尖孢镰刀菌侵染对马铃薯光合效率和叶绿素荧光参数影响

为研究枯萎病对马铃薯光合特性的影响,在幼苗期接种尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum后,统计抗病品种陇薯10号和感病品种新大坪的病情指数,并测定叶绿素含量、光合及荧光参数。结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌侵染30 d后马铃薯表现出枯萎病症状,叶绿素含量显著降低,其中叶绿素a含量降幅最大,抗病品种陇薯10号比对照降低9.64%,感病品种新大坪比对照降低14.24%。尖孢镰刀菌侵染后马铃薯光合效率显著降低,侵染30 d后,抗病品种陇薯10号净光合速率比对照降低39.56%,感病品种新大坪比对照降低47.13%。病株的光响应曲线参数光补偿点、暗呼吸速率和表观量子效率都显著提高;而光饱和点和最大净光合速率都显著低于对照,表明尖孢镰刀菌侵染缩小了马铃薯对光能的利用有效范围。病株CO2响应曲线参数CO2饱和点、最大净光合速率和羧化效率分别显著低于对照;病株CO2补偿点和光呼吸速率反而升高,说明碳同化过程受到尖孢镰刀菌的限制。暗适应下的初始荧光、最小荧光、最大荧光、PSII最大光化学效率、光适应下PSII最大光化学效率及实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数、非光化学猝灭系数和光合电子传递速率均显著低于对照,...     

硅和白粉病对长豇豆叶片叶绿素荧光参数和抗病相关酶活性的影响

白粉病Sphacerotheca fuliginea（Schlecht．）Poll．是长豇豆Vigna unguiculata ssp．sesquipedlis（L.）Verd．重要的叶部病害，寻找防治白粉病安全有效的方法已成为生产中的重要课题之一。硅对植物抗真菌病害的作用已引起国内外学者的广泛兴趣，可溶性硅的应用为植物抗病性研究提供了一条新的思路和方法。作者研究了硅和接种白粉病菌处理对长豇豆叶片叶绿素荧光参数和抗病相关酶活性的影响，旨在阐明硅提高长豇豆对白粉病抗性的作用机理。     

干旱胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

试验以3a生赤霞珠为材料,根据黎明前叶片的基础水势(Ψb),设置轻度干旱胁迫(T3)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)和重度干旱胁迫(T1)三个处理,以无胁迫为CK。研究了赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的变化规律。结果表明:干旱胁迫能导致赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分饱和亏缺、束缚水呈现依次上升趋势,而叶片相对含水量、总含水量、自由水及自由水/束缚水呈现不同程度下降趋势,且随胁迫程度的增大而显著增加。随着胁迫的进行,赤霞珠葡萄基础荧光(F_0)呈现先上升后下降趋势,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F_0)、最大量子产额(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学淬灭系数(qP)显著降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著增加。表明干旱胁迫能引起赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分降低,光合电子传递链受阻,PSII反应中心耗散过剩光能的能力增强,吸收的光能更多地用于保护性的热耗散途径,导致光化学量子产额下降,光合效率下降。     

嗪草酮对大豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用盆栽法研究了嗪草酮对大豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,在嗪草酮较低用量(有效用量630和945g/hm2)时,荧光参数NPQ增大,而Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP、ETR等参数及光能分配与空白对照差异不显著;嗪草酮较高有效用量(大于1 155g/hm2)时,会使NPQ变化趋势由上升变为下降,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP、ETR、Y(Ⅱ)等较空白对照显著下降、Y(NO)、β/α-1迅速增加。说明较低用量嗪草酮对大豆叶片PSⅡ有一定的影响,但大豆通过自身的调节机制使叶片的光合能力下降不明显,而较高用量的嗪草酮会使大豆PSⅡ反应中心发生不可逆破坏,能量分配不平衡,光合能力下降,甚至丧失。随施药后时间的推移,嗪草酮对大豆主要功能叶片PSⅡ的影响逐渐减弱,至施药后50d,嗪草酮不同使用量之间大豆叶片的荧光参数无显著差异。     

白粉寄生孢寄生黄瓜白粉菌的特性研究

采用白粉寄生孢（Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.AQ）接种离体条件下赛璐酚上黄瓜白粉菌［Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht)Poll.］和活体条件下黄瓜白粉菌后,通过棉兰染色和显微观察分析,初步明确了白粉寄生孢的侵染寄生过程。白粉寄生孢分生孢子产生芽管可入侵黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子、菌丝、分生孢子梗;有时黄瓜白粉菌串生的分生孢子、分生孢子梗可被2~3条白粉寄生孢的菌丝寄生,随着寄生过程的进一步发展,黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子梗基部膨大成无色的椭圆形或球形,其上逐渐产生由黄色至褐色的白粉寄生孢的分生孢子器,器内含有大量的分生孢子。     

NaCl胁迫对枸杞叶片甜菜碱、叶绿素荧光及叶绿素含量的影响

研究了在不同盐分胁迫下枸杞叶片甜菜碱含量、叶绿素荧光动力学参数和叶绿体色素含量的动态变化。结果表明,枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光参数(Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fm/Fo、Fv/Fo)随盐浓度的增加呈现下降的趋势,叶绿体色素(chla、chlb、chla/chlb)含量在低盐浓度下(0.3%NaCl)呈升高趋势,高盐浓度(0.6%～0.9%NaCl)下则均下降,随胁迫时间的延长,以上各参数均呈先下降后上升的总趋势,而类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(car/chl)则随盐浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长逐渐上升。枸杞叶片甜菜碱含量在一定范围内随盐浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐积累的趋势。初步证明盐胁迫下枸杞叶片甜菜碱的积累与叶绿素荧光及叶绿体色素含量的变化有关,这也可能是枸杞抗盐的重要生理原因之一。     

花期干旱对大豆叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,研究大豆开花期干旱对叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明:大豆开花期受旱后,可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv/F0)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均降低,而ETR升高。说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、起光保护作用的热耗散降低,光合电子传递速率升高。花期干旱胁迫后,各参数存在基因型差异,新大豆1号在花期干旱条件下,光合机构受破坏较轻,其吸收的光能能较多地用于光化学转化能力,抗旱能力强。因此,花期干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/F0、Fv/Fm)变化与大豆品种抗旱性有关,利用大豆品种叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的。     

干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用盆栽试验,以抗旱性强的郑单958和抗旱性弱的陕单902玉米品种为材料,研究干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶片光能利用和能量耗散的影响。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的增加,2个玉米品种叶片叶绿素含量(Chl),实际量子效率(φPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR),光化学淬灭(qP)下降,最大电子传递速率(ETRm)和光量子利用效率(α)都有不同程度的降低,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)增加,而PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)变化不明显。表明2个品种在中度干旱下没有造成光合机构的破坏,只是通过减少光能的利用和增加热耗散维持光合机构的稳定。但品种间存在基因型差异,与陕单902相比,郑单958各项生理参数值变化幅度小,且干旱胁迫下保持较高的电子传递速率和转化能力,是其高产抗旱的重要生理基础。     

NaCl胁迫对接种AMF费菜生长和叶绿素含量及荧光参数的影响

试验以费菜(Sedum aizoon L.)为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、8、12、16、20 g·kg~(-1))处理下接种GMH、GMA 28 d费菜幼苗的生长、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数变化。结果表明,当NaCl浓度在0~8 g·kg~(-1)时,随着盐处理浓度的增大,费菜叶绿素含量增加,初始荧光(Fo)增大,盐害指数增大,最大荧光(Fm)、光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)减小,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)上升,叶片通过调节热耗散维持较高的光化光能量分配;光化学猝灭(q P)与PSII电子传递速率(ETR)降低,电子传递受到抑制。NaCl浓度超过8 g·kg-1时,光保护机制作用遭到破坏。接种AMF费菜根长、株高、根冠比、根系活力与对照CK相比均有显著增加。接种AMF植株的Fv/Fm得到明显提高,减轻了盐害对费菜电子传递速率和光能转化效率的影响,并配合通过增加热耗散来降低过剩激发能对PSII的伤害,同时维持尽量多的能量参与光化学反应,提高了费菜的光合能力,增强了费菜的盐耐受程度,但当NaCl浓度超过12 g·kg-1时,盐害同样也伤害费菜的PSII。同时,接种GMA提高费菜耐盐性的效果高于接种GMH。     

大黄酚对黄瓜白粉病菌的抑制作用研究

 采用子叶喷雾法分别测定了大黄酚(chrysophanol)对黄瓜白粉病菌(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)的保护和治疗生物活性。结果表明,大黄酚能有效降低黄瓜白粉病的病情指数,其保护和治疗作用的EC₅₀分别为0.23μg/mL和25.88μg/mL,对照药剂50%硫磺悬浮剂保护作用的EC₅₀为59.75μg/mL,10%苯咪甲环唑可湿性水分散粒剂治疗作用的EC₅₀为13.55μg/mL。在此基础上,利用2.4μg/mL大黄酚溶液处理黄瓜子叶24h后接种白粉病菌,在不同时段对病组织进行透明染色观察白粉病菌的变化情况。结果发现,大黄酚可有效降低黄瓜白粉病菌分生孢子的萌发率和萌发芽管个数,并能抑制菌丝的生长以及降低新生分生孢子的个数。接菌后24h,清水对照萌发率为66.6%,而大黄酚处理后的孢子不萌发;接菌后48h,对照菌丝的平均长度为414.7μm,大黄酚处理的菌丝平均长度为40.1μm;接菌后144h,对照的新生分生孢子串最多为8个孢子,大部分为6-7个,而大黄酚处理后的新生分生孢子串孢子个数最多为2个,大部分为1个。接菌7d后对照的病情指数为72.2,大黄酚处理组的病情指数仅为2.1,其保护作用防治效果达到97.1%,远高于50%硫磺悬浮剂65.4%的防效。     

黄瓜白粉病菌在不同抗性黄瓜材料上的侵染过程

白粉病是黄瓜生产中发生普遍,危害严重的主要病害之一。pm5.1和PM5.2是黄瓜上的2个白粉病抗性位点,本文对7份不同抗病基因型的黄瓜自交系进行了黄瓜白粉病抗性鉴定,并开展了黄瓜白粉病菌侵染过程的研究,对侵染后12、24、72 h的萌发率、菌丝形成率及菌落形成率等进行了分析。结果表明,当基因型为PM5.1PM5.1 pm5.2pm5.2时,黄瓜病情指数最高,表现为高感白粉病;当基因型为PM5.1PM5.1PM5.2 PM5.2和pm5.1pm5.1pm5.2pm5.2时,表现为中感白粉病;当基因型为pm5.1pm5.1PM5.2PM5.2时黄瓜自交系病情指数最低,表现为抗白粉病。分生孢子在抗、感黄瓜自交系植株叶片上均能萌发,但只能在感病黄瓜材料上完成整个无性生长周期,产生分生孢子。此外,黄瓜白粉病菌分生孢子在感病材料上的萌发率、菌丝形成率及菌落形成率均高于抗病材料。     

黄瓜白粉病菌接种及对杀菌剂敏感性测定方法

建立了孢子悬浮液接种黄瓜子叶测定黄瓜白粉病菌杀菌剂敏感性的简便方法。比较了白粉病菌分生孢子悬浮液涂抹法和喷雾法接种黄瓜幼苗子叶的效果,结果表明,涂抹法发病率高,均匀度更好;测定了接菌后不同时间施药,白粉病菌对己唑醇、腈菌唑、三唑酮、甲基硫菌灵和百菌清等5种杀菌剂的敏感性,结果表明,接菌后96h施药较为敏感,测得的EC50较小。最后确定接种及毒力测定方法为:接种时白粉病菌分生孢子悬浮液使用十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液分散悬浮,孢子浓度为15×10倍显微镜下每视野30~40个,接种后96h施药,发病后直接利用病斑数来计算毒力测定结果。该方法可用于黄瓜白粉病菌抗药性监测和对杀菌剂敏感性测定。     

甜瓜白粉病内生拮抗细菌的筛选鉴定及其防治效果的研究

［目的］从高抗白粉病的甜瓜品种植株内分离筛选出对甜瓜白粉病有较好防效的内生拮抗细菌菌株,为甜瓜白粉病生物防治探寻新途径。［方法］ 采用温室盆栽试验和叶盘漂浮法分离筛选有较好防效的内生拮抗菌,并对其进行形态学、生理生化和分子生物学鉴定。［结果］ 从高抗白粉病的甜瓜品种‘MR-1’植株内分离获得31株内生细菌,其中1株内生菌Mg15对甜瓜白粉病盆栽试验防效达到74.3%。在离体叶盘上,经Mg15发酵液处理12 h后白粉菌孢子萌发率仅为9.29%,14 d后产孢量与对照相比降低了60%。扫描电镜观察发现,Mg15发酵液处理后的病菌菌丝皱缩生长,甚至产生畸形。Mg15发酵原液温室防病效果达80.66%。［结论］ Mg15对甜瓜白粉病具有显著防治效果,经鉴定该菌株为枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis)。     

BTH处理对甜瓜叶片活性氧代谢的诱导作用

为了明确活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）代谢在甜瓜抗病性诱导中的作用,以抗白粉病甜瓜品种Tam Dew和感病品种卡拉克赛幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苯丙噻二唑（BTH）喷雾或白粉菌接种后甜瓜叶片超氧阴离子（O2.-）产生速率、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的变化。BTH处理或白粉菌接种均可诱导甜瓜叶片SOD、PAL活性升高,抑制CAT活性,导致叶组织O2.-产生速率和H2O2含量增加,BTH喷雾＋白粉菌接种比二者单独处理效果更好。结果表明,BTH处理后叶片O2.-产生速率提高和H2O2积累是甜瓜抗白粉病能力提高的重要机制,BTH通过诱导ROS代谢酶活性调节H2O2含量,且BTH诱导的甜瓜抗病性与品种的基础抗性有关。     

Phytogeny and Cross-infectivity of Powdery Mildew Isolates (Podosphaera fuliginea s. lat.) on Cosmos and Cucumber

To clarify the relationship between the phylogeny and infectivity of isolates of Podosphaera fuliginea s. lat. (= Sphaerotheca fuliginea s. lat.) from cosmos and cucumber, more than 50 powdery mildew isolates from these two plants were subjected to nucleotide sequencing or PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and cross-inoculation tests. The isolates from both cosmos and cucumber are genetically monotypic, and there are six nucleotide substitutions in the rDNA ITS region between isolates from cosmos and cucumber. Cross-inoculation tests of these isolates revealed that isolates from cosmos are not pathogenic on cucumber. Although isolates from cucumber produced conidia on leaves of cosmos in the laboratory, the conidial density was much lower than that from isolates from cosmos. This result, as well as the fact that the cucumber strain was not isolated from cosmos in fields, suggests that isolates from cucumber do not infect cosmos in the field. Therefore, powdery mildews on cosmos and cucumber can be regarded to have become specialized for their hosts both genetically and pathogenically. The present study reconfirms the close relationship between phylogeny and infectivity of powdery mildew fungi. Host specialization may be a trigger that causes genetic divergence of powdery mildew fungi. Received 28 June 2000/ Accepted in revised form 4 September 2000     

新化合物A04034、A04008对黄瓜白粉病的室内杀菌活性和田间药效研究

A04034、A04008和苯氧菌酯、嘧菌酯和肟菌酯等甲氧丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在盆栽试验中对黄瓜白粉病均表现出优异的保护和治疗活性。其中A04034表现出尤为卓越的杀菌活性,其对黄瓜白粉病的保护作用EC50、EC90为0.98μg/mL、3.12μg/mL,治疗作用EC50、EC90为1.17μg/mL、5.22μg/mL,其保护活性和治疗活性在5种药剂中均为最佳。田间药效试验中,10?4034悬浮剂用5、10、20g.a.i/hm2的剂量第3次施药后7d的防效分别为82.7%、89.3%、91.7%;25%嘧菌酯乳油(阿米西达)10g.a.i/hm2的防效为84.0%;10?4008悬浮剂用5、10、20g.a.i/hm2第3次施药后7d的防效分别为73.2%、86.4%、86.5%。10?4034和10?4008悬浮剂用10g.a.i/hm2的防效均略高于25%嘧菌酯乳油(阿米西达)10g.a.i/hm2的防效,防效无显著差异。     

Differential expression of resistance to powdery mildew incited by race 1 or 2 ofsphaerotheca fuliginea inCucumis melo genotypes at various stages of plant development

Thirty-nine genotypes ofCucumis melo (plant introduction entries, open-pollinated cultivars and F₁ hybrids) were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew under either natural field conditions or artificial inoculation in growth chambers at the cotyledonary stage and the 2-true-leaf stage. Results confirmed that susceptibility in cotyledons was not necessarily associated with susceptibility in either true leaves in growth chambers or adult plants in the field. However, resistance at the 2-true-leaf stage in growth chambers was highly correlated with resistance of field-grown plants. Results also showed that 20 muskmelon genotypes resistant to race 1 at the cotyledonary stage were also resistant at the 2-leaf-stage and as adult plants in the field. The same was true for ten genotypes with race 2 inoculations. Because muskmelon genotypes expressing resistance in cotyledons were also resistant in true leaves in growth chambers or the field, the use of plants at the cotyledonary stage is recommended for screening for powdery mildew resistance caused by race 1 or race 2 ofS. fuliginea. When cotyledons are susceptible, screening should be done at the 2-true-leaf stage.     

Effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus

Two cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) cultivars differing in their resistance to powdery mildew, Ningfeng No. 3 (susceptible) and Jinchun No. 4 (resistant), were used to study the effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on resistance to infection by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea ) and the production of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). The results indicated that inoculation with P. xanthii significantly suppressed subsequent infection by powdery mildew compared with noninoculation, regardless of Si application. Root-applied Si significantly suppressed powdery mildew, the disease index being lower in Si-supplied than in Si-deprived plants, regardless of inoculation treatment. The resistant cultivar had a more constant lower disease index than the susceptible cultivar, irrespective of inoculation or Si treatment. Moreover, with root-applied Si, activities of PRs (for example peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase) were significantly enhanced in inoculated lower leaves or noninoculated upper leaves in inoculated plants of both cultivars. Root-applied Si significantly decreased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in inoculated leaves, but increased it in noninoculated upper leaves. However, Si treatment failed to change significantly the activity of PRs in plants without fungal attack. Compared to the control (no Si), foliar-applied Si had no effects either on the suppression of subsequent infection by P. xanthii or on the activity of PRs, irrespective of inoculation. Based on the findings in this study and previous reports, it was concluded that foliar-applied Si can effectively control infections by P. xanthii only via the physical barrier of Si deposited on leaf surfaces, and/or osmotic effect of the silicate applied, but cannot enhance systemic acquired resistance induced by inoculation, while continuously root-applied Si can enhance defence resistance in response to infection by P. xanthii in cucumber.