用Brooks-Corey模型确定两流区模型参数

两流区模型为描述优先流情况下的溶质穿透曲线提供了新的方法。但两流区模型的所有参数目前仅能通过反推参数法获得，限制了其应用。近年来，毛管理论和土壤水力特性模型的发展使得有可能从更加微观的角度来揭示土壤水分和溶质运动的机理，同时也为对流弥散模型参数的确定提出了新的思路。本研究在Brooks—Corey模型的基础上，推求了土壤中的孔隙流速分布；以平均孔隙流速为两流区的临界流速，得到了两流区模型参数与Brooks-Corey水分特征曲线模型形状系数之间的简单关系；提出了由土壤水分特征曲线确定两流区模型参数的方法。用实测资料对考虑和不考虑不动水体情况下这种方法的可靠性进行了验证。结果表明，不考虑不动水体，上述方法可靠性较差；考虑不动水体，用上述方法预测两流区模型参数有一定精度，不会对模型的预测结果产生太大的误差。     

羟丙基甲基纤维素作土壤改良剂对土壤溶质运移的影响

羟丙基甲基纤维素(hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,HPMC)是一种潜在的土壤改良剂,加入土壤中后具有明显的减渗效果,对缓解黄土高原水土养分的流失具有重要意义。该文通过在土壤中施加不同含量的HPMC,研究HPMC对土壤溶质迁移特性的影响。结果表明:1)HPMC质量分数在0～0.5 g/kg范围内,饱和导水率随HPMC添加量增大而逐渐减小,0.5g/kg组相比未添加HPMC的空白组降低37.3%;土壤中保守性溶质的运移速度显著降低;随HPMC添加量增加,溶质的初始和完全穿透时间明显推迟,穿透总历时延长;2)CDE方程和两区模型均能较好地模拟在土壤中添加不同含量HPMC时溶质的运移状况,2种模型的拟合曲线也均能与实测曲线较好吻合,但两区模型的模拟精度更高。3)基于两区模型的参数拟合结果,随HPMC添加量的增加,平均孔隙水流速越小,水动力弥散系数、弥散度和质量交换系数均增加,而土壤可动水体的含水量比率逐渐减少。     

紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的定量评价

为阐明大孔隙丰富且孔径呈两极分化的紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的运移规律,通过室内土柱试验获取耕作层0~20 cm、非耕作层20~40 cm原状土柱和填装土柱的穿透曲线,分析饱和条件下土壤大孔隙流发生规律,并采用解析法CXTFIT软件拟合了水分优先运移参数,PFSP指标(大孔隙流引起的穿透曲线延展量与水动力弥散作用及两区作用引起的延展量的比值)定量评价土壤大孔隙流的贡献率。研究结果表明:1)以填装土柱水流为平衡基质流计算,耕作层0~20 cm原状土柱中大孔隙流的导水贡献率为66.2%~68.5%,而Br-累积淋出量占总淋出量的62.3%~66.1%。对于非耕作层20~40 cm,土壤大孔隙流导水贡献率为0.2%~1.7%,而Br-随大孔隙流运移的比例却达14.5%~20.5%。说明耕作层土壤中大孔隙流现象远比在非耕作层土壤中更为显著;2)PFSP值结果表明大孔隙流作用对穿透曲线延展量的贡献率最大,两区交换运移作用次之,水动力弥散作用的最小。即PFSP值越大,大孔隙流对总水流通量的贡献率越大。     

非反应性物质在土壤中的迁移及其参数确定

采用一维对流－水动力弥散方程研究了非反应性化学物质在土壤中的迁移行为。通过实验研究了土壤团聚体大小和孔隙水流速对非反应物质在土壤中迁移的影响。结果表明,对流－水动力弥散方程能较好地预报氚（＾３Ｈ２Ｏ）的穿透英线和迁移行为,随着团聚体由小变大,＾３Ｈ２Ｏ在其土柱中的穿透曲线的溶质出流提前,而淋洗结果推迟,峰值变小,最佳拟合Ｄ值由小变大。流速增加,Ｄ值增大,扩散现象加剧,Ｄ和流速呈正比。这为进一步研究     

土壤团聚状况对Cl~-运移规律的影响

在室内条件下采用垂直土柱易混置换法,研究土壤团聚体大小对非反应性溶质(Cl-)迁移的影响,并以相同直径的细砂柱作为对照,揭示土壤团聚状况对溶质迁移的影响规律。结果表明:在相同实验条件下,随着土壤团聚体直径的减小,孔隙水流速、溶液流速均减慢,在介质颗粒粒径为0.25～0.5mm时发现优势流的存在;通过分析比较土柱与砂柱的穿透曲线、运移参数,发现穿透曲线与土壤孔隙分布状况密切相关;随着土壤团聚体直径的减小,Cl-在土柱中的溶质出流推后,淋洗结束提前,水动力弥散系数(Dsh)逐渐减小,说明介质的孔隙构造是影响溶质运移的一个重要因素。     

饱和非均质土壤中溶质大尺度运移的两区模型模拟

目前,用于模拟土壤中溶质运移过程的两区模型(TRM)的研究均集中在实验室的短土柱上,涉及的尺度较小。本研究分别应用两区模型(TRM)、对流-弥散方程(CDE)和分数微分对流-弥散方程(FADE)对1 250 cm长一维非均质土柱中NaCl的运移过程进行模拟,并分析了TRM模型参数的变化特征。结果表明:实验土柱中存在一定的不动水体,与CDE和FADE相比,TRM能更好地描述土柱中不同位置处溶质穿透曲线的提前穿透和拖尾特征,表明TRM对较大尺度条件下非均质土壤中溶质运移的模拟具有更高的精度;应用TRM研究长土柱中溶质的运移问题依然存在弥散系数的尺度效应问题,但TRM的弥散尺度效应小于CDE;TRM中的可动水体含量可以由土壤的有效孔隙率与总孔隙率的比值来确定;而质量交换系数则与对流时间(x/vm)之间存在幂函数的相关关系。     

土壤胶体在不同饱和度土壤介质中的释放与淋溶行为研究

采用饱和与非饱和填充土柱纵向淋溶研究方法,结合对流弥散模型方程（CDE）对穿透曲线的拟合计算,全面考察了土壤介质水饱和度、土壤水pH/离子强度、土壤孔隙水流速和土壤胶体颗粒大小对天然土壤胶体在实际土壤介质中释放、沉积迁移行为的影响。分别获取胶体扩散系数和阻滞因子值,定量说明实验中水化学、水动力学等条件的作用影响力。结果显示,介质不饱和条件不利于胶体的释放和淋溶;高pH和低离子强度条件对土壤胶体释放与迁移有利;淋溶过程的间断干扰,可以促使土壤胶体的增量淋溶释放;淋溶强度及胶体颗粒粒径大小,能够影响胶体穿透时间和穿透浓度峰值大小。     

利用溶质锋信息估计溶质迁移参数方法分析

获取土壤溶质迁移参数是利用数学模型预测土壤溶质迁移过程的前提。本文根据对流弥散方程（Convective-dispersive equation，CDE）的一级近似解，建立了土壤溶质迁移过程中溶质锋随时间变化的函数关系，并以时域反射仪（Time domain reflectometry，TDR）为手段、Cl-为对象，通过与土壤溶质穿透曲线（Breakthrough curve，BTC）拟合法相比较，研究了利用该函数关系确定溶质迁移参数的可行性。研究结果表明，两种方法估计的R比较接近，而溶质锋信息法估计的水动力弥散系数D小于穿透曲线拟合法。TDR探测的溶质锋滞后于理论溶质锋，是导致利用溶质锋信息估计水动力弥散系数D偏小的原因之一。将溶质锋信息法估计的迁移参数代入CDE计算的土壤溶质穿透曲线与实测土壤溶质穿透曲线比较发现，风沙土中计算的穿透曲线整体滞后于实测穿透曲线，但两者的穿透过程基本一致，蝼土中计算的初始、完全穿透时间与试验穿透曲线一致，但穿透过程有所差异，说明溶质锋信息法估计的迁移参数具有一定的可应用性，在估计水动力弥散系数的精度方面有待提高。     

Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中的迁移实验及模拟

通过稳定流混合置换实验,研究了孔隙水流速和pH变化对Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中迁移行为的影响,获得了示踪剂Br-和Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的穿透曲线(BTCs);并通过室内批量平衡实验获得吸附系数,进而计算出阻滞因子Rd。基于这些实验结果,借助CXTFIT2.1软件,用平衡CDE模型拟合了Br-的BTCs,得到了弥散系数D;在此基础上应用CDE非平衡模型拟合Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在不同流速和pH条件下的BTCs,并预测了平行实验和不同埋深处Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd浓度的动态变化。结果表明,Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移能力随流速的增大而增强,而随pH的增大而降低;化学非平衡的两点模型能较好地模拟本文实验条件下Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移过程。     

柑橘地土壤溶质优先运移研究

通过室内原状土柱与重塑土柱对比实验,应用溶质穿透曲线研究柑橘地土壤优先流及溶质优先运移的特征。结果表明:柑橘地原状土柱土壤穿透曲线表现出了上升阶段的拐点现象,是优先流与基质流共同作用的结果。原状土柱土体穿透曲线下降初期较陡,并表现出了较长的拖尾特征,重塑土柱下降趋势相对稳定。存在优先路径的土体出流速率稳定性较差,变异系数较大,其平均出流速率是重塑土柱出流速率的3.5倍。优先流作用使溶质相对浓度到达峰值的时间缩短了37.7%,此时造成的溶质运移量却是平衡基质流所造成的溶质运移量的2.5倍,因此优先流能够导致土壤溶质的快速大量迁移。     

A transfer-function method for analysing breakthrough data in the time domain of the transport process

A transfer‐function method is proposed to determine transport parameters from solute breakthrough data. The method is based on the assumptions that a linear process governs the transport of solute through soil and that the soil is homogeneous. It needs breakthrough data at two different vertical locations from a pulse input of solute to the soil. The method predicts the response by convoluting the input with the transfer function in the time domain. Solute breakthrough data were measured in unsaturated soil columns by time‐domain reflectometry (TDR). An experimental soil column was placed over a supporting column filled with sandy soil. A constant hanging water table, maintained in the lower column, created suction in the upper column and maintained unsaturated conditions. A solution of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was spread over the soil in the upper column during steady flow of water in the column. Resident concentrations of solute in terms of electrical conductivity were measured at two depths by TDR sensors. We analysed breakthrough curves of CaCl₂ in 81 experiments to determine the transport parameters in coarse sand, sandy loam soil and clay loam soil by the transfer‐function method. The transport parameters obtained were compared with those determined by the widely used deterministic equilibrium model of the CXTFIT program. The transfer‐function method provided a better fit between the measured and estimated breakthrough curves in almost all cases and resulted in stable values of the parameters. The method is robust against small errors in measurements. It is a mathematically sound and efficient method for analysing breakthrough data.     

土壤水流通量对饱水带溶质运移参数的影响

The transport processes of solutes in two soil columns filled with undistrubed soil material collected from an unsaturated sandy aquifer formation in Belgium subjected to a variable upper boundary condition were identified from breakthrough curves measured by means of time domain reflectometry(TDR),Solute breakthrough was measured with 3 TDR probes inserted into each soil column at three different depths at a 10 minutes time interval.In addition,soil water content and pressure head were measured at 3 different depths.Analyteical solute transport models were used to estimate the solute disperison coefficient and average pore-water velocity from the observed breakthrough curves,the results showed that the analytical solutions were suitable in fitting the observed solute transport,The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of the soil depth and average proe-water velocity,imposed by the soil water flux.the mobile moistrue content on the other hand was not correlated with the average pore-water velocity and the dispersion coefficient.     

The Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient of Soils as Related to the Variability of Local Permeability

Solute (NaCl) miscible displacement experiments are performed on long disturbed soil columns to determine the hydrodynamic longitudinal dispersion coefficient and correlate it with the variability of the local permeability. The solute concentration, averaged over several cross-sections along the soil column, is monitored by measuring the electrical resistance between rod electrodes. The measured solute concentration breakthrough curves are fitted simultaneously with the one-region and two-region analytical models of the 1-D advection–dispersion equation to estimate the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, D _L, as a function of Peclet number, Pe, for common groundwater flow velocities (2?<?Pe?<?50). Macroscopic simulations of miscible displacement in 2-D porous media described by a periodic permeability field with low, moderate and high variability are employed to evaluate the predictability of the one-region and two-region models, and the sensitivity of the dispersion coefficients and flow velocities estimated from soil column displacement tests to the variance of local permeability. When the variability of the local permeability becomes high, the one-region model fails, while the two-region model is capable of reproducing satisfactorily the breakthrough curves, and providing reliable values of dispersion coefficients. The two mean pore velocities estimated by the two-region model represent, on average, a fast and a slow mean velocity of the dispersion front, whereas their difference is a measure of the transient evolution of the width of the equi-concentration dispersion front.     

Measured and predicted transport of two S-triazine herbicides through soil columns

Effluent concentration of chloride and two pesticides (prometon and atrazine) were measured during column displacement experiments at two water flow rates. A constant suction of approximately 1300 Pa was maintained in the packed soil columns which were positioned vertically on top of a vacuum chamber enclosing an automatic fraction collector. Measured breakthrough curves (BTC's) were analyzed in terms of two solute transport models: the standard two-parameter convection-dispersion equation (CDE), and a four-parameter two-site/two-region nonequilibrium model (TRM). Calculations obtained with the TRM model were found to be in better agreement with measured BTC's than predictions using the CDE model. Column retardation factors for prometon and artrazine calculated from equilibrium batch sorption coefficients were comparable to those estimated from the observed BTC's only when the nonequilibrium TRM model was used.     

Comparison of three models describing bromide transport affected by different soil structure types

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil structure on bromide (Br) transport through three soils with granular, prismatic, and single-grain structures. The breakthrough curve (BTC) of the single-grain structure was sigmoidal, symmetrical and similar to a piston flow, showing the dominance of mass flow. In contrast, the BTCs of the granular and prismatic structures were initially steep, becoming more gradual at high pore volumes (PVs). The stable structure and preferential pathways caused the early breakthrough of Br in the leachate of these columns. The convection–dispersion equation (CDE), mobile–immobile water (MIM), and dual-permeability (DP) models were fitted to observed data using the program HYDRUS-1D. The equilibrium transport model (CDE) was not as successful as non-equilibrium (MIM and DP) models in describing the Br transport in prismatic and granular soil columns, although it was able to describe the Br transport in single-grain column well. Overall, the results demonstrated the importance of soil structure in pollutant transport through soils.     

Modelling water and solute transport in macroporous soil. I. Model description and sensitivity analysis

A detailed mechanistic model of water movement and transport of non-reactive solute in a macroporous soil is described. One important feature of the model is that it may be run in either one or two flow domains using the same values for the hydraulic properties characterizing the soil. Water and solute movement in the micropores is calculated with the Richards and convection-dispersion equations and, in two domains, this is coupled to fluxes of water and solute in the macropores by empirical interaction terms. These interaction terms are redundant in the one-domain model, which simply reduces to the non-steady state convection-dispersion equation. A sensitivity analysis is presented showing how it is possible to identify conditions under which a macropore flow domain may need to be considered. In part II (Jarvis et al., 1991), the model is evaluated under field conditions in chloride breakthrough experiments in soil monolith lysimeters.