四种不同类型鸡肉组织学特性的研究

本文研究了AA鸡、京白鸡、新浦东鸡和土杂鸡四种类型鸡的鸡肉 12个组织学性状 ,结果表明 :鸡肉组织学性状因品种 (类型 )、性别、部位的不同而有不同程度的差异 ,特别是品种 (类型 )间的差异比较明显 ;根据组织学性状运用综合指数法评定鸡肉品质 ,其优劣的排列顺序为 ;新浦东鸡、AA鸡、土杂鸡和京白鸡。     

四个不同类型鸡的血液理化指标与主要经济性状的相关分析

通过对AA、京白、新浦东和土杂鸡各30只（公母各半，共120只）8个血液理化指标及主要经济性状的分析知道：鸡的类型不同血液成分存在着差异；血液理化指标与部分活体、屠体的经济性状存在着显著（P＜0．05）或极显著（P＜0．01）的相关。     

上个不同类型鸡的血液理化指标与主要经济性状的相关分析

能动过ＡＡ、京白、新浦东和土杂鸡各３０只（公母各半，共１２０只）８个血液理化指标及主要经济性状的分析知道：鸡的类型不同血液成分存在差异；血液理化指标与部分活 、屠体的经济性状存在着显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）的相关。     

土杂鸡肌肉风味的研究

通过对３０只土杂鸡和ＡＡ鸡，京白鸡，新浦东鸡的肌肉品质的全面分析，揭示了土杂鸡肉质优于其他鸡种的主要原因是由于土杂的肌间面积比较大，肌小节长度较大，红肌纤维含量较高，亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量较高。     

脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因多态性与鸡肉品质性状的关系研究

采用PCR-SSCP技术分析了A-FABP基因在北京油鸡、矮脚鸡、泰和乌骨鸡、崇仁麻鸡、鹿苑鸡、霞烟鸡等6个地方品种鸡和AA肉鸡中的多态性,发现的3个多态位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率在不同品种之间存在显著差异。测序分析表明：多态位点的产生分别是由碱基C→T、G→A以及C→T的变异引起的。在北京油鸡、矮脚鸡群体中对各多态位点不同基因型与体重、肌内脂肪、腹脂率等脂肪相关性状进行关联分析,结果显示不同基因型间在部分肉品质相关性状上差异显著。     

四川农凤鸡屠宰性能、肉品质性状评价及相关性分析

试验采用单因子随机试验设计,随机选择凤头型和无凤头型矮小型农凤鸡、普通型青脚麻羽鸡及黄杂鸡各12只进行屠宰性能及肉质性状检测。结果表明:农凤鸡的屠宰性能及内脏发育状况与其他肉用型品种鸡间差异不显著(P0.05);农凤鸡的肉色指标优于其他各品种,农凤鸡胸肌的肌纤维直径及滴水损失极显著低于其他各品种鸡(P0.01),农凤鸡腿肌的肌内脂肪含量极显著高于其他各组(P0.01);胸肌肉质性状可以用3个主成分因子表示,腿肌肉质性状可以用4个主成分因子表示。     

鲁莱黑猪肌内脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成及其相关性状分析

本研究旨在对中国地方培育猪种鲁莱黑猪的肌内脂肪(Intramuscular fat,IMF)含量、脂肪酸组成及其相关性状进行研究,为全面了解鲁莱黑猪的种质特性提供基础数据。本研究测定了487头鲁莱黑猪胴体背膘厚、背最长肌游离水分、肌内脂肪含量和脂肪酸成分,分析了性别和体重对各指标的影响及各性状间的相关性。结果表明,鲁莱黑猪具有很强的肌内脂肪沉积能力,IMF含量平均高达5.25%,但群体内变异性较大(变异系数高达66.04%),需要进一步加强品种选育,提高群体的整齐性;除花生烯酸外,性别对其他被测性状均无显著影响(P0.05);屠宰体重对背膘厚有极显著影响(P0.01),对IMF含量有显著影响(P0.05),对水分及脂肪酸组成无显著影响(P0.05);各性状间,IMF与游离水分相关程度最高(相关系数为-0.86),二者间回归方程具有高的校正决定系数平方(0.929 4),可以作为利用肌肉中游离水分估测肌内脂肪含量的模型。另外,不同部位背膘厚之间,IMF含量与部分脂肪酸成分之间,各脂肪酸成分之间亦存在高度相关。本研究结果加深了对鲁莱黑猪肉质特性认识,为今后肉质选育工作提供数据支持。     

不同品种、饲养周期肉鸡肉品质和风味的比较分析

本试验旨在比较不同品种肉鸡在体重、常规肉品质及肌间脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的差异,以期为肉鸡肉品质评价指标的建立提供参考。分别选取同日龄、同饲养条件下的快大型鸡(隐性白羽肉鸡、安卡鸡)和地方品种鸡(文昌鸡、北京油鸡、清远麻鸡)作为研究素材,选取接近平均体重的9周龄快大型鸡和17周龄地方品种鸡各60只,称重、屠宰,用于不同品种胸肌常规肉品质及肌间脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的测定;另选取9和17周龄的隐性白羽肉鸡各60只称重、屠宰,用于不同饲养周期胸肌常规肉品质及肌间脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的测定。结果表明:1)不同品种出栏时期比较,安卡鸡的体重显著高于其他品种(P0.05),北京油鸡的胸肌失水率显著低于其他品种(P0.05),文昌鸡、清远麻鸡的胸肌剪切力显著低于安卡鸡、北京油鸡(P0.05),安卡鸡的胸肌肉色显著高于其他品种(P0.05),北京油鸡的胸肌pH显著高于其他品种(P0.05),文昌鸡的胸肌肌间脂肪含量显著高于其他品种(P0.05)。清远麻鸡的胸肌必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、总氨基酸含量均显著高于其他品种(P0.05),隐性白羽肉鸡、安卡鸡的胸肌饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于其他品种(P0.05),隐性白羽肉鸡、北京油鸡的胸肌必需脂肪酸含量显著高于其他品种(P0.05),隐性白羽肉鸡的胸肌不饱和脂肪酸含量最高。2)不同饲养周期比较,隐性白羽肉鸡9周龄胸肌的失水率及非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、饱和脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸含量显著高于17周龄(P0.05),体重、胸肌pH、胸肌肌间脂肪含量显著低于17周龄(P0.05)。由此可知,不同品种肉鸡的肉品质、风味物质含量差异较大,不能用单一的指标进行衡量。从肉品质的营养角度分析,9周龄出栏的快大型肉鸡优于17周龄。     

母鸡持续受精能力的群体变异分析

旨在探究母鸡持续受精能力在品种间的差异和群体内的变异程度及相关性状之间的相关性,为制定合理的输精间隔和开展母鸡持续受精能力的选育提供理论依据。本研究以27周龄的白来航、哥伦比亚洛克、芦花和洛岛红4个品种健康的母鸡各158只为试验材料,连续输精2 d,第3天开始按照母鸡个体收集种蛋孵化,统计输精后4周内的种蛋受精情况,比较各品种输精后产蛋数、日/周受精率、4周平均受精率、最长受精天数和最大连产受精蛋数等性状,并计算部分性状间的相关系数。结果显示,4个品种输精后日受精率随着天数的增加而降低,但程度不同,白来航、哥伦比亚洛克、芦花和洛岛红日受精率大于90%的输精后最大天数分别为10、9、8和11 d。4个品种输精后前9 d种蛋的日受精率除了第4天(P=0.01)外均无显著差异(P0.05),第10～18天种蛋的日受精率除了第13(P=0.08)和16天(P=0.19)外均差异显著(P0.05),第19～28天无显著差异(P0.05);输精后品种间第1(P0.05)和4周(P0.05)的周受精率均无显著差异,第2(P=0.005)和3周(P=0.04)均差异显著;不同品种母鸡的产蛋数、4周受精蛋数、4周平均受精率、最长受精天数、最大连产受精蛋数、第1周受精蛋数、第2周受精蛋数、第3周受精蛋数和第2～3周受精蛋数均存在显著差异(P0.05),其中洛岛红的各个指标均最高;品种内个体间上述性状也存在变异,其中洛岛红变异较小,哥伦比亚洛克和芦花变异较大;母鸡受精能力相关性状间均为正相关,其中第2周受精蛋数(r=0.86,P0.000 1)、第2～3周受精蛋数(r=0.92,P0.000 1)与4周受精蛋数相关系数较大。本研究结果表明,不同品种母鸡持续受精能力存在差异,可制定品种特异性输精间隔;品种内母鸡持续受精能力存在较大变异,具有进一步选育的基础;第2周受精蛋数可以在保证准确性的前提下减少性状测定的工作量,相较而言是评估和选育母鸡持续受精能力的理想性状。     

优质鸡肌内脂肪含量与屠体及肉质性状间的关系

选用优质鸡父本和母本各 3个组成 5个杂交组合 ,饲养杂交后代 182 1只 ,在 10周龄时对其中 2 10只进行屠宰测定 ,并分析了胸肌肌内脂肪含量与屠宰率、胸肌率、腿肌率、肌间脂宽、皮下脂厚、腹脂率、胸肌pH值、胸肌剪切力等性状之间的关系。结果表明 ,个体胸肌肌内脂肪含量为 1.93%～ 9.6 3% ,总体平均值为 4 .76 %。其中峪口黄鸡♂×矮小隐性白♀组合增重最快、肌内脂肪含量高 ,符合优质鸡的育种目标。优质鸡父本相同的杂交后代 ,其平均肌内脂肪含量差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,表现出同一父本的一致性。母本相同而父本不同的杂交后代 ,其平均肌内脂肪含量差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。同一组合内不同性别间肌内脂肪含量差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。肌内脂肪含量与皮下脂厚和腹脂率的相关性因杂交配套组合而异 ,而与活重、屠体重、屠宰率、胸角宽、肌间脂宽、胸肌率、腿肌率这些性状均无显著相关     

拜城油鸡肌肉生长抑制素基因多态性与生产性能的相关性研究

试验旨在研究肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因在拜城油鸡中的多态性及其与生产性能的关系,探寻可用于拜城油鸡选育的分子遗传标记。选取96只6周龄的拜城油鸡公鸡,随机分为3组,每组32只,分别在12、18和24周龄时对其生产性能指标进行测定,同时采用PCR-RFLP方法检测MSTN基因的多态性,分析MSTN基因多态性与拜城油鸡生产性能的关系。结果显示,在拜城油鸡公鸡中MSTN基因存在多态性,检测到3种基因型:AA、GA、GG,GA为优势基因型,等位基因A为优势等位基因,不符合哈代－温伯格平衡定律（P<0.05）。在12周龄时,AA基因型个体的体重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重和腿肌重均显著高于GA基因型个体（P<0.05）;在18周龄时,GA基因型个体的体重、胸肌重和腿肌重均显著高于GG基因型个体（P<0.05）;在24周龄时,AA基因型个体的体重、屠体重和半净膛重均极显著高于GG基因型个体（P<0.01）,全净膛重和腿肌重显著高于GG基因型个体（P<0.05）,GA基因型个体的体重、屠体重、半净膛重和腿肌重均显著高于GG基因型个体（P<0.05）,其余指标在不同周龄不同基因型个体间差异不显著（P>0.05）。MSTN基因多态性与拜城油鸡部分生产性能指标密切相关,推测该基因可以作为拜城油鸡选育的分子遗传标记之一。     

Study on the Association Relationship Between the Polymorphism of MSTN Gene and Production Performance in Baicheng Fatty Chicken

In this study, the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) of MSTN gene and its correlation with the production performance was tested, and explored the molecular genetic marker of breeding in Baicheng fatty chicken. 96 Baicheng fatty chicken roosters were selected randomly and divided into 3 groups, there were 32 chicken in each group. The indexes of production performance were measured in 12, 18 and 24 weeks old and the SNP of MSTN gene was detected by PCR-RFLP method, and analyzed the relationship between gene polymorphism and production performance indexes.The results showed that 3 genotypes of AA,GA and GG were found in Baicheng fatty chicken, GA was the dominant genotype, and allele A was the dominant allele, the allele frequency was not in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.05). At 12 weeks old,AA genotype was significantly higher than GA genotype in body weight, carcass weight,semi-eviscerated weight, eviscerated weight, breast muscle weight and leg muscle weight (P<0.05). At 18 weeks old,GA genotype was significantly higher than GG genotype in body weight, breast muscle weight and leg muscle weight (P<0.05). At 24 weeks old,AA genotype was extremely significantly higher in body weight, carcass weight and semi-eviscerated weight than GG genotype (P<0.01),and AA genotype was significantly higher in eviscerated weight and leg muscle weight than GG genotype (P<0.05). GA genotype was significantly higher in body weight, carcass weight,semi-eviscerated weight and leg muscle weight than GG genotype (P<0.05), there were no significant difference in the other indexes among different genotypes at different ages (P>0.05). MSTN gene polymorphism was closely related to the production performance indexes of Baicheng fatty chicken, it was speculated this gene could be used as one of the molecular genetic markers for the breeding of Baicheng fatty chicken.     

Fatty Acid Taste Receptor GPR120 Activation by Arachidonic Acid,Eicosapentaenoic Acid,and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Chickens

It has been reported that the supplementation of chicken diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects the qualities of eggs and meat. Previous studies have shown that a functional fatty acid taste receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), is broadly expressed in chicken oral and gastrointestinal tissues, and chickens have a gustatory perception of oleic acid, which is a chicken GPR120 agonist. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of chicken GPR120 in response to PUFAs in chicken diets. Ca²⁺ imaging analyses revealed that chicken GPR120 was activated by AA, EPA, and DHA in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that chickens can detect PUFAs via GPR120 in the oral and gastrointestinal tissues, implying that chickens have a gustatory perception of PUFAs.     

京白父母代及商品代鸡生产性能观测

参照“京白鸡饲养管理标准”,在乐都县种鸡场、大通县鸡兔良种场对京白父母代和商品代鸡(京白823)的生产性能测试结果:父母代鸡的见蛋日龄为123—134天,72周龄饲养日产蛋量为212—216枚,种蛋受精率为95％—95.3％,受精蛋孵化率为80％—81.2％,饲料转化率(蛋料比)为1:2.56—1:2.9;商品代鸡的见蛋日龄为127—129天,72周龄饲养日产蛋量为204—219枚,蛋料比为1:2.83—1:3.04,其产蛋量高于省内同级鸡场及群众饲养的其它鸡种。     

拜城油鸡公鸡A-FABP基因多态性及其与生产性能的相关性分析

试验旨在研究拜城油鸡公鸡中脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白（adipocyte fatty acid binding protein,A-FABP）基因的多态性及其与生产性能的相关性,寻找可用于拜城油鸡选育的分子遗传标记。随机选取92只6周龄拜城油鸡公鸡,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测A-FABP基因的多态性。每种基因型选取15只体重相近的个体随机分为3组,每组每种基因型个体各5只,分别在12、18、24周龄时屠宰并对生产性能指标进行测定。结果显示,在拜城油鸡公鸡中检测到A-FABP基因有3种基因型：AA、AB、BB,BB为优势基因型,B为优势等位基因,不符合哈代-温伯格平衡定律（P<0.01）。12周龄时,各基因型间各生产性能指标差异均不显著（P>0.05）;18周龄时,BB基因型肌间脂宽显著高于AA基因型（P<0.05）,BB和AB基因型腹脂重极显著高于AA基因型（P<0.01）,腹脂率显著高于AA基因型（P<0.05）;24周龄时,BB基因型体重、肌间脂宽、腹脂重均显著高于AA基因型（P<0.05）。推测A-FABP基因可以作为与拜城油鸡公鸡脂肪性状相关的候选标记之一。     

Polymorphism of A-FABP Gene and Its Association Analysis with the Productive Performance in Male Baicheng Fatty Chicken

In order to search the molecular genetic markers for breeding of Baicheng fatty chicken, the relationship between the polymorphism of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) gene and the productive performance of the male chickens at different ages was studied. Ninety two chickens with age of 6 weeks were randomly selected. The polymorphism of A-FABP gene was detected by PCR-RFLP method. In each genotype group, fifteen chickens with similar body weight were categorized, each group was randomly divided into three sub-groups with equal numbers. The productive performance of the chickens was measured at their age of 12, 18 and 24 weeks. The results showed that there were three genotypes of A-FABP gene:AA,AB and BB, BB genotype was the dominant genotype,allele B was the advantageous allele,and it was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.01). At the age of 12 weeks,no significant difference was found among the measured productive performance (P>0.05). At the age of 18 weeks, it was found that the intramuscular fat width of BB genotype was significantly higher than AA genotype (P<0.05), the abdominal fat weight of BB and AB genotypes were extremely significantly higher than AA genotype (P<0.01),and the abdominal fat weight percentage of BB and AB genotypes were significantly higher than AA genotype (P<0.05). At the age of 24 weeks, it was found that the body weight, intramuscular fat width and abdominal fat weight of BB genotype were significantly higher than that of AA genotype (P<0.05). Therefore, this results suggested that A-FABP gene could be used as a potential candidate marker for the association of fatty traits in male Baicheng fatty chicken.     

德化黑鸡的肌肉品质分析

对150日龄、180日龄的德化黑鸡肌肉的肉品质指标(肉色、失水率、嫩度、pH值、水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、肌苷酸、脂肪酸、肌纤维直径、肌纤维密度、黑色素)进行了测定。通过对德化黑鸡肉品质客观指标的综合分析,德化黑鸡具有市场需求的优良肉质和风味。     

Tissue fatty acid composition and estimated ∆ desaturase activity after castration in chicken broilers fed with linseed or sunflower oil

The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of the short‐term addition of sunflower and linseed oil and castration on fatty acid composition and desaturation indexes in chicken broilers. Forty‐eight male Ross 308 chicken broilers were supplemented with 5% of sunflower or linseed oil. The four experimental groups were linseed oil supplementation and castration (LC), linseed oil without castration (LN), sunflower oil and castration (SC) and sunflower oil without castration (SN). There was no significant influence of castration or oil supplement on live weights, weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion. Castration resulted in an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total n3, n6, measured desaturation indexes and a decrease in the saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content of abdominal fat. In breast muscle, castration increased PUFA and 18:3n3 values, while in the liver tissue, castration did not influence the parameters measured. Linseed oil supplementation significantly increased 18:3n3, n3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), total n3 and decreased total n6, n6/n3 ratio, and 20:4n6 content. Values for 20:4n6 were the highest in SC and the lowest in the LC group. Linseed oil also significantly decreased ?5 and ?4 desaturation indexes in the thighs and ?5 and ?5, 6 in abdominal fat and the liver. These results suggest that short‐term supplementation of basal diet with 5% of linseed oil could significantly increase n3 LC PUFA and decrease n6/n3 ratio content in the edible tissues of chicken broilers, without adverse effects on growth performance. Meanwhile, castration only improved fatty acid profile in abdominal fat, which is not nutritionally important. The interactions observed between basal diet, supplemented oil, sex hormones and other non‐nutritional factors must be elucidated in future trials in order to correctly predict the nutritional value of linseed‐fed poultry.     

稻秸、象草和杂交狼尾草青贮的研究

为探讨乳酸菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)添加剂对不同原料青贮发酵品质的影响,对水稻(Oryzasativa L.)的2个中粳稻品系(9015,9019)稻秸和2个热带牧草(象草(Pennisetum purpureum),杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum))进行了青贮研究。将新鲜稻秸或牧草切碎后添加乳酸菌(0.02 g·kg^-1),同时设对照组(无添加物),袋装青贮45 d后取样检测。结果表明:添加乳酸菌的青贮饲料其可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量、有机物消化率(IVOMD)、干物质回收率(DMR)、乳酸(LA)含量、乳酸/乙酸(LA/AA)比对照提高;中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量、pH、氨态氮/总氮(AN/TN)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)含量下降;乳酸菌(LAB)对WSC含量、NDF含量、DMR、IVOMD、LA含量、AN/TN、乙酸(AA)含量、丙酸(PA)含量、LA/AA、VFAs含量影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同的青贮原料对青贮饲料的营养特性指标、pH、LA含量、AN/TN、LA/AA、AA含量和VFAs含量影响极显著(P<0.01),杂交狼尾草的青贮品质最佳。添加乳酸菌可以改善青贮饲料的品质,但不同原料间的青贮品质差异较大。     

Qualitative Risk Assessment of Chronic Renal Failure Development in Healthy,Female Cats as Based on the Content of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Adipose Tissue and That of Arachidonic Acid in Plasma Cholesteryl Esters

A study was carried out to assess the qualitative risk of development of chronic renal failure (CRF) in young healthy, female cats as based on the content of arachidonic acid (AA) in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in adipose tissue. It has been suggested that the content of AA in CE should be <10% of total fatty acids (TFA) and of EPA in adipose tissue be >1.4% of TFA. Subcutaneous adipose tissue and blood samples were obtained from 48 female cats. There was a statistically significant correlation between linoleic acid content of adipose tissue and that of plasma CE. In all cats the EPA content of adipose tissue was lower than 1.4% of TFA and in 30 cats that of AA in plasma CE was higher than 10% of TFA. The EPA content of adipose tissue and the AA content of plasma CE are determined by the contents of these fatty acids in the diet. It is concluded that the fatty acid composition of cat foods should be determined and that, if deemed necessary, the ingredient composition should be altered so that the content of EPA is raised and that of AA is lowererd.