长期秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响

免耕农作是一项重要的农业生态管理系统,长期秸秆覆盖免耕条件下土壤性质的变化及作物产量可以反映这一系统的可持续性,研究表明,长期（１９７０年－１９９４年）免耕与犁耕相比土壤容重并未增加,而表层（０－５ｃｍ）土壤有机Ｃ和有机Ｎ显著增加,并有随Ｎ肥施用量增加而增加的趋势,土壤ｐＨ随ＮＨ４ＮＯ３化肥施用量的增加而明业降低,免耕表层土壤的交换性Ｃａ,Ｍｇ,Ｋ和可提取Ｐ与犁耕比较明显的表聚现象,交换性Ｃａ,Ｍ     

不同土壤耕作方式对东北风沙土区玉米田土壤质量及产量的影响

[目的]研究黑龙江省西部不同土壤耕作方式对玉米产量及土壤性状的影响,为该地区农业生产提供参考。[方法]比较常规耕作、旋耕、翻耕、深翻和超深翻耕作对玉米产量和土壤物理特性的影响。[结果]翻耕和超深翻耕作增加了土壤含水量和田间持水量,降低了耕层土壤渗透速率、土壤容重和土壤紧实度,但是增加犁底层土壤渗透速率、土壤容重和土壤紧实度。翻耕、深翻和超深翻处理耕层土壤三相结构距离(STPSD)和土壤结构指数(GSSI)较好;翻耕、深翻和超深翻处理显著降低犁底层土壤的GSSI,增加STPSD;旋耕处理没有显著影响犁底层土壤GSSI和STPSD。与常规耕作处理相比,翻耕和超深翻分别增加玉米产量7.6%和6.0%。翻耕比超深翻玉米产量高10.9%。深翻处理玉米产量为5.58t/hm2,比常规耕作减产8.1%。[结论]在不完全打破犁底层情况下,在黑龙江西部地区翻耕是比较理想的耕作方式。     

秸秆还田配施化肥对春玉米耕层土壤理化性质及产量的影响

通过连续3 a田间定位试验，研究了不同秸秆还田方式配施化肥对春玉米耕层土壤理化性质及产量的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田能显著提高各土层的田间持水量8.6%～18.0%，降低土壤紧实度6.3%～27.5%，且以秸秆深翻和深旋还田方式效果较好，同时这两种方式还能显著降低20～40 cm土层容重。连续秸秆还田后耕层土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较无还田处理平均提高21.2%、8.6%、15.0%和17.2%。此外，在秸秆还田时配合适量氮肥施用更利于土壤养分的提高，其中秸秆深翻和秸秆深旋配施210 kg/hm2氮肥和90～120 kg/hm2钾肥可显著提升土壤养分状况，促进春玉米穗长、穗粗和百粒重的增加，进而提高春玉米产量，是辽宁棕壤区春玉米生产中比较理想的一种农艺措施，在农业发展中具有一定的应用和推广价值。     

地膜残留量对玉米及土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨地膜残留对玉米的影响,人为设置不同地膜残留量,研究了地膜残留量对玉米产量和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,随着地膜残留量的增加,出苗率和产量呈降低趋势,土壤pH有上升趋势,有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾下降趋势明显,地膜残留对玉米产量和土壤理化性状产生明显的影响。     

东北雨养区覆膜和种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和根系生长的影响

为探讨东北雨养区玉米生长状况和田间水分对种植密度和地膜覆盖的响应,2015年在沈阳农业大学水利学院试验场设置了低(67 500株/hm~2)、中(82 500株/hm~2)、高(97 500株/hm~2)3个种植密度水平和覆膜、裸地2种方式的玉米田间试验,根据试验结果分析了土壤水分、玉米根系及其产量变化。结果表明:(1)在0—20cm土层中,整个生育期内,覆膜对于低密度处理的土壤田间含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期和末期覆膜比裸地田间含水率分别提高了9.80%,15.93%,12.77%;在20—40cm土层中,生育前期,中密度覆膜种植的玉米田间含水率比裸地高13.83%(p0.05);在40—60cm土层中,覆膜对中密度玉米土壤含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期、后期覆膜比裸地处理的土壤含水率分别提高了15.47%,4.11%,8.96%。(2)种植密度对玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、总根体积和根系表面积均有显著影响,随着种植密度的增加,四者均呈减小趋势;在种植密度相同时,覆膜相比裸地提高了玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、根系总体积和根系表面积;中密度时,覆膜对玉米根系的4项指标提高最为显著(p0.05),分别比裸地提高了44%,38%,38%,33%。(3)玉米产量随着种植密度的增加而减小,当密度为67 500株/hm~2时,玉米产量和百粒重均最大,百粒重为36.83g,产量为12 573.69kg/hm~2。结果说明:在水肥条件相同情况下,玉米种植存在一个最优密度,在最优密度内,玉米产量随着密度的增加而增加,超过了最优密度产量呈现减少趋势。研究结果对东北雨养区种植密度和覆盖方式的优化组合提供了理论依据,对提高雨水利用效率和玉米产量也具有参考意义。     

黑龙江风沙土区不同耕作措施对玉米地土壤水分及产量的影响

针对黑龙江省西部风沙土区干旱频繁发生、土壤风蚀严重的特点,采取打茬播种、旋耕播种、免耕等不同保护性耕作措施,与当地传统耕作的玉米进行对比试验。结果表明:旋耕措施对土壤含水量具有显著改善作用。旋耕处理土壤结构较好,能够有效接纳降水,增大储水库容;免耕条件下对土壤水分的影响主要表现在玉米生长前期及中期,免耕处理耕作次数较其它处理少,在春季保持了底层土壤水分。旋耕处理的玉米产量最高,与对照相比增加了31.2%;其次为打茬播种处理,产量比对照增加了13%;免耕处理的玉米产量最低,与对照相比产量降低了20.4%。     

保护性耕作对黄土高原南部地区小麦产量及土壤理化性质影响

以1992年设置于山西省临汾市尧都区的保护性耕作试验基地为基础,研究了长期保护性耕作对旱地小麦产量、土壤理化性质及剖面水分含量的影响。结果表明,11年免耕覆盖和15年免耕覆盖分别比传统耕作平均增产192%和276%; 丰水年份增产率为52%和117%,而干旱年份增产率高达850%和976%,表现为实施保护性耕作年限越长、越是干旱,保护性耕作的增产效果越显著。保护性耕作能降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤剖面水分含量和土壤贮水量,提高表层010 cm土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量, 但不利于有效磷含量的提高。11年免耕覆盖和15年免耕覆盖,表层010 cm土壤有效磷含量比传统耕作降低68和63 mg/kg,降低了561%和519%,应注意磷肥的施用。     

耕作方式对豫南雨养区土壤微环境及冬小麦产量的影响

针对豫南雨养农业区降水基本满足作物生长需求但年内和年际间分配不均、土壤耕性差的生态实际,为解决小麦播种期和冬春干旱以及改善耕层水、肥、气、热等因子提供理论依据。于2007—2015年,在豫南雨养农业区进行了连续9a的大田定位试验,研究了不同耕作模式对小麦生长季土壤水分、容重、温度及冬小麦产量的影响。试验共设置6个处理:T1(传统翻耕)、T2(不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕)、T3(覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕)、T4(不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕)、T5(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)以及T6(不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕)。结果表明,(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)T5可以有效提高小麦播种期0~40cm土层的含水量,为麦播提供较好的水分基础,不同耕作方式处理对冬小麦越冬期和返青期土壤日平均温度影响较小,不足以对冬小麦发育进程产生影响。(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)T5能够有效降低耕层0~20cm和0~40cm的土壤容重。覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕处理的前3a,冬小麦产量较对照有所降低,从第4年开始较对照增产,2011—2015年增产幅度分别为2.02%、2.83%、10.93%、5.88%、1.97%。以上结果表明,通过T5(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)的简耕覆盖技术可以有效利用降水资源、培肥地力,提高产量,具有节本增效的作用。     

耕作方式对东北春玉米农田土壤水热特征的影响

针对东北春玉米农田春季低温冷害和季节性干旱发生频率高的问题,于2009年-2010年设置3种耕作处理,即传统垄作(LL)、平作播种中耕起垄(PL)和全生育期平作(PP),研究大田条件下耕作方式对土壤水分、土壤温度和玉米产量的影响。2a试验结果表明,耕作方式对0～40cm土层储水量有显著影响,其中PL和PP处理播种时的初始储水量比LL处理高8.7和6.0mm,而苗期则分别高4.1和3.4mm;玉米生育中后期PL和LL处理储水量则呈高于PP处理的趋势。3种耕作方式下土壤温度的差异以苗期为主,即5cm土层的平均温度PL和PP处理显著低于LL处理,但最低温度则以PL和PP处理显著高于LL处理,分别高1.6和1.2℃。总体来看,PL处理不仅可提高玉米苗期土壤的最低温度和耕层土壤储水量,而且可增加中后期土壤积蓄雨水量,促进作物生长发育,因而籽粒产量比LL和PP处理分别高7.6%和6.4%。     

稻草还田对土壤理化性质及产量的影响

通过５年１０个稻作季对灰泥田等４种土种,设置４个稻草还田土壤定位监测的结果表明,在等养分情况下,化肥配加稻草的处理比配方施肥（纯化肥）的处理,有使土壤有机质、全Ｎ、速产养分,阳离子交换量等含量提高的趋势。而肥力趋低的土壤,含量提高越显著。对水稻的增产效果和经济效益显著。     

Corn (Zea mays L.) Grain and Stover Yield as Affected by Soil Residual Mineral Nitrogen

Evaluation of nitrogen (N) dynamic in soil using regression equations is important for proper determination of N fertilization. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to (1) develop the best-fitted regression model relating corn grain and stover yield to soil residual ammonium (NH₄)-N and nitrate (NO₃)-N for corn yield prediction and (2) evaluate how such a model can be beneficial to the health of ecosystem by predicting the appropriate rates of N fertilization for corn production. Soil NH₄-N and NO₃-N were determined at corn harvest at the depths of 0–30 and 30–60 cm. Nitrogen fertilizer rates and soil mineral N accounted for a maximum of 93% variation in corn grain yield. Soil mineral N enhanced corn yield more than N fertilizer. Totals of 63.1 and 14.1 kg/ha of soil residual NO₃-N and NH₄-N were found in the 0- to 60-cm depth, indicating the importance of performing soil N tests.     

The Role of Organic Soil Amendments on Soil Physical Properties and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

The objective of this study is to examine the role of some organic (composted tobacco waste, CTW; bio-humus, BH; chicken manure, CM) soil amendments on soil physical properties and yield of maize. A 3-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of Ege University in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey from 2009 to 2011. The treatments, (1) control, (2) 4 t/ha CM+NPK, (3) 50 t/ha CTW, (4) 10 t/ha BH+NPK, were arranged in complete randomized block design with four treatment replications. Both of BH (composted plant residues) and CM were obtained from organic manure industry. Tobacco wastes were gathered from the cigarette industry and applied to maize (Zea mays L.) after composting period with the other amendments. During the experiment, two soil samples were collected in three different periods (3 June 2009–23 October 2009; 1 June 2010–5 November 2010; 13 July 2011–21 October 2011). The effects of CM, BH, and CTW on physical properties of the soil and yield were investigated. According to our results, all organic amendments increased porosity, structure stability index, field capacity, wilting point, and available water amount and decreased bulk density and particle density of soil when compared to the control. We additionally determined that these organic amendments positively affected grain yield.     

春玉米不同水分处理的田间表现及水分—产量关系—模拟土柱试验

该以不同水分处理玉米模拟土柱试验结果为根据，既定性又定量地阐述了叶面积、株高、体积及密度与土壤湿度的关系及各自的时间动态；相对生物产量、相对经济产量与无量纲土壤湿度的关系；经济产量、水分生产效率与耗水量的关系。     

Preliminary Evaluation of Seaweed Application Effects on Soil Quality and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

The practice of applying seaweed to agricultural fields may provide plant nutrients and improve soil quality in coastal agroecosystems, but little is known about its effects on soil properties or crop production. We conducted a preliminary evaluation of changes in soil biological and chemical properties and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) production using seaweed as a partial source of nitrogen (N) (40–55%) for one growing season, using a preformulated organic fertilizer treatment for comparison. Soil electrical conductivity, potassium (K⁺), sulfate (SO₄^2-), and active carbon (C) increased with seaweed addition relative to the organic fertilizer, whereas potentially mineralizable N and pH decreased, with effects varying over time. Sweet corn yield and quality were either equivalent to that with the organic fertilizer or improved. The short-term positive (e.g., increased active C) and negative (e.g., increased salt levels) effects on soil quality suggest further evaluation of this practice is justified.     

晋西黄土区长期植被恢复对土壤表层入渗与水分储量差异的影响

[目的]探究晋西黄土高原残塬沟壑区长期不同植被恢复类型对土壤表层入渗与水分储量差异的影响,为未来筛选和增强黄土高原地区天然植被恢复以及人工植被恢复的生态效益评估提供科学参考。[方法]以黄土残塬沟壑区典型的4种植被恢复类型(油松纯林、刺槐纯林、侧柏纯林、天然林)为研究对象,测定4种植被恢复类型下表层30 cm内土壤入渗过程,同时测定土壤容重、机械组成等土壤理化性质,并且监测土壤水分动态变化,核算土壤水分储量并进行差异性、相关性和主成分分析,最后通过3种土壤入渗模型对实测过程进行拟合比较得出其在黄土残塬沟壑地植被恢复区域内的适宜性,对比不同植被恢复类型之间土壤入渗过程及储水量的差异,补充并完善黄土高原地区不同植被恢复类型下的表层土壤水分入渗规律。[结果](1)天然林相较于人工纯林对0—30 cm表层土壤物理性质改善效果更为明显,天然林表层土壤的水分含量较多且保水性较好,人工林相较于天然林对研究区土壤入渗能力改善效果更佳;(2)在不同植被类型下土壤的稳定入渗速率从大到小表现为：天然林>刺槐纯林>油松纯林>侧柏纯林(0—10 cm),油松纯林>刺槐纯林>侧柏纯林&...     

By-Plant Prediction of Corn (Zea mays L.) Grain Yield using Height and Stalk Diameter

Methods for determining midseason nitrogen (N) rates in corn have used the parameter normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and, in some cases, plant height. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of stalk diameter along with predictors of yield, including NDVI and plant height with grain yield. Five site-years of data were analyzed, where several rows of corn plants were selected, and yield from plants within the row was recorded individually. Measurements of stalk diameter, plant height, and NDVI were taken from growth stages V8–VT. Using a value of stalk diameter × plant height gave the best correlation with grain yield (r² = 0.34, 0.55, 0.67; V8, V10, V12, growth stages respectively). This work showed that stalk diameter × plant height was positively correlated with by-plant corn grain yields, and this parameter could be used for refining midseason fertilizer N rates for growth stages V8–V12.     

半干旱区旱地不同覆盖方式对糜子耗水和产量的影响

为探讨半干旱区旱地不同覆盖方式对糜子耗水特征和产量的影响,测定了全膜覆土穴播(PMS)、全膜覆盖穴播(PM)和露地穴播(CK)3种不同处理的糜子发育动态、0—200cm土壤水分季节变化、糜子地上生物量动态、产量和耗水量。2a的试验结果表明,地膜覆盖后糜子营养生长期缩短,生殖生长时期延长,但全生育期缩短;PMS处理的糜子的生育期较CK缩短12～13d,较PM延长10～11d。地膜覆盖使糜子拔节前0—200cm土层的土壤含水量增加,随糜子生育进程的推进,3种处理的耗水量依次为:PM>PMS>CK。在抽穗前,PM的地上生物量最大,其次为PMS,CK最小;在收获期,PMS的生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于PM。PM和PMS的产量较CK分别在2009和2010年提高了83.53%和64.56%,115.51%和84.47%;与PM处理相比,PMS的糜子产量在2009年和2010年提高了17.42%,18.18%,但两个处理的土壤耗水量在2a均无显著差异。因此,通过覆盖降低棵间蒸发是提高旱地糜子产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的主要途径。通过覆盖方式的选择来调控糜子的发育进程和耗水过程,对提高糜子产量和WUE也有重要意义。     

坡耕地等高反坡阶整地年限对土壤改良和玉米产量的影响

为探究等高反坡阶整地改良红壤坡耕地土壤质量的效果,利用田间定位试验,以滇中昆明松华坝迤者流域坡耕地试验区已实施等高反坡阶整地措施3(CRT 3),7(CRT 7),9(CRT 9)年的样地及原状坡耕地(CK)为研究对象,结合各样地玉米产量探明实施年限对土壤结构、肥力和酶活性特征的影响.结果 表明:等高反坡阶整地年限显著...     

Foliar nutrition of baby corn (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted during late Rabi (January to March) and Kharif (June to September) seasons of 2002, to study the influence of foliar spraying of nutrients on growth and yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three nutrients (phosphorous [P], potassium [K] and boron [B]) each at three concentrations along with control (water spray) and absolute control (no spray). Di-ammonium phosphate, Muriate of Potash and Borax are the sources of P, K and B nutrients respectively. Results showed that spraying of P favorably influenced the growth parameters, yield attributes and green cob and fodder yields of baby corn. Application of P at 0.75% concentration at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) gave significantly higher growth parameters with thicker cobs and corns, increasing the individual cob weight, which in turn increased the green cob yield of baby corn. Increased growth parameters resulted in increased green fodder yield. Application of B and K with different concentrations and P (0.25 and 0.50%) failed to influence the growth and yield of baby corn.     

Plastic film mulching on soil water and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in a ridge cultivation system on Loess Plateau of China

Plastic film mulching has commonly been used for adaptation to water scarcity and for increasing agricultural productivity on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. However, the effect of plastic film mulching on cropland soil water and thermal regimes on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China is not well understood. This study simultaneously monitored the dynamics of the soil water content and the soil temperature with high resolution in a ridge cultivation system with plastic film mulching (RS) and a flat cultivation system without plastic film mulching (FS) during the maize (Zea mays L.)-growing season. We found that, in general, the soil temperature and soil water content were significantly different among the ridge under RS (RS-ridge), the furrow under RS (RS-furrow) and FS throughout the maize-growing season (P < 0.05). Plastic film mulching increased the near-surface soil temperature by approximately 1°C throughout the study period. RS significantly increased the soil water content during the dry period (May to June), especially within the middle soil layer (30–60 cm), compared to FS. The lowest monthly average soil water content was found at a depth of 30–60 cm layer in FS during the dry period (May and June). The water depletion was found within deeper (100–160 cm) soil layers in May but the water storage in the same layer of FS in June increased although it was the dry period, which differed from RS. The RS practices showed a longer period of water supply from the deeper soil layer (100–160 cm) in May and June for meeting maize water demands during the early growing stage rather than in only May for FS. During June (dry period), the water storage at a depth of 0–60 cm was greater in RS than in FS, and the reverse was true at a depth of 60–160 cm. The results indicate that the dry soil layer at a depth of 30–60 cm formed during June in FS likely reduced water movement from deeper layers to the topsoil layer, and hence constrained the availability of surface soil water for meeting maize water requirements during the early growing stage (dry period). Our study suggests that RS tends to significantly increase surface soil water availability by restraining the formation of a dry soil layer during the early maize-growth stage primarily under dry conditions, and thus enhances maize productivity in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China.