河西走廊中段荒漠植被组成及土壤养分空间分布特征

荒漠植被是河西走廊绿洲生态安全防护的重要屏障,研究荒漠植被组成及土壤养分分布特征对于荒漠—绿洲过渡带荒漠植被建设及管理有重要意义。本研究基于大量野外调查,并使用传统统计学与地统计学方法,研究了河西走廊中段及巴丹吉林沙漠南缘荒漠植被组成及土壤养分特征,并解析了其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明：河西走廊中段及巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘荒漠区植物组成单一,多样性较低,且植物种类集中在少数科中,出现频度高的植物均为红砂(Reaumuria songarica)和白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)等典型荒漠植物。草本植物分布与年均降水量有较强相关性,研究区最南端的山丹县草本生物量达到108.01 g·m^-2,在一定年降水量区间,灌木生物量随降水增加而增加,最高值出现在靠近祁连山北坡的肃州区,为134.03 g·m^-2;降水量的增加,会显著促进草本植物的生长。研究区表层土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷含量最高,其平均值分别为2.12 g·kg^-1、0.25 g·kg^-1、0.41 g·kg^-1,...     

塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林植物群落多元分析及其土壤环境解释

应用对应分析(CA)与典范对应分析(CCA)排序方法,对塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林植物群落进行了多元统计分析,并给出各群落类型的土壤环境定量解释。结果表明:塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林地区多数物种出现频次不高,物种丰富度低;CCA排序结果显示出土壤含水率、总盐、HCO3-是决定植物群落分异的主导土壤环境因子,得到CCA第一轴、第二轴与环境因子之间的多元回归方程,并将样地划分为4种群落类型,定量地揭示研究区植物群落类型的分布与土壤环境之间的关系。     

土壤环境因子对乌鲁木齐地区灌木群落分布的影响

在多元划分的基础上,使用典型对应分析(CCA)对乌鲁木齐地区的灌木物种进行排序,研究影响该地区灌木群落类型的因素,以及与主要环境因子的关系,结果表明:1 CCA排序图较好地显示了灌木群落与主要环境因子的相关性,并指示了灌木物种的生境梯度;2海拔较土壤环境因子对灌木群落分布的影响更显著;3土壤环境因子中,不同土壤层次处土壤全盐含量对灌木群落的分布有重要的作用,全磷含量的影响最小;4研究区灌木群落更易生活在粗质土壤中;5表层土壤性质决定了山地灌丛及灌木荒漠的分布格局,中-浅层和深层土壤的影响较小。     

天山南坡山前荒漠草地植物群落分布对环境因子的响应——以拜城县为例

为探明天山南坡拜城县山前荒漠草地植物群落分布对地形与土壤因子的响应,本研究选取了拜城山前荒漠草地典型区域进行调查,采用优势度法和典范对应分析（Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA）法,研究山地荒漠草地植物群落分布与地形和土壤因子之间的关系。结果表明：（1）不同调查样点灌木层和草本层物种多样性存在差异,东坡调查样点Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数均表现为灌木大于草本,西坡和北坡调查样点Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数均表现为草本大于灌木;（2）典范对应分析法分析结果表明,地形因子对植物群落的影响大小顺序为：坡向（SA）>坡度（SG）>坡位（SP）,土壤因子对植物群落的影响大小为：30～100 cm土层土壤水分（SMC-2）>土壤总孔隙度（STP）>0～30 cm土层土壤水分（SMC-1）。地形和土壤因子对不同植物群落的形成具有一定的筛选作用,30～100 cm土层土壤水分和坡向是影响天山南坡拜城县山前荒漠草地植物群落分布的关键因子。     

乌拉特荒漠草原群落物种多样性和生物量关系对放牧强度的响应

以内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原灌丛和草本植物群落为对象,研究这2种植物群落的物种组成、物种多样性及其与地上生物量关系对不同放牧处理(对照、中牧、重牧)的响应。结果表明:①随着放牧强度的增加,灌丛群落中红砂(Reaumuria songarica)和碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)的优势度增大,沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)的优势度减小;重牧降低草本群落中沙生针茅的优势度,增加了蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum)和碱韭的优势度。②不同放牧处理显著降低了灌丛和草本群落的盖度、高度以及灌丛群落的密度,消除了灌丛和草本群落之间盖度的差异(P> 0. 05)。中牧降低灌丛群落的Pielou均匀度指数,重牧降低灌丛群落的物种丰富度,灌丛和草本群落的其他多样性指数在放牧处理之间无显著差异(P> 0. 05)。除物种丰富度外,其他多样性指数在灌丛和草本群落之间差异显著(P <0. 05)。③不同放牧处理降低了灌丛和草本群落的地上生物量和凋落物量,导致灌丛和草本群落之间地上生物量的显著差异(P <0. 05)。④地上生物量与Simpson优势度指数负相关,与Shannon-Wienner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数正相关;放牧处理下地上生物量与密度、物种丰富度正相关。放牧处理改变了荒漠草原植物群落组成、结构和功能,进而改变了群落结构和功能的重要关系。     

民勤荒漠区主要植物的物候特性与牧草利用

通过设置样方、样点和运用物候观测,对退化荒漠植物群落进行轻度放牧利用分析,即运用植被状况与降水量的关系,分析限制植物生长的因素;运用不同稳定性沙丘的植被状况和土壤种子库资料,分析荒漠草地的可利用性和可利用程度;运用物候资料分析民勤荒漠区(灌木和草本植物)牧草利用的主要季节。结果表明:民勤荒漠草地土壤种子库中植物种子丰富,影响当地植物密度和植被盖度的关键因素是降水,可进行轻度放牧。轻度放牧时,要依据牧草展叶盛期的开始序列和果熟期的开始序列选择植物群落,实行小规模、间歇式轮牧。展叶盛期为一年中牧草的第1个利用季节,果熟期为一年中的第2个利用季节。     

岷江干旱河谷灌丛物种多样性、生物量及其关系

通过对岷江干旱河谷灌丛生物量及其分配、灌丛物种多样性特征以及与生物量的关系调查。结果表明:干旱河谷不同灌丛类型生物量介于3220～8600kg/hm2之间,平均值为4750kg/hm2,其中灌木层生物量占灌丛总生物量的80%以上,草本层不足20%。干旱河谷阴坡灌丛物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数都较阳坡高,Simpson指数与均匀度指数在阴阳坡上差异不明显。干旱河谷灌丛总生物量随灌木层物种多样性(r=0.902;P0.01)和群落物种多样性(r=0.936;P0.01)的增加而增加,但与草本层相关性不显著;灌木层生物量随其物种丰富度的增加而增加(r=0.945;P0.01),而草本层物种丰富度与其生物量并无显著相关性。这些结果表明,灌丛灌木层植物对维持干旱河谷植被物种多样性和生产力以及稳定群落结构和功能等方面具有更为重要的意义。     

塔里木荒漠胡杨群落特征的研究

选择塔里木荒漠胡杨群落分布较集中的地段设置样地,并以植物群落调查样地资料为基础,对荒漠胡杨群落特征进行分析与研究。结果表明:该胡杨群落植物种类组成贫乏、区系成分简单。从属的地理成分来看,古地中海成分明显多于温带成分;群落生活型以一年生植物为主,矮高位芽植物次之,叶的性质以小叶型、单叶、草质、全缘为主,反映出塔里木环境气候的旱化趋势和该群落与本区的干旱气候特点、地理位置及其地史变迁相吻合。群落垂直结构简单,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层。草本层→灌木层→乔木层物种多样性依次递减。胡杨种群年龄结构呈偏正态分布,基本上呈稳定型。存活曲线趋似于DeeveyII型,种群从V龄发育到VII龄过程中出现死亡率高峰。优势种群胡杨呈随机分布,伴生种呈随机或聚集分布。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部几种白刺群落植物多样性研究

根据对乌兰布和沙漠东北部4种白刺植物群落的样地调查数据,采用物种丰富度指数S、Shannon-Wiener指数H'、Simpson指数D、Pielou均匀度指数J、Alatalo均匀度指数Ea、Whittaker指数βw、相异性系数CD、群落共有度Jaccard指数CP、Bray-Curtis指数CN等指标研究了该地区4种白刺群落分层的α多样性和β多样性。结果表明:这些α多样性和β多样性测度指标有效表征了干旱沙漠区同属不同植物群落内部在物种组成方面的差异、生境差异、群落间物种组成差异。四种白刺群落的草本层的物种丰富度指数都明显大于灌木层;唐古特白刺群落的物种丰富度指数最小,泡泡刺群落的物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数H'和Simpson指数D最大,而且其群落均匀度也最大。唐古特白刺植物群落的Whittaker指数βw要比其它三种白刺群落要大,若仅考虑群落间共有物种数目多少,大白刺与泡泡刺在群落、灌木层与草本层间的相异性系数CD都最小,共有度Jaccard指数CP都最大;而西伯利亚白刺群落、灌木层和草本层与其余三种白刺的相异性系数CD都较大,Jaccard指数CP都较小。而数量数据指标Bray-Curtis指数CN变化与上述有所不同。采用植物盖度和相对盖度进行α多样性和β多样性对比分析,能够合理地说明不同白刺植物多样性特征。     

黄土高原马栏林区森林群落生态梯度分析

应用TW INSPAN,CCA和partialDCA方法,对黄土高原马栏林区45个森林群落样地进行多元分析,揭示该区不同森林群落类型之间在环境梯度上的生态关系。结果表明:①45个森林群落可划分为8组群落类型;②CCA排序表明,枯枝落叶层厚度、坡向、海拔和有机质含量是影响该区森林群落类型分布的重要实测环境因素;而partialDCA排序表明,干扰是影响该区森林群落类型分布最重要的潜在环境因素;③各森林群落类型在排序图中有规律的分布是群落中物种适应环境的结果,且人工油松林有向天然油松林恢复的趋势;④CCA与partial DCA相结合是研究植物群落生态梯度的一种非常有效的方法。     

Desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships in an oasis-desert ecotone of northwestern China

Environmental heterogeneity significantly affects the structure of ecological communities. Exploring vegetation distribution and its relationship with environmental factors is essential to understanding the abiotic mechanism(s) driving vegetation succession, especially in the ecologically fragile areas. In this study, based on the quantitative analysis of plant community and environmental factors in 68 plots at 10 different transects in the Minqin oasis-desert ecotone(ODE) of northwestern China, we investigated desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships using multivariate analysis. Two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis(DCA), and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) methods were used. A total of 28 species, belonging to 27 genera in 8 families, were identified. Chenopodiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Gramineae, and Leguminosae were the largest families. Annual and perennial herbs accounted for 28.60% of the total number of plants, while shrubs(42.90%) were the most dominant. Nitraria tangutorum was the constructive species of the desert plant community. We divided the 68 plots surveyed in this study into 7 community types, according to the results of TWINSPAN. The distribution of these 7 communities in the DCA ordination graph showed that species with a similar ecotype were clustered together. Results of CCA indicated that groundwater was the dominant factor influencing vegetation distribution, while distance between plot and oasis(Dis) and soil electrical conductivity(EC) were the local second-order factors. Our study suggests that optimizing the utilization of groundwater in oases is key to controlling the degradation of desert vegetation. The favorable topographic conditions of sand dunes should be fully utilized for vegetal dune stabilization, and the influence of soil salinity on the selection of afforestation tree species should be considered.     

Interacting effects of soil degradation and precipitation on plant productivity in NE Patagonia,Argentina

Our objective was to examine the effects of inter-annual variation of precipitation on productivity of two dominant species (Chuquiraga avellanedae, an evergreen shrub, and Nassella tenuis, a perennial grass) in two communities of contrasting soil degradation: a herbaceous steppe with shrubs (HSS) and a degraded shrub steppe (SS). Data were collected during two consecutive years with different annual precipitation. Aboveground productivity was determined nondestructively using a double sampling approach. The number of inflorescences per plant was recorded too. Perennial grass productivity was lower in SS than in HSS in both years, while shrub productivity was lower in SS only during the year of below average precipitation. With rising precipitation the perennial grass increased the number of inflorescences while the evergreen shrub augmented vegetative biomass. In summary, the effects of precipitation on plant productivity are community dependent; abiotic factors, such as superficial and sub-superficial soil characteristics, and biotic factors, such as leaf area index (LAI) or tussock sizes, may interact to influence the responses of species to precipitation. Our results suggest that if precipitation increased, this would favor the dominance of shrubs over grasses.     

Water-use efficiency in response to simulated increasing precipitation in a temperate desert ecosystem of Xinjiang,China

Water-use efficiency(WUE) is a key plant functional trait that plays a central role in the global cycles of water and carbon. Although increasing precipitation may cause vegetation changes, few studies have explored the linkage between alteration in vegetation and WUE. Here, we analyzed the responses of leaf WUE, ecosystem carbon and water exchanges, ecosystem WUE, and plant community composition changes under normal conditions and also under extra 15% or 30% increases in annual precipitation in a temperate desert ecosystem of Xinjiang, China. We found that leaf WUE and ecosystem WUE showed inconsistent responses to increasing precipitation. Leaf WUE consistently decreased as precipitation increased. By contrast, the responses of the ecosystem WUE to increasing precipitation are different in different precipitation regimes: increasing by 33.9% in the wet year(i.e., the normal precipitation years)and decreasing by 4.1% in the dry year when the precipitation was about 30% less than that in the wet year.We systematically assessed the herbaceous community dynamics, community composition, and vegetation coverage to explain the responses of ecosystem WUE, and found that the between-year discrepancy in ecosystem WUE was consistent with the extent to which plant biomass was stimulated by the increase in precipitation. Although there was no change in the relative significance of ephemerals in the plant community, its greater overall plant biomass drove an increased ecosystem WUE under the conditions of increasing precipitation in 2011. However, the slight increase in plant biomass exerted no significant effect on ecosystem WUE in 2012. Our findings suggest that an alteration in the dominant species in this plant community can induce a shift in the carbon-and water-based economics of desert ecosystems.     

额尔齐斯河流域灌木昆虫群落特征及对环境因子和植物群落特征的响应

为探究大空间尺度下灌木昆虫群落的分布规律,于2023年6—9月对额尔齐斯河流域阿勒泰地区7个县（市）44个样地内灌木昆虫群落特征进行调查,确定其发生状态,采用回归分析和典范对应分析（canonical correspondence analysis,CCA）方法探讨灌木昆虫物种丰富度与植物群落特征和环境因子的关系。结果显示,44个样地内共采集昆虫1 245头,经鉴定为9目44科117种,其中鳞翅目和鞘翅目为主优势类群,分别为440头和289头,脉翅目和半翅目为次优势类群,分别为214头和157头,其余目为从属类群。额尔齐斯河流域灌木昆虫物种丰富度与海拔和温度均呈显著的三项式拟合关系,与相对多度呈显著的二项式拟合关系,与Pielou均匀度指数呈显著的线性拟合关系,与Simpson多样性指数呈显著的二项式拟合关系,与Margalef丰富度指数呈显著的二项式拟合关系。CCA分析结果显示,温度、经度和海拔是影响灌木昆虫分布的主要环境因子,灌木植物多样性和均匀程度是影响灌木昆虫分布的主要植物群落特征。表明大空间尺度下灌木昆虫分布存在明显驱动力,在全球环境变化下应更加重视对植被结构的调整和对有害灌木昆虫的监测预防。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

短脚锦鸡儿灌丛对植物群落和土壤微生物群落的促进效应研究

以内蒙古荒漠区短脚锦鸡儿灌木为研究对象,采用野外调查法分析灌丛对植物群落的影响,采用传统培养法,结合分子鉴定法分析灌丛对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)灌丛内植物群落多度和总生物量显著大于灌丛外,但是物种丰度和Shannon-Wiener指数灌丛内外无显著差异;(2)随土壤深度的增加,表层土与深层土的土壤可培养细菌丰度和真菌多度差异不显著,其余土壤微生物群落多样性特征均表现为:表层土显著大于深层土;(3)灌丛对土壤微生物群落具有正效应,且表层土正效应最大;(4)灌丛对植物群落的促进作用大于对土壤微生物群落的作用。     

Shrub presence and shrub species effects on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of season-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.     

Effects of shrub presence and shrub species on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of season-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.     

荒漠区一年生植物层片的组织格局与生态适应模式

在阿拉善荒漠及其邻近地区 ,有多种一年生植物种群可组成荒漠与绿洲生态系统的恒有性植物层片。本项研究利用样地调查与统计资料 ,取得了多种一年生植物层片物种组成的研究结果 ;在吉兰泰盐湖地区、腾格里沙漠东南部、雅布赖低山区、孪井滩地区、祁连山山麓、额济纳绿洲等地 ,对一年生植物种群生物产量的季节与年度间的波动性进行了调查和测定 ,并与相关的气象资料做了比对分析 ,获得了气候年、季变化与一年生植物层片动态的相关性认识。据此 ,划分了一年生植物层片的生态类型。荒漠与绿洲生态系统中 ,主要的一年生植物层片有 :.荒漠夏雨型一年生禾草类植物层片 ,荒漠一年生杂草类植物层片 ,沙漠一年生沙生植物层片 ,盐漠一年生盐生植物层片 ,绿洲草甸一年生植物层片 ,绿洲胡杨林一年生植物层片 ,柽柳灌丛一年生植物层片 ,绿洲农田一年生杂草植物层片等。多数一年生植物种是在荒漠优势植物株丛间的裸斑土壤种子库中 ,有丰富的种子储备 ,利用夏季较为集中的降雨迅速萌发生长到结实 ,完成一个短暂的生活周期。也有些一年生植物在沙质土、盐渍土、草甸土等特异性生境中各自具有有效的生态适应机制 ,组成沙漠、盐漠、绿洲林地与草地的一年生植物层片。这些一年生植物层片的组织格局 ,生态适应模式 ,生态功能