孟加拉吉大港地区乡村家庭竹手工业

对孟加拉吉大港地区家庭竹子手工业非农就业的潜力以及对其产生的社会经济效益进行了调查。本地区有40个竹企业,涉及到Hathazcori upazila的4个村庄。80%手工业者的年龄在30~50岁。他们的大多数是未受教育和土地贫瘠的家庭成员。50%的企业是由夫妻或3~5个工人组成的。竹产品主要是满足当地市场的需求。产品是根据季节的变化而决定的。5个产品中,竹书架提供了企业月净收入的41%,平均月净利润约2373.48塔卡,这为促进乡村经济发展起到重要的作用。作者对竹产业发展的状况进行了验证,并提出了建议。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区Ⅱ副区沙棘人工林的森林水文作用

黄土丘陵沟壑区Ⅱ副区7-11年沙棘人工林的林冠截留率为1．7％－9．8％，年截留量为6．1－35．2mm；林地枯落物最大持水量为0.6-1.1mm ,土壤稳渗率为1.0-8.5mm/min;1m土层的饱和水量为467.5-571.3mm，土壤贮水能力为76.4%-134.%。沙棘人工林森林水文作用的灰评估结果表明，土壤状况一致时，林分长势好，覆盖度大，森林水文作用就好；而当林龄相同时，土壤物理性状越好，森林水文作用也越好。研究还表明，沙棘人工林的森林水文作用与林地年径流模数呈反相关。     

第2代杉木人工林营养元素积累的动态特征

对第2代杉木人工林N、P、K、Ca和Mg等5种营养元素含量、积累量、年净积累量与分配及其随林分年龄的变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明:8年生,11年生和14年生林分营养元素积累量依次为325.18、343.55和482.61 kg/hm2,其中乔木层分别占78.31%、89.15%和85.64%,灌草层分别占10.90%,2.77%和5.28%,地表现存凋落物层分别占10.79%、12.13%和9.08%;乔木层均以N或Ca积累量最多,其次是K和P,Mg最小;不同组分营养元素积累量的分配随林分年龄的增长发生变化,由8年生和11年生以树叶和树枝为主,逐渐转移到14年生以干材、树根和树皮为主;林分营养元素年净积累量分别为31.83,27.84和29.52 kg/(hm2·a),林木中同一组分各营养元素年净积累量与各组分营养元素积累量变化顺序一致,即为N、K或Ca＞P＞Mg,3个林分年龄杉木林每积累1t干物质需要的营养元素总量分别为7.12、5.56和5.45 kg,其中对N或Ca的需求量最大,其次是K和P,Mg最小.因此,在杉木林的经营管理中,保护和恢复林下植被将有利于维持林地持久生产力.     

中亚热带森林转换对地表CH4氧化的影响

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对中亚热带常绿阔叶天然林与杉木人工林地表CH4氧化速率进行17个月的定位观测研究.结果表明:在观测期间(2009 - 04-2010 - 08),天然林与人工林均表现为大气CH4汇,天然林与杉木人工林地表CH4年均氧化速率分别为32.01和25.31 μg·m -2h-1,天然林地表CH4氧化速率为10.83 ～75.02μg·m -2h-1,人工林地表CH4氧化速率为7.66 ～46.40 μg·m-2h-1;地表CH4氧化速率受土壤温度、含水量及其交互作用的影响,土壤体积含水量显著影响地表CH4氧化速率,而土壤温度对地表CH4氧化速率的影响则因土壤体积含水量和土壤深度而异.     

新栽培区尾叶桉人工林营养元素积累与分配特征

对广西田林县2.4和4.4年生尾叶桉人工林的N、P、K、Ca和Mg等5种营养元素含量、积累量、年净积累量与分配进行了研究.结果表明:尾叶桉不同器官营养元素含量大致为树叶>树皮>树枝>树根>树干;林木各器官中营养元素含量以N最高,其次是Ca、K和Mg,P最低;2.4和4.4年生尾叶桉人工林营养元素的积累量分别为321.09和760.39 kg/hm2,不同器官营养元素积累量的分配随林分年龄的增长发生变化;林分营养元素年净积累量分别为133.79和172.82 kg/(hm2.a),积累量随林分年龄的增长而明显增大;同一器官各营养元素年净积累量与其营养元素积累量变化顺序一致,即为N>Ca或K>Mg>P;2个林分年龄尾叶桉人工林每积累1 t干物质需要5种营养元素总量分别为10.01和9.44 kg,其中对N的需求量最大,P最小.     

试论森林采运与森林可持续经营

无论从世界或是从一国的可持续发展来谈,适当的森林采运都是有益于森林可持续经营的。人工林的采运有益于人工林的可持续发展,天然林的采运有益于天然林的可持续发展。就是特种用途林,如寺庙林、自然保护区中的森林等也应该是这样。     

森林生态系统中凋落物的分解、积累与归还的模型计算

本文在森林生态系统生物量增长遵循Mitscherlich 模型的结果这一假定下,推导的模型对森林生态系统凋落物的年凋落量、年分解量及累积量进行了推算,并得到了很好的验证。该模型给出了林地凋落物贮量—年凋落量—年分解率三者是森林凋落物动态、养分循环的三要素的生物学意义,它们组成一个紧密联系的动态系统,若已知其中的任何二者,都可以推算出第三者。同时提出了用林地死根总量以及根系的分解速率来推算森林生态系统根系的年死量,为计算森林生态系统根系的生产力提供可靠方法。     

滇中高原云南松人工林营养元素积累及其分配格局

为了更好提供林地营养科学基础数据,对滇中高原20年生云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)人工林的营养元素含量、积累及其分配特征进行测定。结果表明:云南松人工林器官中营养元素含量由高到低的排序为:树叶、树枝、树根、树干,氮元素的含量最高,钾和钙次之,镁较低,磷最低。营养元素的积累量为376.38 kg/hm^2,其中乔木层营养元素积累量为284.05 kg/hm^2,占整个林分的75.47%,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层的营养元素积累量在整个林分的比例分别为4.21%、15.18%和5.14%。营养元素年净积累量为14.20 kg/hm^2,树叶、树枝、树干和树根的年净积累量分别占林分年净积累量的38.03%、28.99%、18.46%和14.69%。云南松人工林每生产1t干物质所需氮、磷、钾、钙和镁等5种元素的量为7.55 kg,表明云南松人工林对这5种营养元素的利用效率较高。     

亚热带地区杉木人工林和阔叶林土壤活性有机质研究(英文)

土壤活性有机质对土壤养分如氮、磷、硫的生物化学循环具有作用,其含量和质量影响土壤的初级生产力。本试验在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站通过对第一代、第二代杉木纯林和地带性阔叶林土壤活性有机质组分的对比研究,发现杉木纯林土壤活性有机质的含量低于地带性阔叶林。第一代杉木纯林易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳、水溶性有机碳和水溶性碳水化合物的含量分别比第二代杉木纯林高35.9%、13.7%、87.8%和50.9%,比地带性阔叶林的低15.8%、47.3%、38.1%和30.2%。在调查的三种林地内,土壤微生物生物量碳和水溶性有机碳含量下降幅度较大,其次为水溶性碳水化合物,而易氧化有机碳的变化最小。同时,杉木纯林土壤养分等理化性质也比地带性阔叶林低。这表明在杉木纯林取代地带性阔叶林以及杉木纯林连栽后林地的土壤肥力降低。图3 表2参26。     

Space-time dynamics of fine root biomass of six forests in the Maoershan forest region, northeast China

The Maoershan forestry centre is situated in the Zhangguangcai Mountain of the Changbai mountain range. The main forest types in the Maoershan region are plantation (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus koraiensis and Larix gmelinii) and natural secondary forests (Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus mongolica and Populus davidiana). Fine roots have enormous surface areas, growing and turning over quickly, which plays an important role in terms of substance cycling and energy flow in the forest ecosystem. This study deals with the dynamics of live, dead, and total fine roots (≤ 5 mm) biomass in the 0–30 cm soil layer using the soil core method. Differences between the six stands in the Maoershan region showed the following results: 1) the fine root biomass in the various stands showed obvious differences. The total fine root biomass of six stands from high to low were F. mandshurica (1,030.0 g/m²) > Q. mongolica (973.4 g/m²) > Pinus koraiensis (780.9 g/m²) > L. gmelinii (718.2 g/m²) > Populus davidiana (709.1 g/m²) > Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (470.4 g/m²); 2) except for L. gmelinii, the development of live fine root biomass agreed with the trend of total fine root biomass. The maximum biomass of live fine roots in Pinus koraiensis or L. gmelinii stand appeared in May, others in June; in the F. mandshurica stand, the minimum biomass of live fine roots occurred in September, others in July or August; 3) the proportions of dead fine root biomass varied in different stands; 4) the vertical distribution of fine roots was affected by temperature, water, and nutrients; the proportion of fine root biomass was concentrated in the 0–10 cm soil layer. The fine root biomass of six stands in the 0–10 cm soil layer was over 40% of the total fine root biomass; this proportion was 60.3% in F. mandshurica. Space-time dynamics of the various stands had different characteristics. When investigating the substance cycling and energy flows of all forest ecosystems, we should consider the characteristics of different stands in order to improve the precision of our estimates. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(6): 13–19 [译自: 林业科学]     

川西低山丘陵区主要人工林土壤有机碳密度研究

基于森林土壤碳清查的方法,研究了川西低山丘陵区马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)和柏木(Cupressus funebris)人工林土壤的有机碳密度,结果表明,4种人工林土壤各层有机碳含量介于(4.34±0.75)～(23.41±2.75)g·kg-1,并随土壤深度的增加而降低;马尾松、杉木、巨桉和柏木人工林1 m深度内土壤平均有机碳密度分别为(79.9±10.0)、(125.9±21.2)、(145.4±22.1)和(157.9±29.2)t·hm-2;柏木混交林的土壤有机碳密度显著增加,柏木-栎针阔混交林和柏木-慈竹混交林的土壤有机碳密度分别为(187.9±16.0)和(158.6±15.4)t·hm-2.     

Organic carbon storage in trees within different Geopositions of Chittagong （South） forest division,Bangladesh

The organic carbon storage in trees and organic carbon flow with geoposition of trees was estimated in the forest area of Chittagong （South） Forest Division within geo-position 91°47′ and 92°15′ East longitude and 21°45′ and 22°30′ North latitude. The study was conducted through stratified random sampling by identifying each sampling point through Global Positioning System （GPS）. It was found that above ground organic carbon storage （t/hm^2）, below ground organic carbon （t/hm^2） and total biomass organic carbon （t/hm^2） was respectively the highest in Dipterocarpus turbinatus （Garjan） （7.9, 1.18 and 9.08 t/hm^2） followed by Tectona grandis （Teak） （5.66, 0.85 and 6.51 t/hm^2）, Artocarpus chaplasha （Chapalish） （2.32, 0.34 and 2.66 t/hm^2）, Artocarpus lacucha （Batta） （1.97, 0.29 and 2.26 t/hm^2） and Artocarpus heterophyllus （Jackfruit） （1.7,0.25 and 2.26 t/hm^2）. From the study it was revealed that organic carbon stock was the highest （142.7 t/hm^2） in the geo-position 22° Latitude and 92° Longitude and was the lowest （4.42 t/hm^2） in the geo-position 21° 50′ Latitude and 92° 2.5′ Longitude. The forest of the study area is a good reservoir of organic carbon so has a good capacity to sequester organic carbon from the atmosphere. Sustainable forest management may help to sequester more organic carbon so that economic benefit for the country and environmental benefit in the international arena are possible from the study area.     

轮换种植对孟加拉国吉大港山区土壤中真菌和细菌群落的影响

在孟加拉国吉大港山区选择两块研究地,研究轮换种植对土壤中真菌和细菌群落的影响。两块研究地均包含轮换种植和本地社区管理的乡村森林,第一块研究地点选择在兰加马蒂地区,第二块研究地点选择在吉大港的班多尔班地区。在两个地点和不同用途的地块中,其表面土（0-10cm）和地表下土（10-20cm）的土壤质地不同,分别为砂壤和粘土。轮作地的土壤pH和含水量比乡村森林的低。研究结果表明：在兰加马蒂和班多尔班地区,大多数情况下,轮作地的表面土和地表下土壤中的真菌和细菌群落数量比乡村森林的低。在兰加马蒂和班多尔班地区的轮作地中,炭疽菌属（CoHetrotrichum）和镰孢菌属（Fusarium）真菌稀少,而两个地方的不同用途地块中均有细菌球菌属（Coccus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）和链球菌属（Streptococcus）。在两个地方的不同用途地块中常见的真菌有曲霉属（Aspergillus）、根霉属（Rhizopus）、木霉属（Trichoderma）和青霉菌属（Penicillium）。在其它的土壤区系中,由于轮换种植导致土壤环境退化的程度还需要进一步的研究。     

Influence of soil organic matter contents on soil water characteristics of forests on east slope of Gongga Mountain

By testing soil organic matter （SOM） contents, soil water contents （SWC） within low suctions, and saturated infiltration rates of samples taken from east slope of Gongga Mountain of China, the enhancive effects of SOM contents on SWC within low suctions and saturated infiltration rates were quantified. The simulated functions might be applied on regional experience forest-hydrology model. The improving function of protecting forest floor and increasing SOM contents on forest ecosystem hydrological effects were also embodied.     

Comparative analysis of some selected macronutrients of soil in orange orchard and degraded forests in Chittagong Hill Tracts,Bangladesh

Status of organic carbon （C）, total nitrogen （N）, available potassium （K）, calcium （Ca） and phosphorus （P） in three different depths （0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15-30 cm） on two hill slopes of 35% and 55% in orange orchard cultivated by the Mro tribe of Chittagong Hill. Tracts （CHTs） were evaluated and compared with those in degraded bush forests, through digging three profiles in each land use. The content of all the five nutrients was found to be higher in the soil of orange orchard than in the soil of forest. But the variation was not consistent for both the slopes. The content varied depth wise also, having the highest value in surface soil in case of both the land uses on both the slopes. A mean available K content was significantly higher in orange orchard than in forest on 55% slope, while it was lower on 35% slope. Surface soil contained the nutrients of K and Ca with the amount of 0.2905-mg·g^-1 soil and 3.025-mg·g^-1 soil respectively in the orchard, while 0.1934-mg·g^-1 soil and 1.6083-mg·g^-1 soil were respectively in the forest. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were found more or less similar in surface soil on both the land uses showing a slight difference. Available P was found only in orange orchard, and in forest it was too little in amount to detect by the spectrophotometer. The degraded forests were poor in nutrient content due to high rate of soil erosion, which would be possible to be improved by bringing it under tree cover as proved by the adaptation of orange orchard there.     

Effect of shifting cultivation on soil physical and chemical properties in Bandarban hill district, Bangladesh

This study reports the effects of shifting cultivation at slashing stage on soil physicochemical properties at Bandarban Sadar Upazila in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. At this initial stage of ...     

Comparative regeneration status in a natural forest and enrichment plantations of Chittagong （south） forest division, Bangladesh

于2002年4月至11月,对孟加拉Chittagong (南部)林区天然纯林和肥沃地人工林树种更新情况进行了比较研究。共设100个3m×3m的样地(天然林50个,人工林50个)。共记录天然林更新树种64个,苗木密度为24767株/hm2;人工林更新树种40个,苗木密度为18633株/hm2。天然林更新量最大的树种为Castanopsis spp.(2200 株/hm2),其次是Glochidion lanceolarium (2183 株/hm2);人工林更新量最大的树种为Dipterocarpus gracilis (2117株/hm2),其次是Anogeissus acuminata (2000株/hm2)。对天然林而言, Castanopsis spp 的相对密度最高(8.88%), Glochidion lanceolarium 的相对频度最高(7.36%),Syzygium spp. 的相对富有度最高(3.79%),Glochidion lanceolarium的重要值指数最高(18.24%);对人工林而言,Dipterocarpus gracilis的相对密度最高(11.36%),Glochidion lanceolarium的相对频度最高 (9.71%), Dipterocarpus gracilis的相对富有度最高(5.92%), Glochidion lanceolarium的重要值指数最高 (23.32%)。Dipterocarpus gracilis 常见种在天然林和人工林都有更新苗木,但人工林的苗木要高于天然林。天然更新的苗木非常密集,但由于人为的干扰,这些更新的苗木通常达不到径干生长期。表4参35。