红砂植被盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响

以自然恢复的红砂群落为研究对象,探讨黄土高原红砂植被不同盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响,为该地区的人工生态恢复措施提供理论支撑.在兰州市南北两山植被恢复技术研究与示范基地,按照5级盖度分类法设置红砂植被盖度梯度,重点对土壤养分碳氮、微生物量碳氮和细菌多样性开展研究.结果表明:随着植被恢复,土壤有机碳 (SOC)和全氮(TN)、土壤微生物碳 (MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)逐渐提高,并且增加比较快 ,但是当总盖度达到48.73%之后,增加比较缓慢,而且增加的差异不显著.相同的植被盖度对土壤有机碳、全氮和土壤微生物碳、氮的影响趋于一致.土壤细菌多样性随植被盖度有所增加,在植被盖度达到48.73%后多样性维持在彼此接近的水平,尽管微生物多样性群落结构有差异 .在植被稀疏、物种多样性较低的干旱坡地,红砂植被盖度增加明显改善了土壤生态功能, 但是片面追求植被盖度的增加,对土壤特性改善有限.     

几种工程措施对黄土区陡峭边坡植被盖度的影响及其机理

陡削以兰州新区的一段陡峭边坡作为试验地点,通过分析在植被重建初期经人工整地后形成的4种微地形(大圆形坑、小圆形坑、条形坑和原状坡面)的植被盖度特征及环境因子(土壤硬度和水分、地表和空气温度、坡位、无纺布)对植被盖度的影响,探寻能有效提高植被盖度的几种工程改造措施。研究表明:①铺设了无纺布坡面的植被盖度显著大于对照坡面;陡峭边坡不同坡位的植被盖度:下坡位>中坡位>上坡位(P<0.05),这与自然坡面植被盖度分布规律一致。②3种微地形的植被盖度均显著大于陡峭坡面,其中条形坑的土壤水分和植被盖度最大,最大盖度维持的时间最长。③微地形和坡面的植被盖度均与土壤水分呈显著正相关,与空气温度、地表温度均呈显著负相关;微地形的土壤硬度(3kg·cm^-2)适宜植物生长,大于该值会对植被生长产生抑制作用;铺设无纺布有利于促进上坡位的植被生长,使坡面植被分布更均匀。研究结果表明,在陡峭边坡坡度、坡位和温度等无法改变的情况下,选择对压实的坡面进行整地翻耕处理,增加长条坑的数量并铺设无纺布等有效的工程改造措施,能显著增加植被盖度,促进植被恢复。     

基于植被光谱和FY-3A/VIRRL1B数据的藏北地区土壤水分估算北大核心CSCD

为了实现对藏北地区土壤水分和干旱情况的动态监测,基于藏北植被光谱、实测20 cm土壤水分以及FY-3A/VIRR数据,利用相关性筛选出对土壤水分敏感的植被光谱波段构建植被指数,并以此建立土壤水分估算模型,再结合FY-3A/VIRR L1B数据将建立的模型应用于藏北地区的土壤水分估算,通过比较决定系数和RMSE,确定精度较高的藏北地区土壤水分遥感估算模型。研究表明：NDVI（620,850）、EVI（450,620,850）、NDWI（850,1 330）和RVI（850,1 330）与实测20 cm土壤水分的决定系数分别为0.232、0.256、0.537和0.554,都能较好地表征土壤水分,分别利用每个指数建立的二次模型所获得的土壤水分估算结果与实测数据的RMSE均较小;以FY-3A/VIRR数据为基础,模型M（NDVI）和M（EVI）能够有效的估算藏北土壤水分,模拟值与实测值的相关系数r分别为0.50和0.51,RMSE分别为0.13和0.11,模型都可实现对藏北地区土壤水分的估算。研究可为掌握藏北地区土壤水分状况和制定农牧业发展决策提供依据。     

三江平原土地利用/覆被动态变化对洪河保护区湿地植被退化的影响

基于遥感与地理信息技术,分析近30年来高强度人为干扰下三江平原东北部土地利用/覆被动态变化过程及其对内部洪河保护区湿地生态系统的影响,探讨了保护区湿地植被的退化过程与机理。结果表明:1976-2005年,研究区湿地被大范围的开垦为农田,沼泽和草甸的面积分别减少了457075hm2和326511hm2,而旱地和水田的面积各自增加了362984hm2和246086hm2。区域高强度的农业开发对内部洪河保护区的湿地生态系统产生了间接影响。自1997年有地下水观测资料以来,地下水水位持续下降,区域平均地下水位下降了3.66m。保护区已有759hm2的草甸和沼泽被林地入侵,湿地植被退化趋势明显。     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对棉铃虫的控制效果及对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾生长发育的影响

为评估转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的抗性及对非靶标害虫甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua和斜纹夜蛾S.litura生长发育的影响,采用室内生测法测定其对棉铃虫的抗性及对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫存活率、营养代谢及中肠酶活性的影响。结果表明,转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对棉铃虫第2代幼虫的抗性程度最高,幼虫校正死亡率达91.33%,但对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的抗性程度较低,幼虫校正死亡率分别为15.33%和13.33%。甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾各龄期幼虫取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花后,其存活率与取食常规棉花对照无显著差异;甜菜夜蛾对转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花叶片的相对取食量、近似消化率分别为16.68和93.12%,均高于取食常规棉花对照的10.72和92.00%,但差异不显著,而斜纹夜蛾取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花后的各项营养指标均低于取食常规棉花对照,差异也不显著。取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花后,甜菜夜蛾的过氧化物酶活性为0.02 U/mg prot,显著低于取食常规棉花的0.05 U/mg prot;斜纹夜蛾的酸性磷酸酶活性为0.15 U/mg prot,高于取食常规棉花的0.10 U/mg prot,但差异不显著,其它中肠酶活性均低于对照,亦无显著差异。     

基于SPOT NDVI的中国东北地表植被覆盖动态变化及其机理研究

为了分析东北地表植被覆盖动态变化及其变化机理,选取该地区1998-2007年的SPOT/NDVI时间序列数据进行研究,并利用时间序列谐波分析(HANTS)算法对旬合成的NDVI数据进一步去云处理,根据处理后的结果,用一元线性回归趋势法定量描述了东北地表植被覆盖的动态变化。结果表明:近10年来中国东北地表植被覆盖整体得到改善的区域远比植被覆盖退化的区域面积大,其中严重退化的区域主要是内蒙古的东四盟地区,尤其是呼伦贝尔和科尔沁地区。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

Assessment of ecological quality in Northwest China (2000-2020) using the Google Earth Engine platform: Climate factors and land use/land cover contribute to ecological quality

The ecological quality of inland areas is an important aspect of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). The ecological environment of Northwest China is vulnerable to changes in climate and land use/land cover, and the changes in ecological quality in this arid region over the last two decades are not well understood. This makes it more difficult to advance the UN SDGs and develop appropriate measures at the regional level. In this study, we used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products to generate remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to examine the relationship between ecological quality and environment in Xinjiang during the last two decades (from 2000 to 2020). We analyzed a 21-year time series of the trends and spatial characteristics of ecological quality. We further assessed the importance of different environmental factors affecting ecological quality through the random forest algorithm using data from statistical yearbooks and land use products. Our results show that the RSEI constructed using the GEE platform can accurately reflect the ecological quality information in Xinjiang because the contribution of the first principal component was higher than 90.00%. The ecological quality in Xinjiang has increased significantly over the last two decades, with the northern part of this region having a better ecological quality than the southern part. The areas with slightly improved ecological quality accounted for 31.26% of the total land area of Xinjiang, whereas only 3.55% of the land area was classified as having a slightly worsen (3.16%) or worsen (0.39%) ecological quality. The vast majority of the deterioration in ecological quality mainly occurred in the barren areas Temperature, precipitation, closed shrublands, grasslands and savannas were the top five environmental factors affecting the changes in RSEI. Environmental factors were allocated different weights for different RSEI categories. In general, the recovery of ecological quality in Xinjiang has been controlled by climate and land use/land cover during the last two decades and policy-driven ecological restoration is therefore crucial. Rapid monitoring of inland ecological quality using the GEE platform is projected to aid in the advancement of the comprehensive assessment of the UN SDGs.     

汾河中下游土地生态系统固碳释氧动态测评

本文基于光能利用率模型测算净第一性生产(NPP)物质量,通过光合作用方程式换算固定CO_2和释放O_2的物质量,并采用造林成本法和工业制氧法对汾河中下游流域的固碳释氧价值量进行估算,旨在定量评价其固碳释氧价值的时空动态,为改善区域生态环境提供一定的参考。结果表明:(1)2000—2010年汾河中下游流域NPP物质总量共增加了18.3%,耕地的NPP物质总量占研究区NPP物质总量的50%以上,主要在于汾河下游为山西省主要的粮棉产区;(2)从固碳释氧来看,释氧O_2物质量随着固定CO_2物质量的增加而增加。固碳释氧价值总量由2000年的467.38×10~7元增加到552.24×10~7元,净增84.86×10~7元,增长率为18.16%。从大到小排序为:耕地草地林地其他地。(3)从县域行政空间来看,万荣县的单位面积NPP价值量和单位面积固碳释氧价值量均最高,而介休市均最低。表明汾河下游固碳释氧价值量较高,中游由于城市化进程的加快固碳释氧价值量较低,近年来退耕还林政策的落实使研究区生态环境趋势出现好转。但由于水热条件限制,区域林地增加不明显,以草地增加较为显著。