日粮营养水平对肉鹅血清钙磷、碱性磷酸酶及胫骨钙磷的影响

试验选用216只1日龄东北肉鹅,随机分为9个处理,每个处理设4次重复,每个重复6只试鹅,采用四因素3水平L9(34)正交试验设计,通过血清生化试验和胫骨成分测定试验,探讨1～28日龄东北肉鹅日粮代谢能、粗蛋白、钙和非植酸磷水平对血清钙磷、碱性磷酸酶以及胫骨灰分、钙磷的影响.结果表明:日粮粗蛋白和钙水平对血清磷含量的影响极显著(P<0.01),日粮粗蛋白、钙和非植酸磷水平对血清碱性磷酸酶影响显著(P<0.05),日粮粗蛋白水平对胫骨磷含量影响显著(P<0.05),日粮非植酸磷水平对骨钙含量和胫骨灰分影响显著或极显著,血清磷与血清碱性磷酸酶存在较强的负相关性(r=-0.85).     

饲粮能蛋水平对5～8周龄鹅摄入能量及粗蛋白表观利用率的影响

为探讨生长期肉鹅适宜的饲粮能量与粗蛋白需求量,试验选取体重相近的4周龄皖西白鹅和罗曼鹅母鹅各40只,采用2×2×2因子设计,测定饲粮代谢能水平分别为11.49 MJ/kg和12.12 MJ/kg,粗蛋白水平分别为14%和16%时试验鹅的养分表观消化率。结果显示:(1)饲粮粗蛋白水平对鹅摄入能量和粗蛋白的表观利用率影响不显著(P0.05)。(2)饲粮能量水平为11.49 MJ/kg时鹅摄入的能量和粗蛋白表观利用率极显著高于12.12 MJ/kg水平(P0.01)。其中,当饲粮粗蛋白水平为14%时,罗曼鹅和皖西白鹅摄入粗蛋白和能量的表观利用率分别高出31.38%、71.89%和9.63%、7.27%(P0.01);当饲粮粗蛋白水平为16%时,罗曼鹅和皖西白鹅摄入粗蛋白和能量的表观利用率分别高出48.95%、46.40%和12.87%、5.86%(P0.01)。(3)饲粮粗蛋白水平与能量对鹅摄入养分的表观利用率无交互作用(P0.05),但饲粮能量水平与鹅品种对鹅摄入能量的表观利用率交互作用明显(P0.01)。(4)代谢能为11.49 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为14%的饲粮可满足5~8周龄肉鹅生长发育的需要。由于罗曼鹅与皖西白鹅在摄入饲粮能量和粗蛋白的表观利用率上差异极显著(P0.01),因此这两个鹅品种各自饲粮能量与蛋白质的适宜需要量还需经过更加精确的养殖试验才能予以确定。     

0～35日龄肉用仔鹅日粮适宜粗纤维和粗蛋白水平的研究

采用3×3因子的析因设计,将189只1日龄健康的肉用仔鹅随机分成9组,每组设3个重复,每个重复7只鹅;将日粮的粗纤维和粗蛋白设低、中、高三个水平,配制9种日粮,构成9个处理,研究不同粗纤维和粗蛋白水平对0～35日龄肉鹅生长性能和营养物质利用率的影响。结果表明:0～35日龄肉鹅对日粮中粗纤维水平非常敏感,但对蛋白质水平要求不高。低纤维水平日粮组日增重、料重比明显好于中、高纤维组(P<0.01);日粮粗纤维和粗蛋白质水平极显著影响鹅对能量和蛋白质的利用率(P<0.01)。试验认为0～35日龄肉鹅饲粮粗纤维以3.5%,粗蛋白水平以17%～19%为宜。     

52～75日龄二郎山山地鸡饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平的研究

本试验旨在研究不同的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对52～75日龄的山地鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响.选用52日龄二郎山山地鸡公母各810只,分为9个处理,每个处理6个重复,公母各3个重复,每个重复30只鸡.采用3×3因子设计,饲喂3个代谢能和3个粗蛋白质水平不同的9种玉米-豆粕型饲粮.试验期24 d.结果表明:52～75日龄饲粮代谢能水平对山地鸡料重比有极显著影响(P<0.01),且代谢能和粗蛋白质的互作对料重比存在极显著影响(P<0.01),代谢能13.39 MJ/kg和粗蛋白质20%时料重比最低;饲粮代谢能水平极显著影响75日龄山地鸡的半净膛率、全净膛率和腹脂率(P<0.01),但粗蛋白质水平和代谢能与粗蛋白质水平间的互作对山地鸡屠宰性能无显著影响(P>0.05),代谢能13.39MJ/kg和粗蛋白质20%时各项屠宰指标均较高.结果提示,山地鸡在52～75日龄的阶段,适宜代谢能为13.39MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为20%,蛋能比为14.94 g/MJ.     

饲粮钙磷水平对五龙鹅血液及胫骨钙磷含量的影响

试验选用1日龄健康五龙鹅雏,研究了饲粮中不同钙磷水平对0～4周龄五龙鹅血液及胫骨钙磷含量的影响。试验采用4×2二因子设计,饲粮中钙水平设计为0.65%,0.75%,0.85%和0.95%,非植酸磷水平为0.3%和0.4%。结果表明,当饲粮钙、非植酸磷水平分别为0.65%和0.4%时,血钙血磷较高,胫骨中粗灰分及钙磷沉积较多,矿质化程度较高。钙磷互作对血液及胫骨钙磷含量影响显著(P<0.05)。     

花生秧饲粮中添加纤维素酶对5～8周龄浙东白鹅生长性能、养分表观利用率和消化酶活性的影响

本研究旨在探讨花生秧饲粮中添加纤维素酶对肉鹅生长性能、养分表观利用率以及消化酶活性的影响。试验选取120只体重相近的4周龄健康浙东白鹅,随机分为3个组,分别饲喂添加15%(A组)、23%(B组)、23%(C组)花生秧粉的试验饲粮,C组另外添加3‰纤维素酶,每组5个重复,每个重复8只,公母各占1/2。试验测定指标包括试验鹅体重、采食量、养分表观利用率以及胰腺、肌胃和十二指肠内源性消化酶活性。结果表明:与B组相比,花生秧饲粮(粗纤维水平为9.76%)中添加3‰纤维素酶显著增加了肉鹅平均日增重(P0.05),对平均日采食量和料重比影响不显著(P0.05);显著或极显著提高饲粮中粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗纤维、钙、总磷、甘氨酸、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸的表观利用率(P0.05或P0.01);显著或极显著增强胰腺蛋白酶、淀粉酶以及肌胃蛋白酶、十二指肠脂肪酶活性(P0.05或P0.01)。总之,在高粗纤维水平花生秧饲粮中添加3‰纤维素酶能够增强肉鹅消化酶活性,提高其对粗纤维饲粮的养分表观利用率,是开发利用花生秧饲料资源的有效途径。     

1～28日龄二郎山山地鸡饲粮适宜的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平

本试验旨在研究1～28日龄饲粮代谢能(ME)和粗蛋白质(CP)水平对二郎山山地鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响.采用3×3双因子完全随机试验设计,因子1为饲粮代谢能水平,设10.88、12.13和13.39 MJ/kg 3个水平;因子2为粗蛋白质水平,设16％、19％和22％3个水平.将1日龄二郎山山地鸡1 620只随机分到9个组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只.1～28日龄各组分别饲喂9种不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平饲粮,29～ 73日龄饲喂相同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平饲粮.试验期73 d.结果表明:1～28日龄饲粮代谢能水平对1～28日龄、29 ～ 49日龄和1～73日龄鸡只的平均日采食量及1～28日龄和1～ 73日龄料重比影响显著(P＜0.05);1～28日龄饲粮粗蛋白质水平对1～28日龄和50 ～ 73日龄平均增重,29 ～ 49日龄平均日采食量及1～28日龄、50～73日龄和1～73日龄的料重比影响显著(P＜0.05).1～28日龄饲粮代谢能与粗蛋白质水平对73日龄屠宰性能无显著影响(P＞0.05).1 ～28日龄饲粮代谢能水平对屠宰后45min胸肌pH影响显著(P＜0.05),同时饲粮粗蛋白质水平对屠宰后24 h胸肌L*值影响显著(P＜0.05).1～28日龄饲粮代谢能水平对干物质、代谢能及粗蛋白质的表观利用率影响显著(P＜0.05),均随代谢能水平的提高而提高;1～28日龄饲粮粗蛋白质水平对干物质、代谢能及粗蛋白质的表观消化率影响显著(P＜0.05).综上,以1～28日龄平均增重为指标,二郎山山地鸡1～28日龄饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为10.88 MJ/kg和22％;以1～ 28日龄料重比为指标时,二郎山山地鸡1～28日龄饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为13.39 MJ/kg和22％;综合29～73日龄生长性能,二郎山山地鸡1～ 28日龄饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.13 MJ/kg和16％.1～28日龄饲粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平对二郎山山地鸡的生长性能具有一定的后续效应,表现出补偿生长特点.     

不同植酸磷水平饲粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸭生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同植酸磷水平饲粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸭生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭504只,随机分为7组,包括1个高非植酸磷(前期4.0 g/kg;后期3.4 g/kg)对照组和6个低非植酸磷(前期2.4 g/kg;后期1.8 g/kg)试验组.试验组饲粮采用2×3因子完全随机设计,植酸磷设2.00和3.50 g/kg2个水平,植酸酶设500、1 000和1 500 U/kg 3个水平.每组设6个重复,每个重复12只鸭.试验期40 d.结果表明,饲粮植酸磷和植酸酶水平显著影响肉鸭全期平均日增重(ADG)(P<0.01)、平均日采食量(ADFI)(P<0.01)以及后期料重比(F/G)(P<0.05),其中高植酸磷饲粮显著优于低植酸磷饲粮(P<0.05).植酸磷和植酸酶水平对末均重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均呈现显著的互作效应(P<0.05).低植酸磷饲粮中肉鸭ADG和ADFI随着植酸酶添加量提高而显著提高(P<0.05),高植酸磷饲粮中1 000 U/kg组显著高于500 U/kg组(P<0.05),与1 500 U/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05).植酸酶水平显著影响肉鸭21和40日龄血清磷水平以及21日龄血清碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.01),但对21和40日龄血清钙水平和40日龄血清碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05).结果提示,在低非植酸磷饲粮中添加植酸酶可提高肉鸭的生长性能,其中在高植酸磷饲粮中的效果优于低植酸磷饲粮;随着植酸酶水平的增加,血清碱性磷酸酶活性降低.     

日粮代谢能、粗蛋白水平对5～8周龄东北肉鹅生长性能及胴体品质的影响

选取4周龄、体重相近的东北肉鹅(莱茵鹅♂×双城本地鹅♀)216只,随机分成9个组,采用2因素3水平完全随机试验设计,研究日粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平对东北肉鹅生长性能和胴体品质的影响。结果表明:日粮代谢能水平对平均日采食量、料重比、腹脂率影响极显著(P<0.01),对半净膛率影响显著(P<0.05);日粮粗蛋白水平对料重比影响极显著(P<0.01),对平均日采食量、腿肌率影响显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01);代谢能和粗蛋白互作对料重比影响极显著(P<0.01),对腿肌率影响显著(P<0.05)。综合评定生长性能和胴体品质,推荐5～8周龄东北肉鹅日粮适宜的ME、CP分别为12.3MJ/kg和16%。     

木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡养分利用和消化器官发育的影响

本试验研究了小麦型饲粮中添加木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡养分利用及消化器官发育的影响.将240只1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡随机分为4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复12只鸡,分别饲喂在含40%小麦的饲粮中添加不同水平木聚糖酶(0、500、1 000和5 000 U/kg)的试验饲粮.试验期21 d.结果表明,木聚糖酶对17～21日龄肉仔鸡粗蛋白质、钙及总磷利用率及粪便含水率无显著影响(P>0.05);趋于提高17～21日龄肉仔鸡干物质利用率(P=0.093)及表观代谢能值(P=0.110);各组肉仔鸡养分表观利用率无显著差异(P>0.05).添加木聚糖酶未显著影响21日龄肉仔鸡小肠、胃、胰腺和脾脏相对重量(P>0.05).1 000 U/kg酶组显著降低了21日龄肉仔鸡回肠相对长度(P<0.05).木聚糖酶对21日龄肉仔鸡胫骨干重、长度、灰分及磷含量无显著影响(P>0.05).本研究表明:含40%小麦的肉仔鸡饲粮中添加不同水平的木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡养分利用及大部分肠道器官发育均未产生显著作用;超量添加对肉仔鸡养分利用无进一步改善作用,也未产生负面影响.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.