姬松茸多糖对缺氧-缺糖损伤的神经细胞线粒体膜电位和凋亡的影响

为研究姬松茸多糖对受损神经细胞线粒体膜电位和凋亡的影响,以大鼠海马神经细胞缺氧-缺糖再给氧为模型,以水提醇沉法自制姬松茸多糖浸膏处理细胞,应用四氮唑盐比色(MTT)法检测细胞线粒体活性,采用流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞百分率和线粒体膜电位(MMP)的变化,并测定细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率。结果显示,与对照组相比,缺氧-缺糖5h后给氧,神经细胞凋亡率和LDH释放率极显著增加,并随给氧时间延长而增高,线粒体活性和MMP则极显著降低,并随给氧时间的延长而进一步下降;姬松茸多糖能明显降低细胞凋亡率和LDH释放率,提高线粒体活性和MMP,与缺氧-缺糖再给氧组相比均有显著差异。表明,姬松茸多糖可抑制缺氧-缺糖再给氧损伤所致的MMP降低,抑制细胞凋亡的发生,而对海马神经细胞发挥保护作用。     

乐果对大鼠肝细胞凋亡作用的研究

通过给大鼠肝细胞培养液中加入乐果(染毒终浓度分别为0、3、10、30、100和300 μmol·L-1),染毒12、24 h后,Annexin V/PI双染法检测肝细胞凋亡率;分别用Fluo-2/AM、双氢-乙酰乙酸二氯荧光黄(DCFH-DA)和罗丹名123检测细胞内Ca2+浓度、活性氧(ROS)和线粒体膜电位(△Ψm)变化,并在扫描电镜和荧光显微镜下观察凋亡细胞情况,研究乐果对大鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响.结果表明,肝细胞染毒12和24 h后,出现了明显的细胞凋亡的形态学变化,细胞凋亡率明显升高,除3 μmol·L-1组外,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01),且呈时间-剂量效应.3 μmol·L-1组细胞内Ca2+浓度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),之后随染毒剂量的增加,细胞内Ca2+度逐渐下降;细胞内ROS水平在3-100 μmol·L-1范围内随染毒剂量的增大和染毒时间的延长而升高,而在300 μmol·L-1组略有下降,除3 μmol·L-1组外,与对照组相比均差异极显著(P<0.01);△Ψm除24h 300 μmol·L-1组外均出现持续下降.表明低剂量乐果染毒可诱导肝细胞发生凋亡,细胞内Ca2+、ROS和△Ψm可能参与了这一过程.     

葛仙米提取物诱导肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡的活性研究

[目的]研究葛仙米提取物诱导肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡的活性。[方法]采用二甲基四氮唑蓝（MTT）法测定细胞存活率,形态学法观察凋亡的特征性变化,AnnexinV/PI双染及PI单染流式细胞术法检测凋亡率。[结果]经不同浓度提取物作用后,HepG2细胞的生长受到显著抑制,并呈现时间-浓度依赖关系趋势。观察细胞形态,发现有凋亡特征性变化。AnnexinV/PI双染结果显示,癌细胞早期凋亡率随提取物浓度的升高而显著增高,最高可达79.2%。PI法同样显示凋亡的发生,其凋亡峰最大比率为9.6%,显著高于对照组。[结论]葛仙米甲醇提取物能够诱导肝癌细胞HepG2的凋亡。     

三苯氧胺对人脑胶质瘤细胞内游离钙离子水平的影响

以不同浓度的三苯氧胺(TAM)处理SHG-44细胞后,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率和激光共聚焦显微镜测定细胞内游离Ca2+水平,探讨TAM对人脑胶质瘤细胞内游离钙离子水平的影响。结果表明:当细胞外有Ca2+时,TAM使细胞内Ca2+浓度迅速升高并呈剂量依赖性关系,其浓度能维持在较高水平。当细胞外无Ca2+时,TAM呈剂量依赖性地使胞内Ca2+浓度缓慢升高,其升高的幅度和速度低于细胞外有Ca2+组。说明TAM能促进SHG-44细胞胞外Ca2+内流和胞内钙库释放Ca2+,提高细胞内游离Ca2+浓度;TAM诱导的细胞凋亡与提高细胞内游离Ca2+浓度有关。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对BHK-21细胞的线粒体膜电位及Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

为了探讨脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)对体外培养仓鼠肾细胞(BHK-21)的线粒体膜电位及Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响,采用细胞培养、流式细胞术、免疫细胞化学染色等方法,研究DON对细胞早期凋亡率、线粒体膜电位及Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达的变化.结果显示:不同浓度的DON均可诱导BHK-21细胞凋亡,各浓度组的凋亡率都显著高于对照组(P<0.05);DON可使BHK-21细胞线粒体膜电位下降,且表现出剂量和时间效应关系.免疫组织化学染色显示,DON处理细胞24 h,Bax蛋白表达显著高于对照组,而Bcl-2蛋白表达均低于对照组.上述结果表明:DON诱导了BHK-21细胞凋亡和线粒体膜电位下降,Bax表达增强而Bcl-2表达下降是DON诱导BHK-21细胞凋亡的分子机制之一.     

二氢杨梅素诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡

为了探讨二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DMY)诱导人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的机制,利用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化,用流式细胞仪检测DMY对MDA-MB-231细胞的致凋亡能力和细胞内钙离子浓度和线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)的改变,用蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)分析检测半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-9(caspase-9)的变化。结果表明:MDA-MB-231细胞随DMY质量浓度加大而变圆变小,细胞存活数减少;流式细胞仪检测显示随DMY质量浓度的增加,DMY对MDA-MB-231细胞有促凋亡作用,胞内钙离子浓度逐渐增加,而线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm)逐渐减少;Western blotting结果显示DMY可诱导MDA-MB-231细胞中caspase-3和caspase-9蛋白质活化,并呈现浓度依赖关系。表明DMY可通过线粒体途径诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡。     

一种含硒鬼臼衍生物通过引起线粒体膜电位下降诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡

[目的]为从植物中提取和开发新药提供依据。[方法]研究含硒鬼臼衍生物4′-去甲基-4-脱羟基-4-硒代-对甲苯基-β-表鬼臼毒素(SEP)对SMMC-7721细胞凋亡的诱导,并分析SMMC-7721细胞线粒体膜电位的变化。[结果]SEP可抑制SMMC-7721的增殖,且有明显的剂量效应。经SEP处理后,SMMC-7721细胞形态明显改变,出现了皱缩、变小等疑似凋亡的特征。M30抗体检测表明SMMC-7721细胞凋亡率随SEP浓度的增加而增加,证实SEP可诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡。低浓度SEP(10、20μmol/L)可使SMMC-7721细胞阻滞在G2/M期,而40μmol/LSEP则使阻滞在S期的细胞数明显升高,说明细胞DNA发生了损伤,这很可能引起线粒体凋亡途径的产生。不同浓度SEP处理均可使SMMC-7721细胞线粒体膜电位的下降。[结论]SMMC-7721细胞凋亡可能是通过线粒体途径产生的。     

盘花垂头菊中两种新型倍半萜类化合物诱导人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721凋亡

[目的]为开发新型肿瘤治疗药物提供依据。[方法]通过单细胞电泳和流式细胞分析法等技术,研究2种从盘花垂头菊中分离的高含氧甜没药烯型倍半萜化合物(HOBS)对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的抑制作用。[结果]2种HOBS处理48 h后,SMMC-7721细胞体积变小,且出现膜泡化和凋亡小体。单细胞电泳试验表明SMMC-7721细胞经不同浓度HOBS处理后,DNA碎片在电场中呈彗星状向阳极移动,且彗星样尾迹随药物浓度的增大而增长。HOBS能以剂量依赖的方式诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡。当2种HOBS浓度为8μg/ml时,细胞凋亡率分别达36.7%和38.9%。凋亡率随药物浓度的增大而升高,与对照组相比有显著差异,并出现典型的凋亡峰。2种HOB可使细胞内[Ca2+]i水平升高。[结论]HOBS能诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡。     

二氢杨梅素诱导MDA‐MB‐231细胞凋亡

为了探讨二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DMY)诱导人乳腺癌MDA‐MB‐231细胞凋亡的机制,利用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化,用流式细胞仪检测DMY对MDA‐MB‐231细胞的致凋亡能力和细胞内钙离子浓度和线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)的改变,用蛋白质印迹(Westernblotting)分析检测半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶‐3(caspase‐3)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶‐9(caspase‐9)的变化.结果表明:MDA‐MB‐231细胞随DMY质量浓度加大而变圆变小,细胞存活数减少;流式细胞仪检测显示随DMY质量浓度的增加,DMY对MDA‐MB‐231细胞有促凋亡作用,胞内钙离子浓度逐渐增加,而线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm)逐渐减少;Westernblotting结果显示DMY可诱导MDA‐MB‐231细胞中caspase‐3和caspase‐9蛋白质活化,并呈现浓度依赖关系.表明DMY可通过线粒体途径诱导MDA‐MB‐231细胞凋亡.     

ABP1参与BY2细胞生长素响应的Ca2+信号转导过程

将Ca2+响应实时荧光报告系统引入雌二醇诱导生长素结合蛋白(ABP1)调控表达的BY2细胞中,获得了 ABP1过表达(ABP1-ox)、抑制表达(ABP1-anti)同时对Ca2+标记的几个BY2细胞株.对这些细胞株进行雌二醇诱导调控其ABP1过表达或抑制表达后,分析ABP1的表达量,并通过在细胞外添加IAA处理,实时观察ABP1调控表达后细胞的Ca2+信号变化.结果表明:ABP1-ox细胞在雌二醇诱导后细胞内ABP1表达量显著提高,细胞经IAA处理后,细胞膜内、核膜周围均有迅速而强烈的荧光信号,说明ABP1过表达后细胞能快速响应胞外的IAA作用,将信号转导到细胞内,使细胞质内Ca2+信号迅速增强;而ABP1-anti细胞经雌二醇诱导后,细胞内ABP1表达显著下调,细胞经IAA处理后,相对于对照,细胞内的荧光信号微弱且呈点状,细胞核附近的荧光不明显,说明细胞内Ca2+信号的转导受到抑制.这证明BY2细胞中ABP1参与生长素信号与细胞内Ca2+响应的信号转导过程.     

Sodium-calcium exchange in heart: membrane currents and changes in [Ca2+]i

Recordings have been made of changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) that can be attributed to the operation of an electrogenic, voltage-dependent sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchanger in mammalian heart cells. Guinea pig ventricular myocytes under voltage clamp were perfused internally with fura-2, a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, and changes in [Ca2+]i and membrane current that resulted from Na-Ca exchange were identified through the use of various organic channel blockers and impermeant ions. Depolarization of cells elicited slow increases in [Ca2+]i, with the maximum increase depending on internal [Na+], external [Ca2+], and membrane voltage. Repolarization was associated with net Ca2+ efflux and a decline in the inward current that developed instantaneously upon repolarization. The relation between [Ca2+]i and current was linear, and the slope was made steeper by hyperpolarization.     

Coupling diurnal cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations to the CAS-IP3 pathway in Arabidopsis

Various signaling pathways rely on changes in cytosolic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i). In plants, resting [Ca2+]i oscillates diurnally. We show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, [Ca2+]i oscillations are synchronized to extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) oscillations largely through the Ca2+-sensing receptor CAS. CAS regulates concentrations of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which in turn directs release of Ca2+ from internal stores. The oscillating amplitudes of [Ca2+]o and [Ca2+]i are controlled by soil Ca2+ concentrations and transpiration rates. The phase and period of oscillations are likely determined by stomatal conductance. Thus, the internal concentration of Ca2+ in plant cells is constantly being actively revised.     

BAX and BAK regulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+: a control point for apoptosis

BAX and BAK are "multidomain" proapoptotic proteins that initiate mitochondrial dysfunction but also localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for BAX and BAK (DKO cells) were found to have a reduced resting concentration of calcium in the ER ([Ca2+]er) that results in decreased uptake of Ca2+ by mitochondria after Ca2+ release from the ER. Expression of SERCA (sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ adenosine triphosphatase) corrected [Ca2+]er and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in DKO cells, restoring apoptotic death in response to agents that release Ca2+ from intracellular stores (such as arachidonic acid, C2-ceramide, and oxidative stress). In contrast, targeting of BAX to mitochondria selectively restored apoptosis to "BH3-only" signals. A third set of stimuli, including many intrinsic signals, required both ER-released Ca2+ and the presence of mitochondrial BAX or BAK to fully restore apoptosis. Thus, BAX and BAK operate in both the ER and mitochondria as an essential gateway for selected apoptotic signals.     

Role of Calcium Ion in Apoptosis of MD Cancer Cells Induced by Arsenic Trioxide

In order to observe the role of calcium ion in apoptosis of MD cancer cells induced by arsenic trioxide, inhibition percentage was detected by MTT assay; morphology changes were examined by fluorescence microscope; apoptosis was examined by DNA Ladder; [Ca^2＋]i was investigated by spectrofluorimeter in vitro on MDCC-MSB 1 cells. The results showed that As2O3 inhibited the proliferation of MDCC-MSB1 cells in concentration dependent manner （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）; typical apoptosis character was observed by fluorescence microscope; DNA Ladder was observed; the [Ca^2＋]i was elevated significantly after the treatment of As203 （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01） and showed a dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that the calcium may play an important role in apoptosis of MD cancer cells induced by arsenic trioxide.     

Activation of salivary secretion: coupling of cell volume and [Ca2+]i in single cells

High-resolution differential interference contrast microscopy and digital imaging of the fluorescent calcium indicator dye fura-2 were performed simultaneously in single rat salivary gland acinar cells to examine the effects of muscarinic stimulation on cell volume and cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Agonist stimulation of fluid secretion is initially associated with a rapid tenfold increase in [Ca2+]i as well as a substantial cell shrinkage. Subsequent changes of cell volume in the continued presence of agonist are tightly coupled to dynamic levels of [Ca2+]i, even during [Ca2+]i oscillations. Experiments with Ca2+ chelators and ionophores showed that physiological elevations of [Ca2+]i are necessary and sufficient to cause changes in cell volume. The relation between [Ca2+]i and cell volume suggests that the latter reflects the secretory state of the acinar cell. Agonist-induced changes in [Ca2+]i, by modulating specific ion permeabilities, result in solute movement into or out of the cell. The resultant cell volume changes may be important in modulating salivary secretion.     

TRPM4 regulates calcium oscillations after T cell activation

TRPM4 has recently been described as a calcium-activated nonselective (CAN) cation channel that mediates membrane depolarization. However, the functional importance of TRPM4 in the context of calcium (Ca2+) signaling and its effect on cellular responses are not known. Here, the molecular inhibition of endogenous TRPM4 in T cells was shown to suppress TRPM4 currents, with a profound influence on receptor-mediated Ca2+ mobilization. Agonist-mediated oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which are driven by store-operated Ca2+ influx, were transformed into a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i. This increase in Ca2+ influx enhanced interleukin-2 production. Thus, TRPM4-mediated depolarization modulates Ca2+ oscillations, with downstream effects on cytokine production in T lymphocytes.     

Calcium rises abruptly and briefly throughout the cell at the onset of anaphase

Continuous measurement and imaging of the intracellular free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) of mitotic and interphase PtK1 cells was accomplished with the new fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2. No statistically significant difference between basal [Ca2+]i of interphase and mitotic cells was detected. However, mitotic cells showed a rapid elevation of [Ca2+]i from basal levels of 130 nM to 500 to 800 nM at the metaphase-anaphase transition. The [Ca2+]i transient was brief, lasting approximately 20 seconds and the elevated [Ca2+]i appeared uniformly distributed over the entire spindle and central region of the cell. The close temporal association of the [Ca2+]i transient with the onset of anaphase suggests that calcium may have a signaling role in this event.     

Free calcium at rest during "catch" in single smooth muscle cells

Tension and intracellular free calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i) were measured simultaneously in single smooth muscle cells isolated from the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis that were loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2. Electrical stimulation evoked a transient elevation of [Ca2+]i associated with a "catch" contraction. During the catch state, however, [Ca2+]i was effectively at its resting level and was unaffected by 5-hydroxytryptamine, which induced a rapid relaxation from catch. The results indicate that a maintained high [Ca2+]i is not required for the maintenance of catch tension in intact ABRM and that there was no significant change in [Ca2+]i upon abolition of catch.     

Calcium gradients underlying polarization and chemotaxis of eosinophils

The concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in polarized eosinophils was imaged during chemotaxis by monitoring fluorescence of the calcium-sensitive dye Fura-2 with a modified digital imaging microscope. Chemotactic stimuli caused [Ca2+]i to increase in a nonuniform manner that was related to cell activity. In cells moving persistently in one direction, [Ca2+]i was highest at the rear and lowest at the front of the cell. Before cells turned, [Ca2+]i transiently increased. The region of the cell that became the new leading edge had the lowest [Ca2+]i. These changes in [Ca2+]i provide a basis for understanding the organization and local activity of cytoskeletal proteins thought to underlie the directed migration of many cells.     

Cellular and subcellular heterogeneity of [Ca2+]i in single heart cells revealed by fura-2

Digital imaging of calcium indicator signals (fura-2 fluorescence) from single cardiac cells has revealed different subcellular patterns of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) that are associated with different types of cellular appearance and behavior. In any population of enzymatically isolated rat heart cells, there are mechanically quiescent cells in which [Ca2+]i is spatially uniform, constant over time, and relatively low; spontaneously contracting cells, which have an increased [Ca2+]i, but in which the spatial uniformity of [Ca2+]i is interrupted periodically by spontaneous propagating waves of high [Ca2+]i; and cells that are hypercontracted (rounded up) and that have higher levels of [Ca2+]i than the other two types. The observed cellular and subcellular heterogeneity of [Ca2+]i in isolated cells indicates that experiments performed on suspensions of cells should be interpreted with caution. The spontaneous [Ca2+]i fluctuations previously observed without spatial resolution in multicellular preparations may actually be inhomogeneous at the subcellular level.