金沙江干热河谷主要造林树种蒸腾作用研究

１９９２－１９９８的以来的实地观测研究表明,金沙江干热河谷主要造林树种在,大叶相思,绢毛相国,赤桉和乡土树种柳等树旱季水分自然饱和亏缺较大,造林比较成功的树种可分为蒸腾作用强的乡树种和桉树类树种以及以较弱的蒸腾人艇度过旱季的相思类树两大类。．     

金沙江干热河谷造林树种游离脯氨酸含量与抗旱性关系

金沙江干热河谷地区的主要造林树种中,以马占相思、山毛豆、真珠相思、大叶相思、台湾相思、绢毛相思、坡柳在旱季游离脯氨酸累积较多;赤桉、泰国赤桉、柠檬桉、尾叶桉、大叶桉、新银合欢、苏门答腊金合欢、滇刺枣无明显差异。无论从种属间或种源地,还是不同生态类型,都看不出游离脯氨酸的累积与抗旱性之间有明显的相关关系。作者认为,用游离脯氨酸作为植物抗旱性指标有一定局部性,但用它作为某些树种在干旱胁迫时植物体发生的     

金沙江干热河谷造林树种游离脯氨酸含量与抗旱性关系

金沙江干热河谷地区的主要造林树种中,以马占相思、山毛豆、真珠相思、大叶相思、台湾相思、绢毛相思、坡柳在旱季游离脯氨酸累积较多;赤桉、泰国赤桉、柠檬桉、尾叶桉、大叶桉、新银合欢、苏门答腊金合欢、滇刺枣无明显差异。无论从种属间或种源地,还是不同生态类型,都看不出游离脯氨酸的累积与抗旱性之间有明显的相关关系。作者认为,用游离脯氨酸作为植物抗旱性指标有一定局部性,但用它作为某些树种在干旱胁迫时植物体发生变化的一个比较敏感的参数或指标则比较适合     

元谋干热河谷区9种造林树种的水分生理特性比较

１９９３～１９９８年对元谋干热河谷区的９个造林树种的水分生理特性进行了观测。经对各观测树种水分状况、保水能力、蒸腾速率的分析对比表明：多数相思类树种主要通过减少叶子蒸腾耗水以提高其抗旱能力,蒸腾强度小有利于这些树种渡过旱季。乡土树种坡柳和桉类树种（除大叶桉）旱季蒸腾作用比较强烈,但离体叶片失水速度不快,它们具有特殊的水分平衡机制和较强的水分吸收能力,以此增强对干热河谷环境的适应性。此项研究为正确选择元谋以至金沙江干热河谷地区的适宜造林树种,以及人工林的水分管理措施提供了理论依据。     

金沙江干热河谷能源林树种及其培育技术

以元谋干热河谷几种适应性强、生长快、薪材产量高、热值高的能源林树种为研究对象,在调查树种生态适应性基础上,比较了不同整地方式对造林效果的影响,同时对不同树种薪炭材产量和热能潜力进行比较分析。结果表明:元谋盆地为代表的金沙江干热河谷培育农村能源林,最适宜树种是赤桉(泰)、柠檬桉、赤桉、尾叶桉、新银合欢等,局部水肥条件好的地方可以选种大叶相思、马占相思等树种;这些树种均以撩壕整地的造林效果好于块状整地;各树种生物量及固定太阳辐射能的能力均以赤桉(泰)、柠檬桉、尾叶桉、赤桉和新银合欢较高。提出了在金沙江干热河谷地区培育农村能源林,应该选择赤桉、柠檬桉、尾叶桉和新银合欢等树种,采用容器育苗、撩壕整地、追施有机基肥、雨季初期取苗造林等综合配套的营造林技术。     

元谋干热河谷区9种造林树各的水分生理特性比较

１９９３－１９９８年对元谋干热河谷区的９个造林树种的水分生理特性进行了观测。经对各观测树种水分状况、保水能力、蒸腾速率的分析对比表明;多数相思类树种主要通过减少叶子蒸腾耗水以提高其抗旱能力,蒸腾强度小有利于这些树种渡过旱季、乡土树种坡柳和桉类树种旱季蒸腾作用比较强烈,但离体叶片失水速度不快,它们具有特殊的水分平衡机制和较强的水分吸收能力,以此增强对干热河谷环境的适应性,引项研究来正确选择元谋以至金     

金沙江干热河谷几类人工林的调查报告

金沙江干热河谷地区采用乔、灌、草相结合的造林模式营造的人工林,表现出较好的适应性.从生态、经济、社会的综合效益情况看,在金沙江干热河谷地区造林,认为合欢类、大叶相思与赤桉或尾叶桉混交或营造加勒比松纯林较好.金沙江干热河谷人工林中几种较成功的造林树种,3～5a生的以加勒比松和尾叶桉材积生长率最高为72.2%,5～10a生的以尾叶桉材积生长率最高为69.2%,赤桉为44.8%,柠檬桉为50.0%.     

贫瘠丘陵地短轮伐期薪材树种生长过程的研究

尾叶桉、细叶桉、赤桉、粗皮桉、巨桉（简称桉树类，下同）和马占相思、粗果相思及薄果相思（简称相思类，下同）等８个树种，在水土严重流失的贫瘠丘陵地经７年的生长试验，结果表明：除巨桉和细叶桉在该立地生长较缓慢外，其余６个树种生长快，产量较高。尤其是尾叶桉和马占相思，７年生胸径年均生长量在１．０ｃｍ以上，单位面积生物量（地上部分鲜重，下同）为５２．６９ｔ／ｈｍ２和４３．６７ｔ／ｈｍ２。不同树种的生长比较：桉树类树种（除巨桉外）４年生以前胸径、树高和生物量生长均比相思类树种生长快，４年后相思类树种逐渐赶上或超过桉树类树种。性状生长高峰期分别为：胸径桉树类为２年生（细叶桉１年生）、相思类为３～４年生，树高桉树和相思类均为１年生，生物量桉树类为２～３年生、相思类为４～６年生。     

东山县丘陵山地桉树与马占相思混交造林试验研究

针对桉树经营中潜在的生态问题,开展了桉树与马占相思混交造林研究,进行了桉树与马占相思1∶1(行状)和4∶4(带状)混交以及桉树纯林为对照的试验研究,结果表明:桉树与马占相思混交促进了桉树生长和土壤条件的改善,提高了土壤肥力,而在桉树-马占相思混交林中,桉树与马占相思采取带状混交对于桉树和马占相思的生长都有较大的提高作用,并且改善土壤理化性质的作用也更大。     

金沙江干热河谷旱季土壤含水率评价立地质量的研究

金沙江干热河谷区旱季土壤含水率常降至5％以下。通过旱季调查不同地形、土壤的含水率来预测不同立地的含水量,对立地进行分类和评价。同时,根据造林试验中所筛选出树种的生态特性及各项造林技术对旱季土壤水分的不同要求,提出立地类型相对应的树种及技术措施,经数量化分析,编制出“造林立地类型及适生树种表”。     

金沙江干热河谷造林树种游离脯氨酸 含量与抗旱性关系

The accumulation of free proline in some major tree species growing in dry and hot river valley of Jinsha during both dry and rainy seasons has respectively been determined.The result shows that the free proline content in Acacia manguim,Tephrosia candida,A.podalyriifolia,A.auriliformia,A.confusa,A.holosericea and Dodonaea viscosa increased significantly than in any other species in dry season.No observable changes have been found as for the content of free proline in Eucalyptus camaldulensia,E.camaldlensia from Thailand,E.citriodora,E.urophylla,E.robusta,Leucaena leucocephala,Acacia glauca,Zizyphus mauritiana in both seasons.There is not obvious interrelation between the accumulation of free proline and drought resistance in the plants whether among different species,or among the same tree species from different area,or from different ecological forms.It seems that there is certain limitation to utilize the content of free proline as the indices as plant drought resistance.However,using the free proline as indices or parameter to determine the physiological change in some plants under water stress is suggested.     

金沙江干热河谷主要植被恢复树种叶水势的时空变化规律

2005年和2006年在金沙江干热河谷,选择不同季节的典型晴天测定了18个试验树种的叶水势,结果表明:(1)金沙江干热河谷主要植被恢复树种叶水势在不同季节的日变化曲线均有一个明显的高峰,绝大多数呈单峰状分布,高峰值大多数出现在下午14:00;干热生境中的树种具有丰富的叶水势多样性.(2)元谋干热河谷主要树种的叶水势受季节变化的影响较大,所有树种均表现为3月份叶水势大于5月份叶水势以及5月份叶水势小于10月份水势,5月干热胁迫的加深加剧了树种间水势的进一步分化,而雨季后干热胁迫的解除能降低分化的程度;各树种叶水势日变化在干热的5月份变动幅度最小.(3)各树种叶水势与温度、湿度及光照强度分别呈负、正、负相关,相关性可由线性方程予以恰当描述.(4)不同海拔区域所引起的环境因子与物候的差异能影响到某些树种水势的日变化幅度以及季节变化规律;以坡位而言,相对低的坡位有利于各树种叶水势维持在一个相对高的水平;印楝在3种混交模式中叶水势高低依次为:印楝与大叶相思＞印楝与银合欢＞印楝与久树,这种排序与印楝所受到的竞争强烈程度紧密相关,极度的干热环境降低了不同混交模式对植物水势的影响程度;灌溉有利于缓解或解除5月极度干热所形成的水分胁迫.     

Seasonal variability of photosynthetic characteristics influences growth of eight tropical tree species at two sites with contrasting precipitation in Panama

Relative to closed-canopy tropical forests, tree seedlings planted in open grown areas are exposed to higher light intensity, air temperatures, vapor pressure deficit, and greater seasonal fluxes of plant available water than mature tropical forests. The species-specific adaptive capacity to respond to variable precipitation and seasonality in open grown conditions, therefore, is likely to affect species performance in large-scale reforestation efforts. In the present study, we compared the photosynthetic characteristics of eight tropical tree species within and between seasons at two study sites with contrasting dry season intensities. All species except Pseudosamanea guachapele reduced leaf physiological function between the wet and dry seasons. The contrasting severity of seasonal drought stress at the study sites constrained growth rates and photosynthetic characteristics differently. Variation of photosynthetic characteristics at the species level was high, particularly in the dry season. Faster growing species at the less seasonal site, Terminalia amazonia, Inga punctata, Colubrina glandulosa, and Acacia mangium, exhibited a greater adaptive capacity than the other species to down-regulate leaf photosynthesis between seasons. As the dry season was more severe at the more seasonal site, most species strongly reduced physiological function regardless of relative growth rates, except two species (Tectona grandis and P. guachapele) with widespread distributions and relatively high drought tolerance. Our results underscore the need to consider seasonal drought tolerance when selecting tree species for specific reforestation sites.     

喀斯特断陷盆地不同植被恢复模式土壤水分动态变化

[目的]以喀斯特断陷盆地小流域中典型植被恢复模式,即桉树(Eucalyptus maideni)林、冲天柏(Cupressus duclouxiana)林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以及天然次生灌丛、高盖度车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)灌丛和低盖度车桑子灌丛为研究对象,探究断陷盆地不同植被恢复模式土壤水分时空变异规律,为该地区植被生态恢复工作提供参考。[方法]利用自动气象观测系统和土壤水分传感器同步监测2016年5月—2017年4月期间小流域降雨量与各林地土壤水分,采用变异系数与克里金插值分析方法,对6种植被恢复模式林地的土壤水分时空异质性以及持续干旱条件下土壤水分衰减特征进行研究。[结果]表明:(1)同一植被类型不同土层雨季和旱季土壤体积含水量垂直变化趋势相同,且雨季土壤水分含量显著高于旱季(P0.05),均为中等变异(Cv:12.88%28.66%)。(2)同一乔木林雨季和旱季的土壤活跃层与次活跃层垂直分布不同,但同一灌丛雨季和旱季分布相同。(3)6种植被恢复模式土壤体积含水量均在降雨量较充足的8—9月达到最大值,其变化范围介于26.25%44.08%之间,在降雨量明显不足的3—4月达到最小值,土壤体积含水量介于9.48%17.47%之间。(4)3种乔木林0 30 cm土层、3种灌丛0 10 cm土层充分降雨后约10 d土壤水分恢复为降雨前1 d水平,低盖度和高盖度车桑子灌丛10 30 cm土层土壤水分降雨后15 d恢复为降雨前1 d水平,并且接近植物萎蔫系数。[结论]不同植被恢复模式间雨季、旱季和月均土壤体积含水量均表现为桉树林天然次生灌丛冲天柏林马尾松林高盖度车桑子灌丛低盖度车桑子灌丛。喀斯特断陷盆地季节性干旱和临时性干旱问题严峻,乔木林和灌丛经充足降雨,达到田间持水量后,在连续放晴天气下林地土壤水分可供植物10 15 d的消耗。     

Effect of different seed treatments on dormancy breaking and germination in three species in arid and semi-arid lands

Seeds of many woody plant species have one of several types of dormancy. They do not germinate unless specific environmental signals are in place or events occur. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of scarification treatments on seed dormancy and germination of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del., Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. The following treatments were applied: T1, untreated seed (control); T2, sulphuric acid (97%) for 45 min; T3, boiling water for 5 min. The seeds were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium after sterilization. The responses of seeds to treatments were compared with each other and with the control treatment. Germination was observed daily for a 30-day period. Results indicated positive responses to treatments, while impermeable seed coats may be responsible for low germination rates in intact seeds as seen experimentally in the untreated control. The highest germination was obtained for P. juliflora and D. viscosa acid-scarified seeds (80.8%-90.8%) and for scarified seeds of A. nilotica (50.2%) boiled in water. The germination indices, i.e., final germination percentage (FG), mean daily germination (MDG) and germination rate (GR), were significantly affected by treatments and species (p<0.01).     

Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalypt</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> plantations on soil water in Sumatra

Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry needs a large area of sustainably grown plantations to support its continued development. Acacia mangium has been the key species underpinning the pulp and paper industries in Sumatra, however increased disease pressure on A. mangium is expected to require large-scale conversion of Acacia plantations to Eucalyptus in the near future. The effect of such a large scale change in plantation species on soil moisture, for both tree production, and catchment hydrology is unknown. In this study we sought to characterize the impacts of plantation species (Acacia or Eucalyptus) and nitrogen management, on soil moisture, soil water depletion and depth to groundwater under stands of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita over the first 2–3 years after establishment. The study was conducted in experiments at four sites in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil moisture and soil water depletion were not influenced by plantation species or fertilizer treatment. Soil moisture content and soil water depletion were strongly influenced by shallow groundwater at two of the four sites, however depth to groundwater did not influence stem growth. Results from the field trials cautiously suggest that large scale conversion of Acacia mangium to Eucalypt species in these regions is unlikely to result in increased moisture stress, nor is conversion of plantation species likely to lead to substantial differences in catchment hydrology. This study demonstrated the importance of conducting multi-site studies when investigating biophysical relationships in forest/plantation systems.     

Crop response and soil fertility as influenced by green leaves of indigenous agroforestry tree species in a lowland rice system in northeast India

Field experiments were conducted during rainy seasons of three consecutive years (2008–2010) to study the effect of green leaf manuring on dry matter partitioning and productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Green leaves of five indigenous agroforestry tree species viz., Erythrina indica, Acacia auriculiformis, Alnus nepalensis, Parkia roxburghii, and Cassia siamea were treated at 10 t ha^?1 on fresh weight basis in rice fields and compared with recommended N–P₂O₅–K₂O (80:60:40 kg ha^?1) and control treatments. During 2008–2009 year, yield attributes and rice yield were greater in NPK plots as compared to the green-leaf manured ones. However, in the third year, green leaf manuring (except that of Alnus) surpassed even the recommended N–P₂O₅–K₂O treatment in terms of dry matter production and yield; better response was however observed with Erythrina. The soil available N after final harvest increased by ca. 14–20 % in Alnus and Erythrina treated plots as compared to the control. Over all, it could be said that management of plant residues can have long-term implications apart from the desired maintenance of soil organic matter and improving crop yield.     

Performance of eight tree species in the highland Vertisols of central Ethiopia: growth, foliage nutrient concentration and effect on soil chemical properties

The coverage of trees in the highland Vertisol areas of Ethiopia is very scarce. A tree screening trial was conducted from 1997 to 2002 in Ginchi (central Ethiopia) to select fast growing and high biomass producing tree species; evaluate foliage macronutrient concentration of different tree species; and assess effects of trees on soil chemical properties beneath their canopies. Acacia decurrens Willd, A. mearnsii De Wild and Eucalyptus globulus Labill attained the highest height growth at 64 months as compared to other indigenous and exotic species. E. globulus provided better height increment from 24 to 36 and 36 to 64 months than other tree and shrub species. Acacia mearnssi and A. saligna Labill Wendl produced high biomass at 40 and 64 months. Differences between the highest and lowest dry biomass at 12, 40 and 64 months were 1.13, 29.19 and 38.89 kg tree⁻¹, respectively. None of the tree species resulted in a foliage to stem biomass ratio of >0.98 at 40 and 64 months. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr had high N and P concentrations in its foliages and stems at 12 and 40 months. Total N under Acacia abyssinica Hochst. Ex Benth, A.␣saligna and S. sesban was slightly greater at 40 months than 12 months.