酸性硫酸盐土壤上几种磷矿粉对水稻生长的影响

在酸性硫酸盐土壤未垦和已垦地上进行的磷矿粉田间试验结果表明，未垦地上直接施用磷矿粉对水稻有显著的增产作用，主要表现在促进水稻株高、分蘖数、穗数的增加上．但在已垦地上磷矿粉对水稻的增产作用不甚明显．施肥后对相关的土壤肥力状况变化也进行了报道．     

浙江红壤性水稻土油菜-水稻-水稻轮作制中磷矿粉的管理

为了探明磷矿粉在油菜-水稻-水稻轮作制中的有效施用方法，在一个发育于第四纪红色黏土的酸性水稻土上进行了3a田间试验。试验结果显示：施用磷肥对油菜的增产效应显著比水稻大。当将过磷酸钙P120kg hm^-2分施于油菜、早稻和晚稻，而将磷矿粉P120kg hm^-2集中施于油菜时，油菜的增产效应：Gafsa磷矿粉〉昆阳磷矿粉〉过磷酸钙；早稻的增产效应：Gafsa磷矿粉≈昆阳磷矿粉〉过磷酸钙；晚稻的增产效应：过磷酸钙〉Gafsa磷矿粉〉昆阳磷矿粉。Gafsa磷矿粉和昆阳磷矿粉对油菜、早稻和晚稻的相对农学有效性分别为108．7％、105．0％、99．6％和89．4％、104．8％、97．1％。增加磷矿粉用量或将磷矿粉与过磷酸钙混合分施于3季，并未增加油菜和水稻的产量。油菜收获后的耕层土壤有效磷含量高于水稻收获后的耕层土壤有效磷含量。耕层土壤有效磷含量与油菜相对产量之间呈显著的正相关，而与水稻相对产量之间则无显著的相关性。     

施用接种解磷真菌的壮秧剂对水稻秧苗生长特性及磷素吸收的影响

通过苗床培养试验,研究了在低有效磷营养土上施用接种解磷青霉菌的壮秧剂对水稻秧苗的生长特性及磷素吸收的影响。结果表明,在低磷条件下,施用接种解磷菌的壮秧剂可以显著提高水稻秧苗的株高、地上部干、鲜生物量、根系活力、地上部磷含量和磷吸收量,在5个处理中,P2处理水稻秧苗的株高比对照提高16.81%,地上部鲜生物量比对照增加21.28%,地上部干生物量比对照增加12.42%,地上部磷含量比对照提高31.11%,地上部磷素吸收量比对照提高44.03%,表现效果较好,其次是P1和P4处理,其中P1处理的根部干、鲜生物量、根部的磷素含量和磷素吸收量均高于其他处理。在有效磷较低的土壤上,施用接种解磷菌的壮秧剂,可以促进作物苗期生长,分解土壤中难溶性磷,提高土壤磷素的利用效率。     

不同磷肥品种对苋菜镉累积的影响

采用盆栽试验,以苋菜(Amaranshus mangostanus L)为供试作物,在两种酸性土壤上施用磷酸氢二钾、过磷酸钙、钙镁磷肥、磷矿粉4种不同磷肥,探究其对苋菜生长及其磷、镉累积的影响。结果显示:在两种酸性土壤中施用磷肥显著增加苋菜生物量,降低苋菜地上、地下部镉含量。与其他施磷肥的处理相比较,黄棕壤和赤红壤中钙镁磷肥处理的苋菜地上部镉含量降低幅度最大,分别为58.4%和77.7%。在两种土壤类型上施用不同磷肥苋菜的磷、镉累积量都增加,黄棕壤中,过磷酸钙处理的地上部、钙镁磷肥处理的根部镉累积量增幅最大;赤红壤中,磷酸氢二钾处理地上部、钙镁磷肥处理根部镉积累量最大。结果表明:在两种酸性土壤上分别施用不同种类的磷肥,苋菜对镉、磷的吸收和累积具有差异性。与其他处理相比较,在黄棕壤中施用过磷酸钙,苋菜地上部镉累积效果较好;在赤红壤中施用磷酸氢二钾,苋菜地上部镉累积效果较好。     

磷肥施用对土壤中砷生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了钙镁磷肥和过磷酸钙对土壤砷的生物有效性的影响。结果表明,施用钙镁磷肥和过磷酸钙能显著促进小白菜的生长,与对照相比生物量分别提高了约149%和119%;施磷可显著提高土壤有效态砷含量,其中钙镁磷肥高、低施肥量处理分别比对照增加了52.2%和20.9%,过磷酸钙高、低量施肥处理比对照分别提高了15.0%和5.5%;在同一施磷水平下,钙镁磷肥处理的土壤中有效态砷含量明显高于过磷酸钙处理,施磷可导致小白菜对砷的吸收总量显著增加（P〈0.05）,施用钙镁磷肥处理的小白菜砷吸收量的增加幅度较大。磷肥施用可在一定程度上提高土壤中砷的生物有效性,其中施用钙镁磷肥比过磷酸钙的效果更为明显。     

稻草还田与施氮水平对土壤氮素供应和水稻产量的影响

比较研究了3年定位试验后稻草还田和施N水平对红壤双季稻作系统土壤供N能力、水稻吸N特征和水稻生产的影响。结果表明:头年晚稻草秋季还田对来年早稻土壤NH4+-N和作物吸N量的提高具有促进作用,而早稻新鲜稻草还田使晚稻土壤NH4+-N和作物吸N量均略低于移走稻草处理。稻草还田处理3年后,土壤可矿化N与移走稻草处理相比提高了35.4%~53.9%,且水稻各生育期干物质生产量均高于移走稻草处理,稻谷增产率达4.0%~4.7%。施用N肥可以显著增加土壤NH4+-N和可矿化N含量,且随着N肥用量的增加,水稻植株的累积吸N量和系统生产力(地上干物质量和产量)均显著的增加,建议N(全年施N量185 kg hm-2)和习惯N(全年施N量265 kg hm-2)处理相对于无N处理的增产率分别为35.2%和45.3%,而N肥的吸收利用效率分别为27%和25%,农学产量效益分别为每公斤纯N增产谷粒12.7 kg和11.4 kg。     

不同还原物料及土壤改良剂对冬水田水稻生长、养分吸收和土壤性状的影响

为探究水稻在土壤淹水还原性条件下坐蔸成因以及防治措施,通过盆栽试验添加不同还原物料,对比分析两个抗性不同的水稻品种在土壤还原性条件下生长反应。采用盆栽试验,模拟冬水田长期渍水状况,研究了3种还原物料(稻草粉、硫酸亚铁和白糖)不同用量和4种潜在改良剂对两个水稻品种(川香优9838和川谷优7329)生长的影响。试验设12个处理,每个处理5次重复。结果表明,稻草粉20 g·kg-1和白糖5 g·kg-1处理对两个水稻品种的分蘖动态影响最大,这两个处理对川香优9838有效穗分别比对照下降40%和25%,对川谷优7329均下降45. 8%。低量的稻草对水稻生长有一定促进和增产作用,随着稻草用量增加,水稻生长受到抑制,产量降低; 20 g·kg-1稻草粉处理降低了川香优9838和川谷优7329产量,降幅分别达19. 7%和46. 1%。与对照相比,硫酸亚铁比过量施用稻草处理显著增加了川香优9838的产量;所有其他处理均较稻草粉20 g·kg-1处理增加或显著增加了水稻产量。稻草粉处理显著增加了土壤Fe2+和Mn2+含量,降低了Eh值,并与稻草粉用量呈正相关;而白糖、硫酸亚铁处理对土壤Fe2+、Mn2+和Eh影响不显著。在稻草粉20 g·kg-1处理基础上施用不同土壤改良剂,石灰和硼砂对水稻苗期毒害有缓解作用,但效果并不明显。四川省冬水田前季水稻收获时局部残留稻草堆积是翌年水稻坐蔸发生的主要原因,稻草在分解过程中产生的还原性有毒物质抑制了水稻生长,从而造成水稻减产;在冬水田稻区,少量稻草还田能促进水稻生长,比其他大多数处理显著增加水稻产量。     

长期稻草还田对紫色水稻土肥力和生产力的影响

通过8年淹水条件下一季中稻的田间定位试验,研究了长期稻草还田以及稻草与不同化肥配合施用对紫色水稻土生产力和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,稻草与N、P、K化肥配合施用能维持或提高紫色水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质和全氮含量提高,土壤磷的有效性增加,速效钾与试验前基本平衡。纯化肥处理尤其是N、NP、NK处理水稻产量、土壤氮和钾含量逐年降低,不能维持系统生产力和土壤肥力。稻草还田对翌年水稻具有显著的增产作用,8年平均稻草还田处理比对照增产39.5%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年升高。稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功效,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。     

微晶化磷矿粉的释磷特性及肥效机理

以有机材料为活化剂,用微晶化设备对磷矿粉进行活化处理,研究微晶活化后磷矿粉的物理特性、磷素释放动态及肥效.结果表明:微晶活化后磷矿粉的粒径整体变小,比表面积显著增大,磷素单次释放量和释放总量显著提高.施入土壤后,芦笋合格产品支数、单支质量和总产量较普通磷矿粉处理分别提高了2.61％,7.94％和9.64％;施用磷矿粉还可以增加土壤有效磷含量,提高土壤pH值,并促进芦笋对磷素的吸收,其中微晶化磷矿粉处理增加幅度明显高于普通磷矿粉处理.微晶化磷矿粉增量施用后,增产效果与普通过磷酸钙处理相当.     

紫云英还田对水稻镉和铅吸收积累的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验研究紫云英还田对污染水稻吸收积累镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的影响.结果表明:(1)与对照(不施肥)相比,纯化肥处理对土壤pH及土壤有效Cd、Pb含量没有显著影响;而紫云英还田可以显著提高土壤pH,显著提高土壤有效Pb的含量,对Cd无显著影响;在紫云英还田的基础上添加石灰虽然可以进一步提高土壤pH,但对土壤有效Cd、Pb含量并没有产生显著影响.(2)施用紫云英可以提高水稻根系对Pb的吸收,地上部分则呈现为分蘖期促进、成熟期抑制的作用,最终可显著降低糙米中的Pb含量.(3)施用紫云英可显著抑制水稻植株地上和地下部分对Cd的积累,尤其是地上部分的Cd含量,无论是分蘖期和成熟期均显著低于对照和纯化肥处理,其中糙米中的Cd含量降幅可达80％.研究结果还表明,紫云英还田不仅可以增加肥力,还可以显著抑制糙米对土壤Cd、Pb的吸收;但紫云英还田量不能太高,以30 000kg/hm2较佳.     

旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用

本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

Humus accumulation, humification, and humic acid composition in soils of two post-mining chronosequences after coal mining

Purpose

To assess how the rates of humus formation and humification are affected by land use and age of ecosystems, this study investigated soil development in two post-mining chronosequences (spoil heaps formed from open-cast coal mining near Sokolov, Czech Republic). The following characteristics were measured: content, composition, and properties of humic acids; organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) contents; pH; and amorphous iron content.

Materials and methods

Two chronosequences were studied. One consisted of unreclaimed spontaneously revegetated spoils (3, 12, 20, and 40 years old). The other consisted of heaps that were reclaimed by planting alder in graded heaps (7, 15, 20, 30, and 40 years old). Humus and iron contents as well as pH were determined, and humic acids were extracted for detailed chemical analyses (C, H, N, ¹³C-NMR, and pyrolysis mass-spectrometry).

Results and discussion

C and N accumulated faster in the reclaimed sites than in the unreclaimed sites; organic matter accumulation results in the decrease of pH in all soils and in spontaneous sites also increase of amorphous iron content. Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) increased with the site age in both chronosequences. The CHA/CFA was higher in the reclaimed soils than in the unreclaimed soils, and the CHA/CFA ratio increased with age in the unreclaimed soils. Humic acid aromaticity was higher in the reclaimed site than in the unreclaimed sites but increased with the age of unreclaimed sites. H and O content decreased with age of reclaimed soils. Humification led to an increase in HA caloricity in the reclaimed sites but not in unreclaimed sites because of the influence of residual wax-type substances in the unreclaimed sites. Degree of HA oxidation (ω) for the reclaimed plots was similar to that in typical zonal soils but was highly variable in unreclaimed soils.

Conclusions

Relative to spontaneous revegetation in the unreclaimed sites, reclamation increased the rates of humus accumulation, humification, and humus acid transformations. The differences between reclaimed and unreclaimed sites, however, decreased with site age and were very small in 40-year-old sites. These differences correspond to the rapid colonization of the reclaimed sites and the slow colonization of the unreclaimed sites by soil biota.     

秸秆还田对再生稻田土壤有机碳组分的影响

  【目的】  在再生稻系统下,探讨秸秆还田对再生稻田土壤有机质组分及其养分含量的影响。  【方法】  试验设置秸秆不还田(CK)、水稻秸秆半量还田(SH)、水稻秸秆全量还田(SW)和水稻秸秆全量还田配施腐熟剂(SWF)共4个处理,分析各处理土壤有机碳及其组分和土壤速效养分含量。  【结果】  与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田能提高土壤有机碳及其组分含量。与CK处理相比,在头季和再生季水稻收获期,秸秆还田处理(SH、SW、SWF)土壤中水溶性有机碳含量分别增加了19.62%～22.63%、20.99%～41.48%;土壤中颗粒有机碳含量分别增加了8.47%～20.62%、24.71%～30.90%;三个施秸秆的处理间土壤总有机碳、胡敏酸和富里酸含量无明显差异。秸秆还田可以改变水溶性有机质结构,使其结构趋于简单。秸秆还田下土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和铵态氮含量均呈增加趋势;在头季水稻收获期,SWF处理的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著高于CK处理。在再生季水稻收获期,与头季稻收获期相比,CK处理土壤速效养分含量呈下降趋势,而秸秆还田下各处理速效养分含量均呈增高趋势。  【结论】  秸秆还田可以提高再生稻田土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳以及腐殖酸组分的含量,促进水溶性有机质结构的变化,从而有效改善土壤养分的供给能力。     

西湖平原区连续13年定位施肥对麦、稻产量及土壤肥力的影响

以浙江省水网平原水稻主产区土壤为对象,通过定位试验,研究了连续13年的不同施肥处理对麦稻产量、土壤养分状况和物理性状的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥可显著提高麦、稻产量; 不同施肥处理的长期定位试验土壤有机质含量和全氮均呈上升趋势,增幅依次为: 栏肥+NPK秸秆+NPKNPK秸秆栏肥CK处理; 土壤碱解氮和速效磷也呈增加趋势,以栏肥+NPK处理的增幅最为明显。土壤物理性状的分析表明,长期施肥均能明显增加土壤水稳性团粒含量和土壤孔隙度。经土壤养分平衡分析,栏肥+NPK、秸秆+NPK和NPK处理的氮和磷呈现盈余,秸秆和CK处理氮和磷亏缺; 栏肥+NPK和秸秆+NPK处理钾基本平衡,NPK、秸秆、栏肥和CK处理钾严重亏缺。长期定位试验进一步证明有机肥与氮、磷、钾化肥长期配合施用可实现当地农作物持续稳产,农田施肥管理要注意适当减少氮、磷投入,增加钾肥施用量,保持农田土壤养分平衡。     

Residual effects of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on some soil properties and phosphate availability

The effects of the application of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on the growth and nutrient uptake of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tachiwase) and some properties of the soil were evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Phosphate rocks (PRs) collected from six countries; China, Florida (USA), Jordan, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Tanzania, were treated with 1 M oxalic or tartaric acid at the ratio of 2.5 mL g^-1 PR. The organic acid-treated PRs, containing 12–31% water soluble P, were applied to a granitic regosol (pH 5.8) at 200 mg P pot^-1 (4 kg soil). Untreated PRs and single superphosphate (SSP) were included in the treatments. Italian ryegrass was grown for 175 dafter planting (DAP) with ample supply of other nutrients and water. Shoots were harvested at 56, 119, and 175 DAP and the soils were analyzed for pH and Olsen-P after the experiment. Application of organic acid-treated PRs consistently increased the dry matter yield and P uptake of the plants compared with the application of untreated PRs at each harvest, but they were less effective than SSP. A larger amount of P (calculated per unit water-soluble P applied) was recovered from the organic acid-treated PRs than from SSP. The amount of residual extractable P in the soils with the organic acid-treated PRs was about the same as or significantly larger than that in the soil treated with SSP. Soil pH was also significantly higher than in the control and SSP soils. The results suggest that organic acids could be used to improve the P availability of PRs to plants with favorable residual effects in terms of available P and soil pH, without exerting any adverse effects on plant growth or nutrient acquisition.     

关于集约农作制下的土壤结构问题——Ⅰ.有机物料及其利用方式对土壤结构的影响

对稻草、紫云英有机物料不同用量和混施、单施或沤制后施用等不同施用方式对土壤结构的影响进行了四年模拟试验。四年培育期中的水分条件和其他物理条件均控制一致。测定表明,有机物料能明显改善土壤的结构性和孔隙性,降低原状土核的破裂系数。有机质、重组有机质、无定形氧化铁、氧化铁的活度与团聚体的稳定性呈正相关;而与原状土的破裂系数呈负相关。看来,无定形氧化铁的含量可以作为高产水稻土具有良好结构性的一个间接指标。施加有机物料的土壤,当脱水时其中大孔隙显著增多,这对粘质水稻土回旱种旱作十分有利。稻草直接施入土中的改土效果优于沤制后施入土中,且不亚于高用量稻草和紫云英混施的效果。可见,如绿肥施用量减少时,只要保持一定量的稻草回田,亦能改善土壤的结构。     

有机物料对酸性红壤铝毒的缓解效应

利用盆栽试验研究了施用不等量稻草对酸性红壤旱耕地铝毒的缓解效应。结果表明,添加不等量的秸秆碳(C)后,土壤pH值显著提高,土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝的含量则明显降低,土壤有机络合态铝的含量也呈增加趋势。添加铝盐并不影响秸秆碳对降低土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝含量的作用。在本研究中,土壤pH值与土壤交换性铝和土壤吸附态羟基铝均呈显著负相关,方程分别为y=-2193.9x+11545,R2=0.9798**,y=-655.34x+9748,R2=0.7837**。土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝与玉米主根长,地上部磷、钾含量均呈显著负相关,是抑制玉米吸收养分的主要限制因素,土壤吸附态羟基铝是次于交换性铝的又一活性较大的铝化合物。     

施肥措施对水旱轮作条件下灌淤土磷素形态的影响

  目的  研究水旱轮作条件下灌淤土磷素形态的变化特征,为宁夏引黄灌区作物施肥调控土壤磷素有效性提供科学依据。  方法  在水稻-玉米轮作体系下,设不施氮肥（T0）、常规施肥（T1）、优化施氮（T2）、70%优化施氮 + 30%有机肥氮（T3）、80%优化施氮 + 20%有机肥氮（T4）、秸秆还田 + 70%优化施氮 + 30%有机肥氮（T5）、秸秆还田 + 80%优化施氮 + 20%有机肥氮（T6）7个试验处理,通过田间小区定位试验研究了不同施肥措施对灌淤土全磷、速效磷和无机态磷含量的影响。  结果  在水旱轮作过程中,不同施肥措施对各季作物土壤全磷含量和旱地玉米速效磷含量影响不明显,但秸秆还田配施化肥和有机肥（T5、T6）能提高耕层土壤速效磷含量,水稻季和玉米季最高含量分别达56.4 mg kg?1和40.4 mg kg?1。由水田改为旱作后,不同施肥措施下土壤速效磷含量平均降低了7.6 ~ 18.1 mg kg?1。水田条件下不同施肥措施对无机磷含量均有显著影响（铝结合态磷除外）;旱作条件下不同施肥措施对铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷、闭蓄态磷含量均有显著影响,但对交换态磷、钙结合态磷含量影响不大。水田或旱作条件下,闭蓄态磷和钙结合态磷都是灌淤土无机磷的主要赋存形态。  结论  在宁夏引黄灌区水旱轮作体系下,有机无机肥配施秸秆还田是灌淤土磷素有效化调控的最有效手段,且在水稻季的调控效应最明显。     

Phenols in rice soils

In a laboratory study on the distribution of phenols in rice soils, a humus-rich acid sulphate soil liberated more alkali-extractable phenols than an alluvial soil under both flooded and nonflooded conditions. Nonflooded conditions appeared to favour the release of phenols from the acid sulphate soil whereas in the alluvial soil no difference was apparent under the two water regimes. The addition of calcium carbonate to the acid sulphate soil further increased the production of phenols. Analysis of the solvent extract of the soils by thin-layer chromatography showed that both the soils contained vanillic acid and two unidentified phenols.     

长期地下水位管理及施用秸秆对中国亚热带水稻土团聚体形成的影响

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and iron(Fe)-oxides are important contributors of aggregate stability in highly weathered soils, and they are influenced by groundwater management and straw application. A 30-year plot experiment with early rice(Oryza sativa L.)-late rice-winter fallow rotations was conducted using a upland clay soil in cement pools under shallow groundwater table at a depth of 20 cm(SGT) and deep groundwater table at a depth of 80 cm(DGT) to simulate the groundwater tables of two types of important paddy soils, gleyed paddy soils and hydromorphic paddy soils, respectively, in subtropical China. Soil redox potential(Eh) was measured in situ, and 0–20 cm soil samples were collected for the analyses of soil Fe-oxides, SOC, and aggregates under SGT or DGT with different straw application treatments, in order to evaluate the interaction of groundwater management and straw application on paddy soil aggregation and the relative importance of SOC or Fe-oxides on soil aggregation. The results showed that soil Eh was restricted by irrigation, and its variation was more significant under DGT than under SGT. The decreased soil Eh or reduced drying and wetting cycles under SGT resulted in more SOC accumulation with the straw application, had no effect on soil free Fe-oxides(Fed), significantly increased the amorphous Fe-oxide(Feo) and complex Fe-oxide contents, but decreased the crystalline Fe-oxide content(Fed–Feo). The soils under DGT had more macroaggregates than those under SGT, but the difference decreased with the straw application. It could be concluded that soil Fe-oxides were the principal contributing factor to the aggregation of paddy soils in subtropical China and SOC was also an important contributing factor.