不同温度下的豌豆蚜实验种群生命表研究

在6种温度(12、15、18、21、24℃和27℃)和相对湿度为80%的条件下,研究了温度对豌豆蚜发育和增殖的影响。组建了生命表,并统计出种群内禀增长率、净增殖率、世代平均周期、种群加倍时间和周限增长率等种群动态参数。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,豌豆蚜的发育历期随温度升高而缩短。种群的内禀增长率在24℃条件下最大(rm=0.281 0),相应的种群净增殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)、平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(t)分别为17.030 9、1.324 5、10.089 3 d和2.466 7 d。     

紫外线胁迫对红色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响

由于臭氧层消耗,南北半球中高纬度地区紫外线(UV-B)胁迫增强,为了探求增强的UV-B胁迫对红色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响,以期明确UV-B辐射在豌豆蚜种群演替和种下分化中的作用。本研究以40 W紫外线灯连续辐射处理红色型豌豆蚜8代,每代从初产若蚜开始每天处理1次,连续照射6d,分20、30、40、50和60min 5个处理,并设置白炽灯对照。结果显示,同一世代,随着UV-B辐射时间延长,豌豆蚜体长逐渐减短,体重逐渐减轻,净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率逐渐减小,平均世代周期逐渐延长。同一UV-B辐射时间下,随着世代增加,豌豆蚜体长、体重、净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率均呈先上升后显著下降的趋势,平均世代周期呈先下降后显著上升的趋势。至F8代,不同辐射时间下豌豆蚜平均体长为对照的42.58%~81.94%,平均体重为对照的33.77%~73.12%,净增殖率为对照的6.94%~46.55%,周限增长率为对照的77.00%~87.94%,平均世代周期为对照的1.20~1.38倍,内禀增长率降低,且50~60min处理下小于对照的1/2,种群数量增长放缓。以上说明长期UV-B胁迫对豌豆蚜的生长发育和种群增长最终都有抑制作用。     

高海藻糖和葡萄糖对豌豆蚜种群生命参数的影响

为了明确高海藻糖和葡萄糖对豌豆蚜种群生命参数的影响,将两种色型豌豆蚜的3d若蚜,饥饿12 h后,连续人工饲喂4 d高浓度(50 mg/mL和100 mg/mL)海藻糖和葡萄糖后,转接到离体叶片中饲养,观察高海藻糖和葡萄糖对豌豆蚜生长发育的影响。结果表明,高浓度葡萄糖和海藻糖(100 mg/mL)会显著降低绿色型豌豆蚜种群净增殖率(R_0),2种糖浓度处理之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。红色型豌豆蚜在2种糖浓度为50 mg/mL的处理下R_0无差异。2种浓度葡萄糖喂食下,均能降低绿色型豌豆蚜种群内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ);100 mg/mL葡萄糖和海藻糖处理显著提高了2种色型豌豆蚜体内葡萄糖含量;100 mg/mL海藻糖处理提高了绿色型豌豆蚜体内海藻糖含量。100 mg/mL葡萄糖处理显著降低了2种色型豌豆蚜体内海藻糖含量。其结果表明,高海藻糖和葡萄糖的处理使豌豆蚜体内海藻糖和葡萄糖含量有显著变化,R_0和r_m显著降低。说明高糖对豌豆蚜的种群数量有降低作用。在红绿两种色型比较中,红色型豌豆蚜比绿色型豌豆蚜更加耐高糖。     

不同寄主植物对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

[目的]掌握不同寄主植物对豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响规律。[方法]在(23±1)℃、光照时间16h、相对湿度80%的人工气候箱条件下,组建了豌豆蚜在4种寄主植物上的生命表,统计出种群内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)和周限增长率(λ)等种群动态参数。[结果]在蚕豆、豌豆、苜蓿、红豆草4种寄主植物上,豌豆蚜的发育历期存在显著差异,内禀增长率rm分别为0.263 2、0.261 9、0.224 3、0.217 1。[结论]豌豆蚜在蚕豆上的适应度和嗜食性最好,并且繁殖速度最快。     

Dispersion patterns and sampling plans for the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on grass pea,Lathyrus sativus L.

From 2009/2010 to 2010/2011, flight patterns and spatial distribution of pea aphids were studied in northwestern Ethiopia. Yellow traps were used and legume fields sampled. Trap catches varied between years (lower in 2009/2010 than in 2010/2011), locations and months in the growing season. At Woreta, peaks were observed in January (20–70 per trap) and at Wondata in October and November (60–80 per trap). Also, pea aphid numbers were more on fallow land than on other land-use systems (a maximum of 41,000 in December 2010/2011 and 25,000 in January 2009/2010 per 100 plants). Taylor's power law coefficients, i.e., b values, were significantly greater than 1 on grass peas planted after fallow; the corresponding r² values ranged between 0.87 and 0.94. Coefficients were inconsistent on grass peas planted after teff and undersown in maize. The optimum sample size n (number of yellow traps) required in relation to the mean densities of the pea aphid was more or less the same for the three levels of accuracy (D = 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5). At D = 0.5, numerical sample size curves showed 10 traps as mean number of aphids per trap approached 4 or 5, which is practical and affordable. Some additional work at more locations may be required to validate these sampling plans before wider use.     

Triterpene saponins of Quillaja saponaria show strong aphicidal and deterrent activity against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

BACKGROUND: Saponins are a class of secondary plant metabolites consisting of a sugar moiety glycosidically linked to a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin) that often possess insecticidal activities. Four saponins were selected: two triterpene saponins, Q. saponaria saponins and aescin, and two steroidal saponins, digitonin and diosgenin. Their effects were investigated on an important pest species and a model piercing‐sucking insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The triterpene Q. saponaria saponins bark saponin received special attention because of its high activity. Aphids were challenged by oral and contact exposure to demonstrate aphicidal activities, and in choice experiments to support use as a natural deterrent. RESULTS: When aphids were exposed to supplemented artificial diet for 3 days, a strong aphicidal activity was recorded for three of the four saponins, with an LC₅₀ of 0.55 mg mL^?1 for Q. saponaria saponins, 0.62 mg mL^?1 for aescin and 0.45 mg mL^?1 for digitonin. The LT₅₀ values ranged between 1 and 4 days, depending on the dose. For diosgenin, only low toxicity (14%) was scored for concentrations up to 5 mg mL^?1. In choice experiments with treated diet, a deterrence index of 0.97 was scored for Q. saponaria saponins at 1 mg mL^?1. In contrast, direct contact showed no repellent effect. Spraying of faba bean plants with Q. saponaria saponins resulted in an LC₅₀ of 8.2 mg mL^?1. Finally, histological analysis in aphids fed with Q. saponaria saponins demonstrated strong aberrations of the aphid gut epithelium, and exposure of midgut CF‐203 cell lines to Q. saponaria saponins in vitro confirmed the cytotoxic effect. CONCLUSIONS: The present insect experiments provide strong evidence that saponins, as tested here with triterpene Q. saponaria saponins, can be useful as natural aphicides and deterrents. Furthermore, the insect midgut epithelium is suggested to be a primary target of saponin activity.Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

马拉硫磷亚致死浓度对大豆蚜虫实验种群生理特征和生命表参数的影响

大豆蚜虫是危害大豆的重要害虫,马拉硫磷作为有效防治大豆蚜虫的杀虫剂之一,不仅可以在致死浓度下直接杀死大豆蚜虫,其在亚致死浓度下还会引起大豆蚜虫生理和行为的改变。分析了马拉硫磷3个亚致死浓度(0.05、0.10和0.20 mg/L)对大豆蚜虫生理特征和生命表参数的影响。结果表明:马拉硫磷在0.20 mg/L下处理大豆蚜虫后,其若蚜的发育历期(7.48 d±0.18 d)比对照的(5.78 d±0.30 d)显著延长;同时成蚜的生殖期、寿命和全世代周期也分别比对照的缩短了4、6和4 d。在0.10 mg/L处理下,马拉硫磷可刺激大豆蚜虫生殖功能,单头产蚜总量比对照组提高24%;但当浓度增加到0.20 mg/L时,单头产蚜总量却比对照组降低37%。生命表参数结果显示:0.20 mg/L的马拉硫磷可显著降低大豆蚜虫的净增值率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ),但显著增加种群倍增时间(Dt);0.10 mg/L的处理情况则相反;0.05 mg/L处理的各项指标与对照间无显著差异。     

二斑叶螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析

组建并分析了辣椒上二斑叶螨实验种群生命表。在 23℃恒温条件下 ,种群的内禀增长力r_m 为0.1510,周限增长率λ为1.1630/d ,净增殖率R_o为29.1497代 ,平均世代周期T为 22.3291d ,种群增长一倍需要的时间t为4.59d。在稳定种群年龄分布中 ,未成熟期占总量的88.9444% ,成熟期占11.0506%。     

Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.     

Cd与Zn复合胁迫对麦长管蚜生命参数及繁殖的影响

为了明确Cd与Zn复合胁迫对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)生长发育与繁殖的影响,在室内采用不同含量Cd~(2+)与Zn~(2+)溶液交互处理土壤-小麦-麦长管蚜系统,利用特定年龄生命表研究在不同含量Cd与Zn复合胁迫下麦长管蚜生命参数及繁殖的变化规律。结果表明,Cd、Zn以及Cd与Zn交互作用均极显著影响麦长管蚜的生命参数与繁殖,其中Zn对麦长管蚜种群参数的影响最大。在40 mg/kg Cd与400 mg/kg Zn复合胁迫下,麦长管蚜种群的内禀增长率、净增值率显著高于单一Cd胁迫;但不同含量Cd与800、1 600 mg/kg高含量Zn或不同含量的Zn与120、240 mg/kg高含量Cd复合胁迫时,其内禀增长率与净增值率却逐渐下降;其平均世代周期在复合胁迫条件下显著低于单一Cd胁迫。生殖力曲线面积的变化规律与种群参数的变化规律相同,推测40 mg/kg和400 mg/kg分别为Cd与Zn复合胁迫的关键含量。研究表明,低含量Cd与Zn复合胁迫能显著促进麦长管蚜生长发育,而高含量Cd与Zn复合胁迫并不能促进麦长管蚜的生长发育。     

两种自然变温刺激对棕榈蓟马种群生命表参数及抗药性的影响

为明确高温对棕榈蓟马Thrips palmi种群生长发育及其种群抗药性的影响,利用年龄-龄期两性生命表方法,比较了15～25℃(室内)和14～45℃(室外)变温刺激后棕榈蓟马的生命表参数,并采用微虫笼法测定了这2种自然变温饲养条件下棕榈蓟马种群对阿维菌素和噻虫嗪2种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明,14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群发育速度较15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群显著加快,前者平均世代周期为14.33 d,后者为19.09 d;14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群净生殖率和内禀增长率分别为26.83和0.21,均显著低于15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群的79.33和0.23;14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群单雌产卵量为46.01粒,也显著低于15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群的135.98粒;14～45℃变温刺激下,室外棕榈蓟马种群雌成虫和2龄若虫对2种杀虫剂的抗药性显著提高,且雌成虫比2龄若虫的抗药性强。表明波动高温刺激不仅抑制了棕榈蓟马的种群发展,也提高了种群对常规药剂阿维菌素和噻虫嗪的抗性。     

褐飞虱在九个水稻品种上的生长发育和生命表参数

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)是世界性水稻害虫,易暴发成灾,选育抗虫品种已成为控制褐飞虱的主要措施之一。为筛选出抗褐飞虱且适合我国黄淮流域种植的水稻品种,在温度为26±1℃、RH为(85±5)%和L∶D=16∶8的条件下,分别以9个河南省主栽水稻品种为食料,用生命表方法系统研究了不同水稻品种对褐飞虱实验种群生长发育、存活和繁殖的影响。褐飞虱在各水稻品种上的产卵量、孵化率、成虫寿命、卵发育历期、若虫发育历期、成虫发育历期等方面均存在显著差异,并且对褐飞虱的翅型分化有一定的影响。生命表参数综合评价表明,青两优916上的褐飞虱内禀增长率(rm)达0.56,净增值率(R0)和种群趋势指数(I)较高,分别达163.50和191.02,其次为特丰2053、冈优5330、Ⅱ优688、Ⅱ优2035、香丰1026、丰两优916、丰糯801和珍珠糯,说明青两优916最适合褐飞虱的生长发育和繁殖。     

基于年龄-阶段两性生命表的不同寄主对马铃薯块茎蛾生长发育和繁殖力的影响

为生态调控马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella,在室内测定取食马铃薯和烟草后马铃薯块茎蛾的各生长发育指标,并利用年龄-阶段两性生命表计算取食这2种植物后马铃薯块茎蛾的存活率、繁殖力、寿命期望、繁殖值和种群参数,并分析不同寄主之间各参数的差异。结果表明,取食烟草的马铃薯块茎蛾卵发育历期、幼虫发育历期、蛹发育历期、雌成虫寿命和雄成虫寿命分别为5.0、18.6、5.7、41.2和40.9 d,均显著大于取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为4.1、16.7、3.6、37.2和36.7 d),取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾的每日单雌产卵量、内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率分别为130.2粒、0.138 d-1、1.15 d-1和49.5,均显著高于取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为49.1粒、0.086 d-1、1.09 d-1和17.5);取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫、蛹、新孵化个体到雌成虫和新孵化个体到雄成虫的存活率分别为93.4%、63.0%、38.0%和45.0%,也高于取食烟草的马铃薯块茎蛾(分别为65.6%、59.0%、26.0%和28.0%);取食马铃薯的马铃薯块茎蛾其平...     

巴氏新小绥螨在马铃薯腐烂茎线虫上的实验种群生命表及其捕食作用

为明确巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor的捕食能力,以马铃薯腐烂茎线虫和椭圆食粉螨Aleuroglyphus ovatus为猎物饲养巴氏新小绥螨,构建了巴氏新小绥螨的实验种群生命表,并构建了雌成螨对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的捕食功能反应模型。结果显示,巴氏新小绥螨取食马铃薯腐烂茎线虫后能完成整个生活史,平均世代为6.71 d,产卵前期、产卵期、日产卵量以及雌成螨寿命分别为2.89 d、19.13 d、1.79粒和26.44 d,与取食椭圆食粉螨后的各参数间均无显著差异。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的捕食功能反应为Holling Ⅱ型,在温度16~28℃范围内,其攻击系数(a)、捕食能力(a/T_h)、最大日捕食量(1/T_h)均随温度升高而升高,处理时间(T_h)缩短;在28℃时日捕食量达到最高,为52.69条,处理时间最短,为0.019 d;当温度高于32℃时捕食量开始下降。表明巴氏新小绥螨具有防治马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的潜力。     

三种杀螨剂对双尾新小绥螨后代生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确杀螨剂对双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus后代生长发育及繁殖的影响,采用联苯肼酯、三唑锡和哒螨灵对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani的致死中浓度处理双尾新小绥螨雌成螨,测定其后代各发育阶段的存活率、发育历期、寿命、雌性比例及繁殖力,构建亚致死条件下双尾新小绥螨后代的年龄-龄期两性生命表并模拟其种群增长模型,分析不同杀螨剂亚致死效应对捕食螨后代的影响。结果表明,联苯肼酯处理能显著缩短双尾新小绥螨后代的未成熟期（4.81 d）,显著延长双尾新小绥螨后代雌成螨的寿命（45.43 d）,且对存活率、产卵前期、雌性比例和净增殖率无显著影响。三唑锡处理降低了双尾新小绥螨后代雌性比例（0.37）并显著降低了其后代净增殖率（15.91）,对未成熟期、产卵前期和雌雄成螨寿命均无显著影响。哒螨灵处理对双尾新小绥螨后代的未成熟期、存活率、雌成螨寿命、产卵前期、和雌性比例均未产生显著影响,仅显著延长了雌雄成螨寿命（51.22 d和44.23 d）。经所建Timing种群模型模拟,3种杀螨剂处理后双尾新小绥螨后代种群均可以继续增殖,经过60 d无限制增殖后,联苯肼脂处理的双尾新小绥螨后代种群数量是对照的1.62倍,达4 976头;哒螨灵处理（2 101头）和三唑锡处理（983头）的种群数量较对照分别减少了31.43%和67.92%。表明联苯肼脂对双尾新小绥螨后代影响较小,是较为安全的杀螨剂。