tumor cells.     

南极鱼Ⅲ型抗冻基因真核表达质粒的构建及其细胞表达

为了探讨多聚AFPⅢ的作用机制,从南极鱼Lycodichthys dearborni的多聚三型抗冻蛋白基因LD12 cDNA中克隆得到AFPⅢ的四聚体,命名为LD4,并构建真核表达质粒Tol2-actin-LD4-2A-EGFP。将表达质粒转染到斑马鱼细胞系ZF4中,发现LD4可以在ZF4中大量表达并且能够减少斑马鱼细胞在低温胁迫下的死亡率。通过对不同处理温度(28、18、10 ℃)下的WT、EGFP和LD4细胞进行转录组测序分析,找出26个表达差异转录因子,其中I3MB13、ZNF687b等表达上调,JUN、Cremb等表达下调,并且通过荧光定量PCR的验证。通过KEGG pathway分析发现,这些差异性基因主要参与细胞凋亡、细胞周期、增殖等调节通路。采用 Annexin V-PE/7-AAD双染色法对3种不同温度下的WT、EGFP和LD4细胞进行细胞凋亡检测,结果显示,LD4在低温下与对照组相比凋亡率没有显著差异,说明LD4可能是通过其他通路而不是通过抑制细胞凋亡来抵御低温胁迫,这为LD4作用机制的进一步研究提供了理论基础。     

HEL cells: a new human erythroleukemia cell line with spontaneous and induced globin expression

A new human erythroleukemia cell line has been established. This line, designated HEL, is capable of spontaneous and induced globin synthesis, producing mainly G gamma and A gamma chains. Embryonic chains (epsilon, zeta) and alpha chains are detectable in very small amounts; beta chains are undetectable. This line provides a new model system for studying aspects of erythroid cell differentiation and differential globin gene expression.     

Human chromosome 12 is required for elevated HIV-1 expression in human-hamster hybrid cells

Host cell factors act together with regulatory genes of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to control virus production. Human-Chinese hamster ovary hybrid cell clones were used to probe for human chromosomes involved in regulating HIV gene expression. DNA transfection experiments showed that 4 of 18 clones had high levels of HIV gene expression measured by both extracellular virus production and transactivation of the HIV long terminal repeat in the presence of the trans-activator (tat) gene. Karyotype analyses revealed a 94% concordance (17/18) between human chromosome 12 and HIV gene expression. Other chromosomes had an 11 to 72% concordance with virus production.     

fat-1基因脂肪组织特异性表达载体的构建及其山羊转基因细胞系的建立

旨在构建一种筛选标记可全部去除的脂肪组织特异性表达fat-1基因的载体,将其转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选出稳定整合fat-1基因的转基因细胞系。首先将人工合成的fat-1基因连接至L28-Wnt10b载体(1种带有小鼠脂肪组织特异性启动子Fabp4的载体)上,构建成fat-1基因脂肪组织特异性表达载体L28-fat1;同时经多次克隆构建成1种筛选标记可全部去除的骨架载体MCS-3s-LoxP-RFP;然后,利用Hind III和Not I对上述2种载体进行双酶切,接着进行连接,构建出筛选标记可全部去除的脂肪组织特异性表达fat-1基因的表达载体。采用脂质体介导的方法转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,通过G418筛选转基因细胞。酶切鉴定及PCR检测结果表明,成功构建了3s-LoxP-RFP-FABP4-fat1表达载体,并首次获得了脂肪组织特异性表达fat-1基因的山羊胎儿成纤维转基因细胞系,为将来通过体细胞核移植创制脂肪组织特异表达fat-1基因的优质肉用转基因山羊新材料奠定了基础。     

Generation and in vitro differentiation of a spermatogonial cell line

Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatogonial stem cells divide and differentiate to produce sperm. In vitro sperm production has been difficult to achieve because of the lack of a culture system to maintain viable spermatogonia for long periods of time. Here we report the in vitro generation of spermatocytes and spermatids from telomerase-immortalized mouse type A spermatogonial cells in the presence of stem cell factor. This differentiation can occur in the absence of supportive cells. The immortalized spermatogonial cell line may serve as a powerful tool in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, through genomic modification and transplantation techniques, this male germ cell line may be used to generate transgenic mice and to develop germ cell gene therapy.     

Inhibition of entry of HIV-1 in neural cell lines by antibodies against galactosyl ceramide.

Although the CD4 molecule is the principal cellular receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), several CD4-negative cell lines are susceptible to infection with one or more HIV strains. These findings indicate that there are alternate modes of viral entry, perhaps involving one or more receptor molecules. Antibodies against galactosyl ceramide (galactocerebroside, or GalC) inhibited viral internalization and infection in two CD4-negative cell lines derived from the nervous system: U373-MG and SK-N-MC. Furthermore, recombinant HIV surface glycoprotein gp120 bound to GalC but not to other glycolipids. These results suggest a role for GalC or a highly related molecule in HIV entry into neural cells.     

某豆科植物粗提物(JA1)对人肝癌细胞株端粒酶活性的抑制和细胞周期的改变

采用单管法一步完成端粒重复序列扩增法检测人肝癌细胞株,经不同浓度JA1及不同时间的作用前后端粒酶活性的变化,并采用流式细胞仪分析细胞周期的变化。结果显示,JA1可显著抑制人肝癌细胞端粒酶活性,而且这种抑制效果有剂量依赖性和时间依赖性。流式细胞仪分析细胞周期的变化表明,端粒酶活性被抑制后,肝癌细胞被阻滞在G2/M。同时,在检测标本中显示有明显的DNA低含量颗粒(“亚G1期”峰),表明肝癌细胞凋亡的存在。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病毒在DF-1细胞系上繁殖特性研究

对鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV) HQ株在DF-1细胞上的适应及增殖条件进行了研究,结果表明,HQ株不适应在Vero细胞上生长,而在DF-1细胞上能够很好的适应.经培养条件优化,最终选用pH值为7.0,血清含量体积分数为2％的DMEM/F12培养基做维持液,在细胞传代后第2天接种IBDV HQ株,接毒量为1％(约0.7...