珠江三角洲密养池塘的水质特点分析

对珠江三角洲的几个典型基塘进行了一个养殖周期的跟踪调查,发现密养池塘中的NH4-、TN、COD、Chla等指标均有明显的升高,而NO3-、TP、SRP、BOD等指标无明显升高,DO没NO2-也占约 比例上升,占50%以上,NO2有明显下降。密养池塘无机氮的组成发生了明显的变化:NH4-比例,降到40%以下。池塘是以P为浮游植物生长的限制性因子。P的限制因素解除,浮10%,NO3游植物将迅速增长。池塘底泥中TP、TN、有机质明显高出基面堆叠土,以P的富集最为强烈。富营养化评价结果表明,珠江三角洲密养池塘达到了重度富营养化水平,而且养殖年限越高,富营养化程度越高。     

凡纳滨对虾高位池养殖氮磷收支研究

对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）高位池养殖氮（N）和磷（P）收支情况进行系统研究,比较分析不同放养季节、虾苗品系以及是否进行分段养殖引起养殖效果的差异。结果显示,饲料是最主要的N和P输入源,分别占池塘N和P总输入的91.76%~93.68%和94.55%~96.97%。收获对虾输出N和P分别占总输入的29.46%~40.46%和12.64~17.41%,随养殖废水排出的N和P分别占24.63%~54.52%和23.03%~59.02%,沉积在池塘底部的N和P分别占14.10%~44.59%和27.59%~62.25%。放养季节和虾苗品系对养殖效果有显著影响。夏季组（ZS）对虾平均生长速度达到0.175 gd-1,分别比秋季组（ZF）和冬季普通组（ZW）高73.0%和139.3%。ZW成活率77.70%~87.75%,显著高于ZS和ZF。与相同养殖季节放养一代苗的ZW相比,放养本地苗的冬季组（BW）养殖成活率62.10%~72.30%,单位面积产量8 821~9 878 kghm-2,均显著较低。采用分段养殖的冬季标粗组（ZWb）养成池塘单造使用周期缩短56.13%。     

凡纳滨对虾高位池养殖氮、磷收支研究及养殖效果分析

对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）高位池养殖氮（N）和磷（P）收支情况进行系统研究,比较分析不同放养季节、虾苗品系以及是否进行分段养殖引起养殖效果的差异。结果显示,饲料是最主要的N和P输入源,分别占池塘N和P总输入的91.76%~93.68%和94.55%~96.97%。收获对虾输出N和P分别占总输入的29.46%~40.46%和12.64%~17.41%,随养殖废水排出的N和P分别占24.63%~54.52%和23.03%~59.02%,沉积在池塘底部的N和P分别占14.10%~44.59%和27.59%~62.25%。放养季节和虾苗品系对养殖效果有显著影响。夏季组（ZS）对虾平均生长速度达到0.175g.d-1,分别比秋季组（ZF）和冬季普通组（ZW）高73.0%和139.3%。ZW成活率77.70%~87.75%,显著高于ZS和ZF。与相同养殖季节放养一代苗的ZW相比,放养本地苗的冬季组（BW）养殖成活率62.10%~72.30%,单位面积产量8821~9878kg.hm-2,均显著较低。采用分段养殖的冬季标粗组（ZWb）养成池塘单造使用周期缩短56.13%。     

草鱼–鳙–鲫零换水池塘有机碳、氮、磷收支研究

为研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)–鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)–鲫(Carassius carassius)零换水池塘营养盐收支状况,阐明其零换水机制,以草鱼–鳙–鲫零换水池塘为实验组,以草鱼–鳙–鲫常规换水池塘为对照组,开展了为期2年的池塘有机碳(TOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)收支的研究。结果显示,2组池塘TOC、N、P的主要来源均为饲料投入,分别为77.06%和81.00%,92.08%和92.77%,94.18%和95.63%;TOC、N、P的主要输出途径均为底泥积累,分别占输入营养盐的43.32%和22.10%,61.40%和52.82%,78.71%和79.58%。2组池塘养殖鱼类收获分别占输入碳(C)、N、P的10.08%和13.05%,21.00%和25.57%,15.41%和18.60%。零换水池塘的C、N、P水体积累量和积累率均显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),其积累率分别降低92.91%、88.52%和87.12%。零换水池塘的N、P底泥积累量显著高于常规池塘,但C、N底泥积累率显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别降低了48.99%和13.97%。零换水池塘养殖鱼类的C、N、P利用率均显著高于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别提高了29.49%、21.72%和20.65%。研究表明,零换水模式能降低营养盐积累,有效提高系统物质利用率,是一种绿色高效养殖模式,具有较好的推广价值。     

池塘淤泥的理化性质和微生物活性的初步研究

对珠江三角洲地区六口不同养殖水平的池塘沉积的淤泥的研究表明：亩净产500公斤左右的混养池塘淤泥的年沉积厚度约为10～15厘米，每立方米淤泥湿重1040公斤，其含水量为76．3％。沉积的淤泥大部分来源于投放的而未被鱼类彻底利用的肥饲料。但是，起源于浮游植物初级生产力的淤泥，也可占池塘淤泥总量的24～36％。     

封闭式精养池塘N、P营养盐的自净作用研究

以珠江三角洲的精养池塘为例,通过对一个养殖周期的水质和生产情况调查,计算了N、P营养盐的平衡收支情况,获得了养殖池塘N、P营养盐的净沉积速率,在此基础上分析了浮游植物对N、P吸收、底泥的吸附沉淀和底泥-水界面营养盐的扩散在池塘自净作用中的贡献。结果表明:养殖池塘N营养盐的自净作用主要来自浮游植物的吸收,强度达到0.35 g/(m2.d),扩散作用也是N营养盐的重要的自净机制,其强度与水体-底泥间隙水中的N营养盐浓度梯度相关,在优质鱼养殖池塘,扩散作用强度达到0.42~0.49 g/(m2.d),而在家鱼养殖池塘,呈现出反向的扩散,强度为0.02~0.10 g/(m2.d)。养殖池塘P营养盐的自净作用来自浮游植物的吸收、底泥的吸附沉淀,二者的强度分别达到0.049 g/(m2.d)、0.04~0.12 g/(m2.d),二者之和一般大于养殖鱼类无机P排泄速度0.079 g/(m2.d),底泥的P释放是维持水质稳定的重要过程,在观测的池塘中,P释放强度达到0.019~0.068 g/(m2.d)。     

膨化沉性饲料和粉状饲料对菊黄东方鲀生长和氮磷收支的影响

为进一步探究膨化沉性饲料在菊黄东方鲀(Takifugu flavidus)养殖中的合理应用,在盐度7~10、水温22.6~29.4℃条件下,于室内水泥池开展了为期62 d的膨化沉性饲料与粉状饲料饲喂菊黄东方鲀的对比试验,比较2种饲料对鱼体生长和养殖系统氮(N)、磷(P)收支的影响。结果表明:(1)2个饲料组鱼的终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率、净产量、成活率、比肠长、肥满度等指标均无显著差异(P0.05);膨化沉性饲料组鱼的肝体比、脏体比显著高于粉状饲料组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于粉状饲料组(P0.05)。(2)饲料是养殖系统中N、P的主要输入源,分别占总输入的67.7%~72.9%和76.4%~82.6%,其次为水体和养殖生物;养殖试验中膨化沉性饲料组投入的N、P量(51.46、9.64 g/m~2)显著低于粉状饲料组(65.97、14.18 g/m~2)(P0.05)。(3)废水(换水+终末水体)为N、P的主要输出源,分别占输入总量的61.7%~62.8%和45.2%~51.7%,其次为鱼体固定和吸污输出;膨化沉性饲料组经废水输出的P(5.71 g/m~2)和经吸污输出的N、P量(4.18、3.48 g/m~2)均低于粉状饲料组(8.88、6.11、4.50 g/m~2)(P0.05);被鱼体固定的N、P量组间差异不显著(P0.05)。(4)膨化沉性饲料组N、P的利用率分别为18.0%和16.5%,较粉状饲料组分别高42.9%和139.1%;水体N、P负荷量分别为70.55、15.35 kg/t,较粉状饲料组分别低32.9%和44.1%。研究表明,采用膨化沉性饲料饲喂菊黄东方鲀能提高饲料中N、P的利用效率,降低养殖系统的N、P排放。     

配合饲料养鱼技术

采用配合饲料养鱼,具有效率高,饲料来源广,利用率高,营养较全面等优点,因而能促进鱼类快速生长,缩短养殖周期,提高产量.上海市郊区部分社队,采用了我所研制的配合饲料养鱼后,能使青、草、鲤、鳊等鱼类亩产量增加到占总产量的60%;养青鱼1斤原需螺蚬50斤左右,现在只需配合饲料2.5斤.一般池塘亩产量可达千斤,盈利150元～300元,比过去提高3～5倍.现将配合饲料养鱼生产中(池塘养殖为例)几项关键性的技术措施介绍如下.     

团头鲂池塘养殖模式与养殖效益分析

<正>本文以江苏苏南地区团头鲂池塘养殖为研究对象,立足于无锡宜兴地区、常州武进地区这两个团头鲂池塘主养区域,以单个池塘为研究对象,选择使用同一品牌饲料的4个代表不同团头鲂养殖模式的池塘,在同一个养殖年度内(2012年),依据其鱼种的放养模式、放养规格、放养密度、全年的饲料使用量、养殖周期结束时的渔获量等数据,从养殖鱼类的生长速度、增重量、经济价值增值量以及饲料效率等方面进行统计分析,比较不同团头鲂池塘养殖模式下的团头鲂生长速度、饲料效率和经济效益,探讨团头鲂池塘养殖模式与养殖经济效益的关系。     

鱼塘淤泥过厚的危害及控制对策

<正> 养鱼池塘由于死亡的生物体、鱼类和其它水生生物体的代谢废物、残剩的饵料和肥料等的不断积累,加上泥沙的混合,使池底形成一定厚度的淤泥。据研究,每平方百米净产 7500kg鱼的混养池塘,其淤泥的年沉积厚度约为10～15cm。而且精养水平越高沉积量越大。实践证明,一定厚度的淤泥对养殖生产是有利的,能够起到调节和缓冲池塘水质突变     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.