原油降凝剂作用机理及其研究进展

针对含蜡原油管道输送的化学降凝技术,基于原油结蜡的微观过程,总结了国内外关于降凝剂作用机理的解释。分别从晶体学和热力学两个角度描述了降凝剂在石蜡结晶过程中的作用。晶体学分析认为:降凝剂并不能阻止石蜡的结晶,但可以通过改变蜡晶结构和表面性质,提供更多的晶核、提高蜡晶晶体的对称性和改善蜡晶的表面性质,阻止蜡晶彼此连接。热力学分析认为:降凝剂分子为石蜡的结晶过程提供了更便捷的热量变化途径,使体系维持在非结晶的稳态。对降凝的作用机理进行分析描述,可为降凝剂材料的设计和结构优化提供参考。     

高粘原油磁防蜡和降粘的量子解释

基于分子间的色散理论，利用量子力学和统计力学，分析了磁降粘的微观机理，总结了反效应的出现条件。根据统计力学相关理论，分子中的电子满足玻尔兹曼分布，通过量子力学可推导出，在热平衡状态下，分子间的色散能随磁场强度的增大而增大，分子间色散能越大其粘度越小，从而达到磁降粘的效果；在非热平衡状态下，分子间的色散能随磁场强度的增大而减小，从而出现反效应现象。基于原油粘度主要取决于其中蜡晶网状结构强度的认识，通过加交变磁场增强降粘效果，延长经磁处理后原油粘度恢复所需的时间。     

磁处理对原油结蜡影响的机理分析

分析了磁处理对原油结蜡的影响因素,用石油胶体分散体系理论分析了原油结蜡过程,应用胶体化学中的"DLVO理论"解释了磁处理对原油结蜡的影响.分析认为,磁场通过对蜡晶分子间色散力的影响作用,致使蜡晶胶粒之间的范德华引力势能增大,从而促进了原油中蜡晶胶粒的聚结,这就是磁处理对原油凝胶结构产生影响从而降粘的基本原因.     

原油磁处理降粘研究

叙述了国内外近几年对原油,特别是含蜡原油磁处理降粘的研究进展。对原油磁化降粘的机理进行了总结和探讨,认为磁致颗粒团聚及磁场作用下分子有序排列是降粘的主要原因。通过悬浮液流变学理论,磁致颗粒团聚后,体系的多分散度上升,颗粒最大堆砌体积分数提高,从而悬浮体系粘度下降。原油磁化降粘具有时效性,大多可维持2～4h时,可应用于短距离输油管道。     

磁技术在原油管输中的应用研究

文章比较详细地介绍了磁技术的历史和现状,收集了国内外有关磁技术在原油防蜡、降凝、降粘、增输等方面的研究和应用实例,论述了磁技术在原油长输管道上应用研究中的技术关键,对石油开采、集输、储运等有一定参考价值。     

静电场对原油粘度影响的试验研究

提高管道输油效率的关键问题是降低原油粘度,目前生产中所采用的降粘方式很多,但都或多或少存在一些不足,为此必须寻求新的降粘方法,以达到降粘效果。通过一系列室内试验,利用静电场处理原油,改善原油的流变特性,以达到降粘目的,并初步分析了静电场处理原油的作用机理。试验结果表明：经过静电场处理的原油,能够利用分子的有序排列,减少原油的流动阻力,防止颗粒结晶分子的形成,其粘度可降低１９％左右,能有效地提高管道     

原油改性机理研究中的几个问题

简述了高分子聚合物对石蜡、沥青质的改性作用,并对现有原油改性机理、胶体流变学、胶体化学、非电解质理论进行综合研究,提出了改变原油均相分布,使原油形成非均相胶体,形成轻馏分油包蜡晶、胶质聚集体的新构想。在保留化学剂与石蜡进行物理作用的基础上,将化学反应、配位化学引用到原油改性中,不仅改变胶质的形态,形成胶质聚集体,而且可能改变胶质对蜡晶改性剂影响。     

含蜡原油静态磁处理降黏试验

为探究磁处理技术对含蜡原油降黏效果的影响,利用自行研制的静态磁处理装置研究磁场强度、磁处理温度、磁处理时间对含蜡原油降黏效果的影响;采用偏光显微镜对磁处理前后含蜡原油蜡晶结构进行观察,并分析磁处理含蜡原油的降黏原因。静态磁处理结果表明,最佳磁处理条件是:磁场强度100 mT,磁处理温度49 ℃,磁处理时间10 min,影响磁处理效果的因素按影响程度高低依次是磁处理温度、磁处理强度、磁处理时间;通过显微观察试验发现,磁场促进了含蜡原油中小蜡晶颗粒的聚集,使得大蜡晶颗粒的数量增多,液态烃的流动截面积增大,进而降低了含蜡原油的黏度,改善了含蜡原油的流动性。     

复合纳米材料对含蜡原油析蜡特性的影响

大庆原油是典型的高凝、高粘、高含蜡原油,其低温流动性较差。为了改善含蜡原油的低温流动性,在大庆原油中添加复合纳米材料,通过XRD扫描实验和POM拍照,研究了复合纳米材料对含蜡原油中石蜡的结晶形态和析蜡点的影响。进行了大庆原油空白样和大庆原油分别添加50g/tEVA、100g/t复合纳米材料样品的动态降温XRD扫描对比实验,结果表明:复合纳米材料能够有效地改善大庆原油中石蜡的结晶形态(原油中60.01%的正构烷烃的结晶形态得到改善),使晶粒尺度变小,晶面间距离增大,并降低了大庆原油的析蜡点,从而明显改善了原油的低温流动性,提高了原油低温流动的时效稳定性;复合纳米材料对原油的降凝、降粘效果明显优于传统的EVA类化学降凝剂。     

纳米技术在含蜡原油管道输送中的应用

总结了含蜡原油管道加剂综合热处理工艺技术的局限性和纳米材料的特殊效应,讨论了将纳米技术用于含蜡原油降凝降粘管道输送的优越性,在秦京线迁安—宝坻工业管道、宝坻—宝坻中试环道进行了纳米材料改性含蜡原油的现场应用试验。结果表明纳米材料改性剂可参与石蜡的结晶过程并影响晶体的结构,使低温原油的内部结构强度减弱并且动、静态时效稳定性变好,有效改善了含蜡原油的低温流动性,其降凝降粘效果明显优于传统的化学降凝剂,可实现含蜡原油的安全、节能输送。     

Propagation of a magnetic domain wall in a submicrometer magnetic wire

The motion of a magnetic domain wall in a submicrometer magnetic wire was detected by use of the giant magnetoresistance effect. Magnetization reversal in a submicrometer magnetic wire takes place by the propagation of a magnetic domain wall, which can be treated as a "particle." The propagation velocity of the magnetic domain wall was determined as a function of the applied magnetic field.     

Two-dimensional magnetic particles

Single two-dimensional (2D) atomically thick magnetic particles of cobalt and iron with variable size and shape were fabricated by combining a mask technique with standard molecular beam epitaxy. Reduction of the lateral size of in-plane magnetized 2D cobalt films down to about 100 nanometers did not essentially modify their magnetic properties; although the separation of boundaries decreased greatly, neither domain penetrated the particle, nor was any sizable shape anisotropy observed. The mutual interaction of 2D cobalt particles was negligible, and the magnetic state of a single particle could be switched without modifying the state of the neighbors. Perpendicularly magnetized iron particles did not exhibit such responses. These results suggest that only a few atoms forming a 2D in-plane magnetized dot may provide a stable elementary bit for nanorecording.     

New magnetic alloys

Three notable new developments in magnetic alloys are highlighted. These include rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets with maximum energy products up to 240 kilojoules per cubic meter; chromium-cobalt-iron permanent magnets that have magnetic properties similar to those of the Alnicos, but contain only about half as much cobalt and are sufficiently ductile to be cold-formable; and high-induction grain-oriented silicon steels that exhibit 20 percent less core loss as transformer core materials than conventional oriented grades.     

Engineered interface of magnetic oxides

Interface-selective probing of magnetism is a key issue for the design and realization of spin-electronic junction devices. Here, magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation was used to probe the local magnetic properties at the interface of the perovskite ferromagnet La(0.6)Sr(0.4)MnO3 with nonmagnetic insulating layers, as used in spin-tunnel junctions. We show that by grading the doping profile on an atomic scale at the interface, robust ferromagnetism can be realized around room temperature. The results should lead to improvements in the performance of spin-tunnel junctions.     

Environmental applications of magnetic measurements

A wide range of examples of the application of magnetic measurements to environmental studies illustrate the advantages of magnetic techniques over conventional methods. Magnetic measurements, in both the field and the laboratory, are particularly useful for reconnaissance work because of their spee and flexibility, Quantification as well as simple diagnosis of the transformation and movement of magnetic minerals within and between the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere is practical. Techniques of investigating intrinsic and mineral magnetic properties, in addition to paleomagnetic remanence, are described in subjects as diverse as meteorology, hydrology, sedimentology, geophysics, and ecology.     

Microstructured magnetic materials for RF flux guides in magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy systems use coils, either singly or as arrays, to intercept radio-frequency (RF) magnetic flux from regions of interest, often deep within the body. Here, we show that a new magnetic material offers novel possibilities for guiding RF flux to the receiver coil, permitting a clear image to be obtained where none might otherwise be detectable. The new material contains microstructure designed according to concepts taken from the field of photonic band gap materials. In the RF range, it has a magnetic permeability that can be produced to specification while exhibiting negligible direct-current magnetism. The latter property is vital to avoid perturbing the static and audio-frequency magnetic fields needed to obtain image and spectral data. The concept offers a new paradigm for the manipulation of RF flux in all nuclear magnetic resonance systems.