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1.
Keisuke Tomioka Yuuri Hirooka Takayuki Aoki Toyozo Sato 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2008,74(3):264-266
Severe rot of leaves, peduncles and flowers caused by Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium
graminearum) was found on potted plants of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis), a liliaceous ornamental, in greenhouses in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, in January 2001. This disease was named “Fusarium
rot of hyacinth” as a new disease because only the anamorph, F.
graminearum, was identified on the diseased host plant.
The authors contributed equally to this work.
The fungal isolate and its nucleotide sequence data obtained in this study were deposited in the Genebank, National Institute
of Agrobiological Sciences and the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers MAFF239499 and AB366161, respectively. 相似文献
2.
Fusarium species are soil-borne fungal pathogens that produce a variety of disease symptoms when attacking crop plants. The mode of root colonization of Eucalyptus viminalis seedlings by a pathogenic F. oxyporum strain (Foeu1) at the ultrastructural level and changes in cell wall pectin during host pathogen interactions are described. Root systems of E. viminalis plants were inoculated with F. oxysporum in an in vitro model system. Hyphae of F. oxysporum adhered to the outer epidermal cell walls through fibrillar material, and after penetration they spread into the internal tissues. They developed intercellularly and intracellularly in the root cortex and invaded vascular tissues. Papillae were induced, and the host plasma membrane ruptured in colonized cells, causing rapid host tissue and cell damage. Changes in distribution and occurrence of nonesterified and methyl-esterified pectins were evaluated after root colonization by F. oxysporum using two monoclonal antibodies, JIM 5 and JIM 7, respectively. Nonesterified pectin in control roots was mainly localized in the epidermal cell walls and middle lamellae in parenchymal cortex, whereas methyl-esterified pectin accumulated more in primary cell walls of the cortex and phloem. Decreases in immunodetected nonesterified and methyl-esterified pectins were associated with extensive plant tissue degradation after root colonization by the pathogenic fungus. 相似文献
3.
The present study was conducted to determine if there is specificity in the host-pathogen relationship between the isolates
of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal bacterium for rice blight and Leersia grasses, the alternative weed hosts of the disease. Plants of three species of Leersia, namely, L. sayanuka, L. oryzoides and L. japonica, were collected from various parts of Japan and were inoculated with the X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates obtained from various locations in Japan and from 11 Asian countries. Four L. sayanuka plants were found susceptible to all Race II isolates and some Race I isolates, but were resistant to all Race III isolates.
Race III is known to have a wider range pathogenicity to rice cultivar groups compared with Race I and II. Although the reactions
of two L. oryzoides plants to Race I and II isolates were similar to that of L. sayanuka, the L. oryzoides plant collected from Niigata Prefecture showed a susceptible reaction to some Race III isolates. On the other hand, L. japonica plants gave reactions different those of L. sayanuka and L. oryzoides, with two plants of L. japonica found to be resistant to all test isolates collected from Japan. The Asian isolates exhibited a wide host range against the
international differential rice cultivars, but almost all of them were avirulent to Leersia plants. These results indicate that the relationship between the pathogenicity of the causal bacterium and the resistance
of host plants is very complex, and suggest that pathogenic diversity of X. oryzae pv. oryzae might be related to the resistance of Leersia spp. 相似文献
4.
Guillermo A. Galván Carole F. S. Koning-Boucoiran Wim J. M. Koopman Karin Burger-Meijer Pablo H. González Cees Waalwijk Chris Kik Olga E. Scholten 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(4):499-512
The aim of this research was to study levels of resistance to Fusarium basal rot in onion cultivars and related Allium species, by using genetically different Fusarium isolates. In order to select genetically different isolates for disease testing, a collection of 61 Fusarium isolates, 43 of them from onion (Allium cepa), was analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Onion isolates were collected in The Netherlands
(15 isolates) and Uruguay (9 isolates), and received from other countries and fungal collections (19 isolates). From these
isolates, 29 were identified as F. oxysporum, 10 as F. proliferatum, whereas the remaining four isolates belonged to F. avenaceum and F. culmorum. The taxonomic status of the species was confirmed by morphological examination, by DNA sequencing of the elongation factor
1-α gene, and by the use of species-specific primers for Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, and F. culmorum. Within F. oxysporum, isolates clustered in two clades suggesting different origins of F. oxysporum forms pathogenic to onion. These clades were present in each sampled region. Onion and six related Allium species were screened for resistance to Fusarium basal rot using one F. oxysporum isolate from each clade, and one F. proliferatum isolate. High levels of resistance to each isolate were found in Allium fistulosum and A. schoenoprasum accessions, whereas A. pskemense, A. roylei and A. galanthum showed intermediate levels of resistance. Among five A. cepa cultivars, ‘Rossa Savonese’ was also intermediately resistant. Regarding the current feasibility for introgression, A. fistulosum, A. roylei and A. galanthum were identified as potential sources for the transfer of resistance to Fusarium into onion. 相似文献
5.
A botanical natural product,AkseBio2, was evaluated under laboratory conditions for its oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and larvicidal (nymphicidal) effects against
the pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). The product exhibited a strong oviposition deterrent effect for winterform and summerform females
and caused a reduction in the total number of eggs laid in both choice and no-choice assays. Significant mortalities in freshly
laid eggs (0–48 h) and various nymphal stages of the pest were recorded in toxicity assays. At a concentration of 0.1% (formulation),
the highest biological activity of the product was recorded against the young (1st and 2nd) nymphal stages (up to 87.4% mortality)
in comparison with the other biological stages of the pest. It was less active against the older (3rd-5th) nymphs, causing
62.1% mortality at the same concentration. In assays with non-target organisms, a significant negative effect was not observed.
There were no significant changes on treated plants up to 7 days after treatment in any trial, nor was there any phytotoxicity
on plant tissue as a result ofAkseBio2 treatments. The results suggest that the product can be used in psylla control instead of synthetic insecticides and may
serve as an integrated pest management (IPM) component in pear orchards.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004. 相似文献
6.
7.
Nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum can be successful antagonists of pathogenic forms of the same fungal species that commonly attacks crop plants. The characteristics that distinguish nonpathogenic from pathogenic forms are not well understood. In this study, the mode of root colonization of Eucalyptus viminalis seedlings by a nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strain is described at the ultrastructural level. Root systems of E. viminalis plants were inoculated with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strain Fo47 in an in vitro model system. Changes in the occurrence of nonesterified and methyl-esterified pectins in colonized E. viminalis roots were evaluated by in situ immunolabeling using two monoclonal antibodies, JIM 5 and JIM 7. Modes of penetration and root colonization patterns in E. viminalis seedlings by the nonpathogenic fungus were similar to those described for pathogenic forms of F. oxysporum. However, root interactions differed in that the nonpathogenic fungus did not induce host tissue damage. No papilla-like appositions were observed in host cells in response to invading hyphae, which did not disrupt the host plasma membrane in many cases, suggesting that a biotrophic relationship was established. Root colonization by the nonpathogenic strain did not induce alteration in JIM 7 labeling of methyl-esterified pectin in E. viminalis cell walls, whereas nonesterified pectin was detected to a significantly greater extent in cell walls of roots colonized by the fungus. Pectin components decreased slightly only at points of hyphal contact with host cells. Because nonpathogenic strains utilize pectin in pure culture, host control over enzyme activity or production by the fungi may at least partly explain their compatible interactions with host tissues. 相似文献
8.
A scelionid egg parasitoid,Trissolcus simoni (Mayr), was investigated by exposing different host eggs to parasitism by females in order to assess the role of this alternative
host species in the biological control of the sunn pestEurygaster integriceps Puton. Egg masses of laboratory colonies of four field-collected host species were used in the experiments. Parasitism rates
ofE. integriceps, Dolycoris baccarum (L.),Graphosoma lineatum L. andCarpocoris pudicus (Pd.) averaged 86.8%, 81.6%, 82.8% and 84.0%, respectively. The parasitoid sex ratio and the percent of adult emergence did
not differ significantly among the four hosts. The average development period was shorter inD. baccarum andC. pudicus, with respective mean times of 10.3 and 10.8 days for females, and 9.2 and 9.6 days for males, than inE. integriceps andG. lineatum. According to these results, all the tested eggs were adequate hosts forT. simoni development.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003. 相似文献
9.
Ana Alfaro-Fernández Amparo García-Luis 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(1):73-85
Muskmelon (Cucumis melo cv. Temprano Rochet) and autumn squash (Cucurbita maxima) seedlings were inoculated either with Acremonium cucurbitacearum or Monosporascus cannonballus, two of the soil-borne fungi implicated in ‘melon collapse’. Inoculation was achieved in two different ways: by growing the
plants in pots containing infested soil to study the histological changes produced in the infected tissues using light microscopy
and by growing seedlings in Petri dishes together with fungal colonies in order to observe the colonisation of the plant tissues
using scanning electron microscopy. Both muskmelon and autumn squash roots infected with A. cucurbitacearum showed a suberised layer in the epidermis and the outermost layers of the parenchymatic cortex, but these symptoms developed
earlier in the muskmelon plants. Muskmelon plants infected by this fungus also presented hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which
led to a progressive separation of the vascular bundles in the lower stems of the affected plants. This response was not observed
in autumn squash during the study. On the other hand, few histological changes were observed in tissues infected with M. cannonballus and only a slight increase in the size of cortical intercellular spaces was noted in the lower stems of muskmelon plants,
and infected autumn squash tissues remained free of these symptoms throughout the study. The scanning electron microscope
observations revealed that both fungi were able to colonise the tissues of the two host plants which were studied. A. cucurbitacearum colonised the epidermis and cortex of both muskmelon and autumn squash. The hyphae grew both inter- and intracellularly,
and the density of the colonisation decreased within the endodermis. The same colonisation of host plants was observed as
a result of M. cannonballus infection. The xylem vessel lumina of both muskmelon and autumn squash showed hyphae and tylose formation as a result of
both fungal infections. However, non-fungal structures were detected in the hypocotyl vascular tissues. The present study
demonstrates that both fungi are capable of infecting the tissues of a species which is resistant (autumn squash) and a species
which is susceptible (muskmelon) to melon collapse. 相似文献
10.
The study deals with the tachinid parasitoids ofAncyrosoma leucogrammes (Gmelin) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae):Clytiomya dupuisi Kugler,Clytiomya sola (Rondani) andGymnosoma clavatum (Rohdendorf) (Diptera: Tachinidae). All species are recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofA. leucogrammes, andC. dupuisi was reared for the first time from a host. The parasitization rates ofC. dupuisi on adults ofA. leucogrammes varied from 7% to 9% between 1994 and 1999.C. sola andG. clavatum were reared in only small numbers.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 10, 2003. 相似文献
11.
Populations of pear psylla,Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Rhynchota: Psyllidae), and its natural enemies were sampled on pears in Antalya province during the years 2000–2002.
Thirty-two species of predators and three species of parasitoids were detected to be associated withC. pyri in Antalya province. The heteropterans (especially anthocorid species) were the most abundant predator group. Among the anthocorids,Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), whose population was closely related to the dynamics of the pear psylla population,
was generally the principal antagonist ofC. pyri. Other species recorded during the study were the miridDeraeocoris spp., the chrysopidChrysoperla carnea L., and many coccinellid species. Although these predators are polyphagous, as are theOrius species, their populations were related to the psylla fluctuations. Among the parasitoid complex belonging to the order Hymenoptera,
the encyrtidTrechnites psyllae (Ruschka) was the only primary parasitoid. Two hyperparasites,viz., Syrphophagus mamitus (Walker) andPachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) (Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae, respectively), were detected in the surveys. Also, this study revealed new information
concerning the pear psylla parasitoid complex in Turkey. WhileT. psyllae andS. mamitus are new records to Turkish parasitoid fauna,C. pyri is a new host record forP. aphidis. The population development and abundance of pear psylla and its natural enemies, as well as the parasitization rates in
treated and untreated pear orchards, are presented here.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004. 相似文献
12.
Toyozo Sato Jun Okamoto Yosuke Degawa Shigeru Matsunari Kokichi Takahashi Keisuke Tomioka 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(1):46-51
In some areas of Japan, yellow spots with white pustules on leaves, stems, petioles, peduncles and calyces were found on Ipomoea nil, I. triloba, I. lacunosa and I. hederacea var. integriuscula. We demonstrated that the diseases on I. nil, I. triloba and I. lacunosa were caused by host-specific strains of Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae and defined three forma speciales of the fungus, respectively, for the three Ipomoea species: “f. sp. nile”, “f. sp. trilobae” and “f. sp. lacunosae”. Because the diseases were new to Japan, we coined the Japanese name “shirosabi-byo”, which means white rust. We also showed
that the disease on I. hederacea var. integriuscula was caused by A. ipomoeae-hardwickii. We named this new disease “white rust (shirosabi-byo in Japanese)”. 相似文献
13.
Xiu-Fang Hu Fei-Xiang Ying Yu-Bo He Yuan-Yuan Gao Hai-Min Chen Ji-Shuang Chen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,120(3):305-310
Pinellia ternata is a traditional Chinese herb which has been used in China for over 1,000 years. A soft-rot disease characterized by water-soaked
lesions and soft-rot symptoms with a stinking odour was commonly observed in cultivated fields of this plant, and Pectobacterium-like bacteria were consistently isolated from the infected tissues. Two typical strains (SXR1 and ZJR1), isolated from Shanxi
and Zhejiang, respectively, were identified. Pathogenicity tests revealed that these strains were virulent to P. ternata and induced the same symptoms as observed in the field. Characterization involving fatty acid profile, metabolic and physiological
properties, 16S rDNA sequence and PCR-RFLP identified both isolates as P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc). The 16S rDNA of both isolates shared 97–99% sequence similarity with that of Pcc strains. The phylogenetic trees showed
that both isolates were clustered in the group of Pcc and P. carotovorum subsp. odorifera and both PCR-RFLP profiles were consistent with the pattern E produced by the minority of Pcc strains. Thus, isolates SXR1
and ZJR1 were characterized as Pcc in spite of some differences. This is the first report that Pcc has been proven as a causal
agent of soft-rot disease on P. ternata. 相似文献
14.
Crude ethanolic seed extracts ofAnnona muricata, A. squamosa (Annonaceae),Lansium domesticum andSandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) collected from different locations and years in Maluku, Indonesia, were screened for inhibition of larval growth
against the polyphagous lepidopteranSpodoptera litura (Noctuidae). Extracts ofA. squamosa were significantly more active (20-fold) than those ofA. muricata. A. squamosa collected from Namlea yielded the extracts with the greatest inhibitory activity. There were significant differences among
locations for bothA. squamosa andA. muricata but not forL. domesticum andS. koetjape. Extracts ofA. squamosa, collected from Namlea, inhibited larval growth in a dose-dependent manner, with a dietary EC50 (effective concentration to inhibit growth by 50% relative to controls) of 191.7 ppm fresh weight. Extracts ofA. squamosa collected from individual trees in Namlea also varied in growth inhibitory effect againstS. litura andTrichoplusia ni larvae. This species is a candidate for development of a botanical insecticide for local use in Indonesia.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 1, 2003. 相似文献
15.
Ageratum conyzoides L. is an annual herb in the tropics and subtropics whose extracts are known to possess pharmacological and biocidal activity.
We report on the bioactivity of a secondary metabolite (a chromene) isolated from the shoots ofA. conyzoides against some plant pathogenic fungi. Organic solvent extracts from the shoots were tested for antifungal activity against
the plant pathogenic fungiRhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis theae andFusarium species growingin vitro on potato dextrose agar medium. The cruden-hexane extract completely inhibited the growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii. Then-hexane extract was chromatographed over a column of silica gel followed by activity-guided fractionation to give an antifungal
principle. Structure elucidation by detailed analysis of1H,13C NMR and mass spectroscopy identified the active compound as precocene II. The growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii was completely inhibited by precocene II at a concentration of 80–100 ppm. The sclerotia ofR. solani andS. rolfsii were also completely suppressed by 150 ppm of precocene II. Sub-culture of these inhibited fungi onto precocene II-free medium
restored growth of the fungus, indicating that precocene II is fungistatic. Crude or refined extracts fromA. conyzoides offer the possibility of biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 11, 2004. 相似文献
16.
Susanne Vogelgsang Michael Sulyok Andreas Hecker Eveline Jenny Rudolf Krska Rainer Schuhmacher Hans-Rudolf Forrer 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,122(2):265-276
In a field experiment between 2004 and 2006, 14 winter wheat varieties were inoculated with either a mixture of three isolates
of F. poae or a mixture of three isolates of F. avenaceum. In a subsequent climate chamber experiment, the wheat variety Apogee was inoculated with individual single conidium isolates
derived from the original poly conidium isolates used in the field. Disease symptoms on wheat heads were visually assessed,
and the yield as well as the fungal incidence on harvested grains (field only) was determined. Furthermore, grains were analysed
using LC-MS/MS to determine the content of Fusarium mycotoxins. In samples from field and climate chamber experiments, 60 to 4,860 μg kg−1 nivalenol and 2,400 to 17,000 μg kg−1 moniliformin were detected in grains infected with F. poae and F. avenaceum, respectively. Overall, isolate mixtures and individual isolates of F. avenaceum proved to be more pathogenic than those of F. poae, leading to a higher disease level, yield reductions up to 25%, and greater toxin contamination. For F. poae, all variables except for yield were strongly influenced by variety (field) and by isolate (climate chamber). For F. avenaceum, variety had a strong effect on all variables, but isolate effects on visual disease were not reflected in toxin production.
Correlations between visual symptoms, fungal incidence, and toxin accumulation in grains are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Manuela Branco Conceição Boavida Nicolas Durand José Carlos Franco Zvi Mendel 《Phytoparasitica》2009,37(1):51-54
The Eucalyptus gall wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and its parasitoid Closterocerus chamaeleon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were observed for the first time in Portugal, in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Data on the distribution
of O. maskelli in Portugal, differences in the susceptibility of two host species, Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and parasitism by C. chamaeleon are given. 相似文献
18.
A new bacterial black spot disease was observed on Odontoglossum, Odontioda, Odontocidium, and Vuylstekeara orchids in Japan. Typical symptoms on the leaves were dark or black spots (or both) with a yellow halo. The causal agent was identified as Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith 1911) Gillis, Van Van, Bardin, Goor, Hebbar, Willems, Segers, Kersters, Heulin and Fernandez 1995. The isolates were pathogenic on four original host orchids, Phalaenopsis orchid, and tulip; they were not pathogenic on white clover or corn after needle stab inoculation. An antibiotic bactericide (oxytetracycline/streptomycin mixture WP) was most effective for controlling the disease. 相似文献
19.
Thirty-two accessions of wild tomato (Lycopersicon spp.) germplasm were evaluated for resistance to the whiteflyBemisia argentifolii Bellows ⇐p; Perring in a greenhouse choice bioassay. Density data were recorded for the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces
for (i) all life stages ofB. argentifolii and (ii) types I, IV, V and VI trichomes. Individual plant selections (33 from 22 wild tomato accessions) with high resistance
were subsequently tested in the field to verify the resistance found in the greenhouse screening. Resistance was defined by
the density of all life stages of the whitefly observed on the eight leaflets sampled at nodes 5 and 7. Only type IV trichomes
had a consistent (but low) and significant negative correlation between trichome density and whitefly density for various
life stages. The highest whitefly resistance was observed inLycopersicon pennellii accessions LA 716, LA 1340 and LA 2560. The most resistantL. hirsutum f.typicum accessions were LA 1777 and LA 1353.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 9, 2002. 相似文献
20.
Pectinases extract (PE) from the fermentation product ofPenicillium oxalicum BZH-2002 was tested for its ability to induce protection against scab caused byCladosporium cucumerinum on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Seedlings with one true leaf were sprayed with various concentrations of PE (10–200 units ml−1) 3 days before inoculation withC. cucumerinum. Results showed that the induced local protection against the pathogen was dose-dependent when the concentrations of PE were
between 20 and 120 units ml−1; systemically induced resistance against the pathogen was not observed. Boiled PE had a slight effect on disease reduction.
Commercial pectinases prepared fromAspergillus niger showed lower protection against scab compared with PE when they were used at the same concentration of enzyme activity. No
inhibitory activity was observed on conidial germination or germ-tube growth ofC. cucumerinum. PE was further evaluated for its enhancement of defense-related enzymes. Peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine
ammonia lyase (PAL) increased in cucumber seedlings after treatment with PE. PO and PPO remained at a higher level in PE-pretreated
seedlings throughout the experiment period whether pathogen-inoculated or non-inoculated, whereas PAL activity began to decrease
2 days after PE treatment.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004. 相似文献