栗山天牛发生与林分因子的关系研究

研究了栗山天牛Massicus raddei(Blessing)发生与林分因子的相关性.结果表明,栗山天牛在阳坡、坡顶发生较重,随林龄和胸径的增加而加重,与树种组成关系不大.     

栗山天牛防治策略初探

栗山天牛防治策略初探沈夫钧，何韶春，马喜英（丹东市森防检疫站１１８０００）栗山天牛（ＭａｌｌａｍｂｙｘｒａｄｄｅＢｌｅｓｓｉｇ）在丹东地区是辽东柞（ｏｎｅ。ｕｓｉｆ’ａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）和蒙古柞（Ｑ．ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ）等栋类天然次生林的重要蛀干...     

栗山天牛幼虫和蛹在辽东栎树干上的分布规律

通过解剖受害辽东栎,结合林间调查,研究栗山天牛幼虫和蛹在栎树树干上的分布规律。结果表明:受害后表现为全部枯梢症状的栎树,栗山天牛幼虫主要分布在树干4m以下,蛹主要分布在1～4m;部分出现枯梢症状的栎树,栗山天牛幼虫主要分布在树干6m以下,蛹主要分布在3～7m。天牛数量与树皮厚度和树干直径均呈正相关关系。调查发现,当辽东栎树皮厚度大于0.47cm、树干直径大于9.02cm时,开始出现栗山天牛危害。在林间,栗山天牛低龄幼虫主要分布在树干阳面的韧皮部中,而蛹主要分布在木质部,越靠近树干中心分布越多。产卵当年和翌年6月前幼虫主要在韧皮部取食危害。从翌年6月开始,天牛幼虫逐渐蛀入木质部为害,7—8月为蛀入木质部的高峰期,9月绝大多数幼虫蛀入木质部取食,直至化蛹。树干2m以下的幼虫排粪孔数与树木胸径成正相关,而与最高活枝高度成负相关关系。当最高活枝高度在4～7m时,幼虫数量最多。     

栗山天牛的风险分析和风险管理

根据栗山天牛的生物学特性,采用国际植物检疫措施实施标准（ISPM）的有害生物风险分析（PRA）方法,建立栗山天牛风险分析评估厝型。结果表明,栗山天牛属于高风险有害生物,有迅速扩散的较大风险,因此提出相应的风险管理措施。     

栗山天牛对不同林分因子危害的实验

文章通过调查研究,发现栗山天牛的危害与树龄、胸径、立地条件关系密切。树龄大,则危害重;胸径增加,虫害发生亦随之加重;在同龄林中,从坡向上看南坡发生率最高,北坡最低。从坡位上看坡上发生率最高,坡下最低。     

栗山天牛研究进展

栗山天牛Massicus raddei是近年来在我国东北林区危害严重的钻蛀性害虫,主要危害25 a生以上的辽东栎、蒙古栎等栎属树木。文章综述了栗山天牛的分布、寄主、危害、发生与环境的关系及预测预报和防治技术,为其综合治理和后续研究提供参考。最后,阐述了以生物防治为主的栗山天牛综合防治技术。     

栗山天牛防治技术

通过对栗山天牛虫害木采伐、人工灯诱捕成虫、生物天敌防治、化学防治等技术措施的实践与分析,寻找出防治栗山天牛的最佳组合：对受害林分实施虫害木采伐,然后在成虫羽化高峰年实施黑光灯诱捕,对防治栗山天牛灾害具有明显防治效果。     

栗山天牛的防治方法

近年来 ,栗山天牛 (Ｍｉｌｌａｍｂｙｘｒａｄｄｅｉ)在我省辉南、柳河、集安等地相继发生危害。为全面预防和控制其传播蔓延 ,及早防治 ,分别在通化地区的辉南县、集安市两地进行针对性初步防治实验 ,以探讨出适合我省气候、立地条件、树种组成等自然条件的具体有效防治措施。1生活史及习性栗山天牛属鞘翅目天牛科。其成虫 6月下旬开始出现 ,一直到 8月末均可见。成虫喜欢夜间活动 ,所以白天很少见 ,并且具有趋光性。产卵期在 7月份 ,卵长 4 2～ 4 4ｍｍ ,宽 1 5～ 2 1ｍｍ ,因在树皮的狭缝、枝和露根的皱褶树皮上、树皮受伤部位均可产…     

栗山天牛在东辽县的危害规律及防治建议

通过对栗山天牛卵期、幼虫期、蛹期的观测详述了栗山天牛在东辽县的发生规律,从生物防治、检疫控制等方面探讨了粟山天牛的防治对策,对防治栗山天牛有一定的借鉴作用.     

林分因子与舞毒蛾危害程度的风险评估

研究了 12个影响舞毒蛾危害程度的林分因子 ,对这些林分因子对舞毒蛾危害程度进行逐步回归分析 ,从中筛选出主林层郁闭度、土壤瘠薄程度和林地面积 3个关键因子。结果表明 :土壤瘠薄程度与舞毒蛾危害程度呈正相关 ,其余 2个关键因子与舞毒蛾危害程度呈显著的负相关。用这 3个因子与舞毒蛾危害程度建立多元线形回归模型 ,该模型可对舞毒蛾危害程度进行风险评估。     

Stand Factors and Risk Analysis of Harm Extent of Gypsy Moths

Twelve stand factors affecting the harm extent of Gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) were studied. Through stepwise regression analyses, three key factors were selected, such as crown density, soil infertility extent, and forestland area. The results showed that there exists a positive correlation between soil infertility extent and the harm extent of Gypsy moths and a significant negative correlation between the other two key factors and the harm extent of this insect. Using the three key factors, a multivariate linear regression model was established by which the authors made a risk analysis of the harm extent of Gypsy moths.     

松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛低龄幼虫控制作用的研究

研究测定了松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫的控制作用,采用林间和室内罩网相结合的方法研究了2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况.结果显示:在室内试验条件下,松褐天牛肿腿蜂产卵之前的刺蛰、补充营养取食能直接造成松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫死亡,对1、2及3龄幼虫的平均致死率分别为95.66％、85.91％、57.88％,并可产卵寄生2、3龄幼虫;林间释放2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂后,在刺蛰和补充营养取食后能有效寄生寄主的肿腿蜂雌蜂数量比例变化较大,有效肿腿蜂率最高为14.9％,最低为2.3％.松褐天牛肿腿蜂寄生行为不受寄主聚集程度的影响,但刚羽化出茧肿腿蜂雌蜂的寄生效率比经饲喂后的雌蜂高近5倍.从肿腿蜂单一个体来看,每头雌蜂补充营养取食和产卵寄生致死的松褐天牛幼虫数为2.1～7.7头.松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂的补充营养习性及刺蛰、取食致死寄主行为在防治中有很重要的作用,表明该种肿腿蜂是防治松褐天牛的重要天敌,在生物防治松褐天牛幼龄幼虫上具有良好的应用前景.     

Stand development patterns as a consequence of the mortality in Austrocedrus chilensis forests

The forests of Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic. Sern. et Bizarri in Argentina suffer decline and mortality throughout their natural distribution known as ‘mal del ciprés’. While several aspects of this, to date, temporally unpredictable process of overstory tree mortality have been the focus of detailed studies, there has been little research on tree growth and stand dynamics in symptomatic forests nor stand development patterns and prediction of future stand structure. We studied 12 stands in northern Patagonia (Province of Río Negro) using stand reconstruction studies to examine the changes in stand structure over time as a consequence of overstory mortality and the implications of these structural changes on the establishment and growth of the residual overstory. Dendrochronological analyses were used to reconstruct stand establishment and structure over time, and to study past diameter growth patterns. Mortality in A. chilensis forests was variable in time among stands. As expected, overstory mortality led to the successful establishment of trees in the understory in all stands; however, the response of residual overstory trees was variable. Understory establishment was low in some stands and high in others depending on the density of the overstory. While overstory trees in almost all stands released after the onset of the mortality, the pattern was not distinctive, varying in time, number and magnitude. In some stands, growth releases occurred after single or multiple tree deaths suggesting a relationship between processes, while in others this was not the case. Even when the patterns of recruitment in the understory and the overstory response varied greatly among stands, when examined together, some general patterns emerged. This study is the first to intensively explore the dynamics of A. chilensis forests affected by ‘mal del ciprés’. Additionally, this study showed that arbitrarily categorizing disturbances as discrete or chronic masks the true process of release of growing space and the resulting stand dynamics.     

筛胸梳爪叩甲的防治技术研究

筛胸梳爪叩甲是我国南方地区重要的笋期害虫.研究了林间挖笋除虫、黑光灯诱杀及药剂防治3种方法对筛胸梳爪叩甲的控制效果.结果表明:3种技术措施均能显著降低该虫的危害率和虫口密度,其中药剂防治效果最明显.3 a持续挖笋除虫的防治效果达(22.76±3.90)％;每年单盏黑光灯年平均诱捕量可达(1 143.8±318.7)头,连续6 a的灯光诱杀可将竹笋危害率由防治前的(56.05±2.83)％降至防治后的(39.21±2.83)％;连续施用5％辛硫磷+3％毒死蜱颗粒剂3 a年可将竹笋危害率由防治前的(69.62±5.36)％降至(21.17±7.65)％,防治效果达(70.11±10.99)％.     

环境因子对喙尾琵甲卵孵化的影响

研究了温度、光照和基质含水量对喙尾琵甲(Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire)卵孵化的影响。结果表明:12 - 28 ℃ 6个恒温条件下卵均可孵化,随着温度的升高卵的发育历期缩短(32.92 - 5.83 d),发育速率加快(0.03 - 0.172/d)。12 - 25 ℃下孵化率较高,平均孵化率70%,8 ℃和31 ℃未见卵孵化。喙尾琵甲卵的发育起点温度为(10.08±0.93) ℃,有效积温为(99.91±8.11)日·度。在0 - 8 000 lx光照条件下,随着光照度的增加,孵化率呈下降趋势,光照度≥8 000 lx,卵不孵化。基质含水量和温度共同影响试验中,基质含水量、温度以及二者的交互作用均对卵的孵化有显著影响,多重比较分析后筛选出了适宜卵孵化的温度含水量组合;并对云南地区限制喙尾琵甲卵孵化的气候因素进行了探讨。     

Stand characteristics and downed woody debris accumulations associated with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in Colorado

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)-dominated ecosystems in north-central Colorado are undergoing rapid and drastic changes associated with overstory tree mortality from a current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak. To characterize stand characteristics and downed woody debris loads during the first 7 years of the outbreak, 221 plots (0.02 ha) were randomly established in infested and uninfested stands distributed across the Arapaho National Forest, Colorado. Mountain pine beetle initially attacked stands with higher lodgepole pine basal area, and lower density and basal area of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii [Parry]), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. var. lasiocarpa) compared to uninfested plots. Mountain pine beetle-affected stands had reduced total and lodgepole pine stocking and quadratic mean diameter. The density and basal area of live overstory lodgepole declined by 62% and 71% in infested plots, respectively. The mean diameter of live lodgepole pine was 53% lower than pre-outbreak in infested plots. Downed woody debris loads did not differ between uninfested plots and plots currently infested at the time of sampling to 3 or 4–7 years after initial infestation, but the projected downed coarse wood accumulations when 80% of the mountain pine beetle-killed trees fall indicated a fourfold increase. Depth of the litter layer and maximum height of grass and herbaceous vegetation were greater 4–7 years after initial infestation compared to uninfested plots, though understory plant percent cover was not different. Seedling and sapling density of all species combined was higher in uninfested plots but there was no difference between infested and uninfested plots for lodgepole pine alone. For trees ≥2.5 cm in diameter at breast height, the density of live lodgepole pine trees in mountain pine beetle-affected stands was higher than Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and aspen, (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in diameter classes comprised of trees from 2.5 cm to 30 cm in diameter, suggesting that lodgepole pine will remain as a dominant overstory tree after the bark beetle outbreak.     

释放花绒寄甲成虫和卵防治栗山天牛

花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides)(鞘翅目Coleoptera寄甲科Bothrideridae)是迄今发现的寄生天牛类害虫最主要的寄生性天敌昆虫。经研究,虽然寄生不同天牛种类的花绒寄甲根据形态特征目前认为是同一种,但在生物学特性上表现为很强的寄主专化性,即形成了不同天牛种的花绒寄甲生物型(biotypes)(Weietal.,2009)。因此,在利用其开展天牛生物防治时,必须在自然界找到自然寄生该种天牛的花绒寄甲生物型,才能取得良好的防治效果。     

红脂大小蠹的捕食性天敌——大唼蜡甲发育和温度的关系研究

Rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) is an important predator of Dendroctonus valens which is an invasive alien pest attacking pine trees in China. It was first introduced into China in 2000 and mass rearing techniques had been developed by the authors since then. This paper dealed with the study on the developmental threshold temperature and the effective accumulated temperature of R. grandis. The result showed that the developmental threshold temperatures of egg, larva and pupae were 3.59±2.92 ℃, 1.96±0.73 ℃ and 9.27±1.19 ℃ respectively, and the effective accumulated temperatures were 98.32±16.26 degree-day, 296.94±12.45 degree-day and 449.67±53.19 degree-day respectively. Therefore, the total effective accumulated temperature from egg to pupa was 844.93 degree-day.